CT显示无症状腔隙性与有症状非腔隙性脑梗死的影响因素差异分析

目的 通过对无症状腔隙性脑梗死的患者以及有症状非腔隙性脑梗死的患者的危险因素进行比较分析,初步探讨这两类疾病的发病机制异同. 方法 选取郑州大学第二附属医院体检中心进行健康检查的年龄在50岁以上的体检者共1989例,检查出48例无症状腔隙性脑梗死(A组)以及51例有症状非腔隙性脑梗死(B组)分别与1862例非脑血管病对照组进行危险因素的单因素分析,然后进行多因素分析,再在两病例组间进行危险因素分布的比较以及数量的比较分析.结果 经过单因素及多因素分析后得到年龄、高血压及吸烟是无症状腔隙性脑梗死的独立危险因素(P＜0.05),而有症状非腔隙性脑梗死的独立危险因素是年龄、性别、糖尿病、酗酒、卒中家族史及颅内动脉狭窄(P＜0.05).组间比较显示糖尿病和颅内动脉动脉狭窄在两组间的分布差异具有统计学意义(糖尿病x2=17.603,P=0.008;颅内动脉狭窄:,x2=19.319,P=0.005).有症状非腔隙性脑梗死的危险因素数量明显多于无症状腔隙性脑梗死,差异具有统计学意义(Z=2598,P=0.009). 结论 无症状腔隙性脑梗死和有症状非腔隙性脑梗死的危险因素存在差异,而血管机制有所不同,糖尿病及颅内动脉狭窄在有症状非腔隙性脑梗死中更多见.     

腔隙性脑梗死患者血清维生素B12的检测及临床意义

目的 探讨腔隙性脑梗死患者血清维生素B12的检测及临床意义.方法 我院住院治疗的腔隙性脑梗死患者67例作为观察组,其中轻度32例,中度21例,重度14例.同时选择同时期我院住院治疗的菲脑梗死患者35例,作为对照组.对2组患者进行维生素B12和叶酸的检测.结果 观察组患者维生素B12和叶酸的检测结果均明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).重度腔隙性脑梗死患者的维生素B12和叶酸检测结果明显低于轻度和中度患者(P＜0.05),而轻度和中度腔隙性脑梗死患者的维生素B12和叶酸的检测结果比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 血清维生素B12和叶酸的降低与腔隙性脑梗死的发生具有密切的关系,并且与患者的病情严重程度有关,值得临床重视.     

2型糖尿病合并急性腔隙性脑梗死患者颅内动脉搏动指数的临床意义

目的 探讨2型糖尿病合并急性腔隙性脑梗死患者的颅内动脉搏动指数(PI)的临床意义.方法 应用经颅多普勒(TCD)分别检测48例2型糖尿病合并急性腔隙性脑梗死者(DM-L组)、65例2型糖尿病无脑梗死患者(DM-N组)及59例健康对照者(正常对照组)的大脑中动脉(MCA),记录其血流速度及PI.对检查结果进行比较.结果 排除颞窗探测失败和平均流速明显增高并提示有显著大动脉狭窄的患者18例,其中DM-L组7例、DM-N组5例、正常对照组6例.DM-L组和DM-N组双侧PI均显著高于正常对照组(均P ＜0.001).DM-L组双侧PI显著高于DM-N组(均P＜0.05).结论 颅内动脉PI增高可以反映2型糖尿病患者微血管病变程度.PI可以作为2型糖尿病并发急性腔隙性脑梗死的预测指标.     

进展性缺血性脑卒中与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的 探讨进展性缺血性脑卒中与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系.方法 选取2010年6月～2010年12月入住吉林大学白求恩第一医院的进展性缺血性脑卒中患者50例(A组)及非进展性脑梗死患者50例(B组),用彩色多普勒超声对所有患者进行双侧颈总动脉及颈内动脉探查.结果 动脉斑块最易在颈总动脉分叉处形成,两组比较无显著差异,P＞0.05;A组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块中不稳定斑块多于B组,P＜0.05;A组患者中、重度颈动脉粥样硬化例数多于B组,P ＜0.05;A组患者中、重度颈动脉狭窄例数多于B组,P＜0.05.结论 进展性缺血性脑卒中与非进展性缺血性脑卒中颈动脉粥样硬化斑块都最易发生在颈总动脉分叉处;颈动脉粥样硬化不稳定斑块与进展性缺血性脑卒中关系密切,可能是导致脑梗死早期进展的重要危险因素;进展性缺血性脑卒中重度颈动脉粥样硬化及重度颈动脉狭窄明显高于非进展性脑梗死,也是发生进展性缺血性脑卒中的危险因素.     

老年脑梗死患者血清超敏C反应蛋白与颈动脉狭窄的关系

目的 探讨老年脑梗死患者血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平与颈动脉狭窄的关系. 方法选择＞60岁的颈动脉系统腔隙性脑梗死患者52例行颈动脉CT血管成像(CTA)检查,分为轻度狭窄组、中度狭窄组和重度狭窄组.选健康体检者28例为对照组.采用免疫散射比浊法测定hs-CRP水平. 结果各狭窄组患者血清hs-CRP水平均显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01),重度狭窄组hs-CRP水平显著高于中度狭窄组和轻度狭窄组患者(P<0.01),中度狭窄组hs-CRP显著高于轻度狭窄组(P<0.01). 结论 hs-CRP是血管炎症的标志物,其水平与颈动脉狭窄程度呈正相关.     

脑梗死合并2型糖尿病的发生与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性

目的 探讨脑梗死合并2型糖尿病与颈动脉粥样硬化之间的关系. 方法 选择自2010年1月至2011年12月合肥市第二人民医院收治的脑梗死合并2型糖尿病患者132例(观察组),与同期单纯2型糖尿病患者150例(对照组)进行生化指标的对比分析,其中全自动生化分析仪检测2组患者C反应蛋白、高同型半胱氨酸、三酰甘油等,胆固醇氧化酶法测总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白,免疫比浊法测纤维蛋白原,彩色多普勒超声检查颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成情况. 结果 观察组C反应蛋白、高同型半胱氨酸和低密度脂蛋白水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组高密度脂蛋白水平明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组颈动脉粥样硬化不稳定型斑块检出率(54.5％)明显高于对照组(21.3％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 颈动脉粥样硬化与脑梗死合并2型糖尿病的发生有密切关系.     

颈动脉颅外段狭窄患者发生脑卒中的超声诊断及相关性探讨

目的探讨颈动脉颅外段狭窄和狭窄程度与脑梗死临床类型的关系,判断超声在脑血管病诊断中的价值。方法106例脑梗死患者颈动脉颅外段行二维彩色多普勒超声检查观察血管解剖形态,内膜情况,有无斑块形成及斑块大小,管腔是否狭窄和狭窄程度。所有患者经头颅CT或MRI证实,按头颅CT或MRI结果分为单发和多发脑梗死组,按临床发病情况分为首发和复发脑梗死组,按病情程度分为轻型、中型和重型脑梗死组。结果①多发性脑梗死组颈动脉出现颅外段狭窄的比例(56/61)高于单发性脑梗死组(32/45),差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.8651,P<0.05),多发性脑梗死组颈动脉颅外段狭窄的程度严重于单发性脑梗死组(χ2=4.4103,P=0.04<0.05)。②复发性脑梗死组颈动脉出现颅外段狭窄的比例高于首发性脑梗死组(χ2=9.6317,P=0.002<0.01),复发性脑梗死组颈动脉颅外段狭窄的严重程度高于首发脑梗死组(χ2=4.5955,P=0.0320<0.05)。③中、重型脑梗死组颈动脉出现颅外段狭窄的比例略高于轻型脑梗死组,中、重型脑梗死组颈动脉颅外段狭窄的程度略严重于轻型脑梗死组。结论①多发脑梗死和复发脑梗死患者颈动脉颅外段狭窄发生率高,狭窄程度严重。②颈动脉颅外段狭窄及狭窄程度与多发性脑梗死和复发性脑梗死密切相关。     

颈动脉狭窄程度及部位与认知功能障碍的关系

目的 探讨颈动脉狭窄程度及部位与认知功能障碍的关系.方法 采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)对52例短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)及39例腔隙性脑梗死患者进行认知功能评估,比较颈动脉狭窄不同程度和部位患者的MoCA得分.结果 左侧颈动脉狭窄患者的句子复述得分显著低于右侧颈动脉狭窄患者(P＜0.01),而交替连线、复制立方体、画钟及延迟回忆得分均显著高于右侧颈动脉狭窄患者(P ＜0.05 ～0.01).颈动脉中度狭窄患者与重度狭窄患者MoCA总分的差异无统计学意义.分别与颈动脉右侧中度狭窄及重度狭窄患者比较,左侧中度狭窄及重度狭窄患者的句子复述得分显著降低(均P＜0.01),而复制立方体、画钟得分显著增高(P ＜0.05 ～0.01).左侧中度狭窄患者延迟回忆得分显著高于右侧中度狭窄患者(P＜0.01).结论 左侧颈动脉狭窄以语言能力受损为著,右侧以执行功能、视空间结构及延迟回忆受损为著.颈动脉狭窄程度与认知功能障碍程度无明显关系.     

2型糖尿病合并颈动脉狭窄对认知功能障碍的影响

目的研究2型糖尿病合并颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能障碍的发生率,探讨2型糖尿病合并颈动脉狭窄及其严重程度与认知功能障碍的关系。方法选择2型糖尿病合并颈动脉狭窄的患者(A组)、2型糖尿病无颈动脉狭窄患者(B组)、健康查体者(C组)各50例为研究对象。颈动脉狭窄根据彩色多普勒超声判断。对3组患者应用简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知功能评估量表(MoCA)进行认知功能的测定,比较3组患者认知功能障碍的发生率。结果 A组MMSE总评分(23.8±1.82)显著低于B组(26.2±1.53)和C组(29.5±2.01)(均P<0.05);A组MoCA总评分(21.32±1.65))显著低于B组(24.22±1.59)和C组(27.62±2.25)(均P<0.05)。以MMSE评分标准判断,A组的认知功能障碍发生率(21.0%)显著高于B组(14.0%)和C组(8.0%);以MoCA评分为标准,A组的认知功能障碍发生率(24.0%)显著高于B组(16.0%)和C组(6.0%)(均P<0.05)。结论 2型糖尿病合并颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能障碍的发生率明显增高。     

腔隙性脑梗死患者血清维生素B12的检测及临床意义

目的探讨腔隙性脑梗死患者血清维生素B12的检测及临床意义。方法我院住院治疗的腔隙性脑梗死患者67例作为观察组,其中轻度32例,中度21例,重度14例。同时选择同时期我院住院治疗的非脑梗死患者35例,作为对照组。对2组患者进行维生素B12和叶酸的检测。结果观察组患者维生素B12和叶酸的检测结果均明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。重度腔隙性脑梗死患者的维生素B12和叶酸检测结果明显低于轻度和中度患者(P<0.05),而轻度和中度腔隙性脑梗死患者的维生素B12和叶酸的检测结果比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论血清维生素B12和叶酸的降低与腔隙性脑梗死的发生具有密切的关系,并且与患者的病情严重程度有关,值得临床重视。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.