脑转移瘤的伽玛刀治疗

目的 评价伽玛刀治疗颅内脑转移瘤的疗效,分析能够预测预后生存率的因素.方法 407例脑转移瘤患者接受了伽玛刀治疗,随访344例,共756个病灶,肿瘤体积平均为(8.2±5.1)cm3,中心剂量和周边剂量分别(27.1±4.9)Gy和(15.4±2.0)Gy.对计数资料用X2检验,生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier曲线.结果 经过平均(17.7±9.8)个月的随访,影像学提示肿瘤消失140个、缩小331个、不变222个、增大63个.死亡病例114(33.1%)例,伽玛刀治疗后的平均生存期为(12.1±6.0)个月.年龄＜65岁、单发脑转移瘤、KPS≥70的患者有较好的生存率,且具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤具有良好的控制率.年龄＜65岁、无颅外病变加重、KPS评分≥70、转移瘤灶少、原发灶控制,是具有良好生存期的预后因素.     

影响脑转移瘤伽玛刀治疗效果相关因素分析

目的　探讨影响伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤治疗效果的因素。方法　用伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤 2 72例共 396个病灶。中心剂量 2 5～ 70Gy ,周边剂量 1 0～ 35Gy;靶点数 1～ 1 1个。并对肿瘤体积、数目、照射剂量、原发灶控制和全脑放疗等影响疗效因素进行统计分析。结果　本组病例随访 1 0～ 46个月 ,平均 2 4个月。 396个病灶完全缓解 32 6个 (82 3 % ) ,部分缓解 38个 (9 5 % ) ,无变化及进展 32个 (8 2 % ) ,平均生存期 (1 3 6± 7 9)个月。原发灶控制好者、伽玛刀治疗前后结合放疗、化疗者 ,其生存期较长。结论　伽玛刀是治疗脑转移瘤安全可靠的手段之一。并发症少、有效率高。伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤的疗效主要与病灶体积、周边剂量等密切相关。肿瘤体积小于 1 5cm3,周边剂量大于 1 8Gy时 ,完全缓解率较高。     

伽玛刀治疗脑干转移瘤的影响因素及生存期分析

目的评价伽玛刀治疗脑干转移瘤的疗效。方法选取202医院放疗科2009—2012年接受伽玛刀治疗的脑干转移瘤患者34例,应用统计学软件SPSS 19.0生存分析中Kaplan-Meier法分析生存率,应用Log-Rank检验和Cox回归分析预后相关因素对生存期的影响。结果 2009-12—2012-12本中心共治疗34例脑干转移瘤患者,其中按发病部位分类:中脑7例,脑桥23例,延髓4例。按原发肿瘤分类:原发性肺癌14例,乳腺癌9例,肾癌5例,黑色素瘤6例。其中多发转移11例,单一病灶23例。年龄25~76岁,平均(53.71±12.95)岁。平均处方剂量(15.50±1.82)Gy,其中最小剂量10Gy,最大18.5Gy。肿瘤体积0.06~3.0(0.75±0.78)mL。伽玛刀治疗后中位生存期9.8个月,与生存期密切相关的预后因素是是否为单一病灶、有无黑色素瘤病史、肿瘤体积以及颅外病灶的控制情况。结论对体积0.75mL、原发肿瘤为非黑色素瘤的脑干转移瘤,应用15.5Gy的处方剂量,可取得较好的肿瘤局部控制率,提高生活质量,延长生存期,减少相关射线并发症。     

伽玛刀立体定向放射外科治疗脑转移瘤的疗效观察

目的探讨伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤的近期临床疗效及不良反应。方法选择脑转移瘤患者48例（108个病灶）采用伽玛刀治疗,肿瘤周边剂量14-21Gy,平均18Gy;中心最大剂量32-40Gy,平均35.4Gy。结果对48例患者伽玛刀治疗后进行临床随访,随访时间为1-27个月,平均10个月,完全缓解8例（16.7%）,部分缓解26例（54.2%）,无变化10例（20.8%）,进展4例（8.3%）,肿瘤局部控制率为91.7%（44/48）。有神经系统症状33例患者,神经症状完全缓解11例（33.3%）,部分缓解21例（63.6%）,所有患者KPS评分均有上升。平均生存期17.4个月,未出现严重不良反应。结论伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤具有疗效好、安全的优势,能有效提高脑转移瘤患者生活质量,延长生存期。     

立体定向放射外科治疗脑转移瘤的疗效及相关因素分析

目的 回顾性研究立体定向放射外科(SRS)治疗脑重要功能区转移瘤,分析影响疗效的因素.方法 98例患者175个病灶经SRS治疗.肺癌转移占81.6%.单发病灶46例(46.9%),多发病灶52例(53.1%).应用德国产Brainlab X-刀,一次治疗病灶在5个以内.瘤体处方剂量:中心剂量24～30 Gy,平均26 Gy;周边剂量16～28 Gy,平均16.5 Gy.并依据患者病情给予相应对症治疗.结果 随访中瘤体缩小或消失86例(87.8%),保持稳定7例(7.1%),瘤体增大5例(6.3%).中位生存期11.9个月.存活2年者25例(25.5%).结论 SRS是治疗颅内转移瘤的有效方法.依据患者原发癌及病情,进行科学的相关治疗能够提高患者生存期及生活质量.     

超级伽玛刀治疗颅内转移瘤48例临床分析

目的观察超级伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤的近期疗效,对生存期进行初步评价。方法回顾我中心自2004年8月至2005年7月接受超级伽玛刀治疗的48例脑转移瘤(89个转移灶)病人,年龄38~77岁,平均58.7岁,单发转移32例,随访44例,随访期4~15个月,观察其疗效及生存期。结果总有效率88.64%,完全有效(CR)、部分有效(PR)、无进展(NC)之间的剂量无差异,与未控(PD)相比,只有PR和PD之间差异显著(P<0.05)。剂量低于或等于15Gy和高于15Gy两组间的有效率差异显著(P<0.025),而剂量低于或等于16Gy和高于16Gy两组间的有效率无明显差异(P<0.05)。平均生存期6.8个月,按RTOG的RPA分级,RPAⅠ级平均生存10.42个月;RPAⅡ级平均生存6.56个月;RPAⅢ级平均生存5.01个月。RPAⅠ级与RPAⅢ级病人的生存期差异显著(P<0.05)。结论超级伽玛刀控制脑转移瘤的剂量在15~16Gy之间,高于16Gy的剂量并不能改善疗效,RPAⅠ级病人的预后明显好于RPAⅢ级病人。     

颅内多发性转移瘤保守剂量的立体定向放射外科治疗

目的评估多发性脑转移瘤患者经保守剂量的立体定向放射外科治疗后的生存期、肿瘤局部控制率及生活质量。方法回顾性研究了168例经伽玛刀治疗的颅内多发性脑转移瘤患者，其中45例（26．8％）为2个病灶，58例（34．5％）为3～5个病灶，65例（367％）病灶数在6～12个。病灶平均体积20cm^3，界于0．02～65．12cm^3之间，治疗以50％等剂量曲线包绕病灶，肿瘤平均中心剂量为26Gy（20～40Gy），周边剂量为13Gy（10～20Gy），总的剂量控制在200Gy以内。36例患者追加全脑放射治疗。结果所有患者无因伽玛刀治疗诱发严重并发症或致死，平均生存期是11个月，6个月时复查的MRI显示，总有效率为91．07％。平均随访10个月，157例生活能够基本自理，6例偏瘫，需要人照顾，5例死亡，死亡原因为系统性疾病。结论立体定向放射外科是治疗颅内多发、深部及重要结构的中等大小（≤20cm^3）转移肿瘤的首选，尤其实用于位于重要结构或者手术不能到达区域的转移性肿瘤。     

伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤 (附72例报告)

目的 探讨伽玛刀对脑转移瘤的治疗作用。方法 从2001年9月～2003年9月．79例脑转移患者接受伽玛刀治疗。其中72例(162个病灶)获得完全随访。该72例患者以50％～70％等剂量曲线包绕肿瘤，边缘剂量为14-24Gy，60例患者同时接受全脑照射，外照射剂量为30～40Gv。结果 72例患者(162个病灶)，随访期1～22个月，平均随访期10个月。完全缓解(CR)87例．部分缓解(PR)52例，无变化(NR)23例，总有效率为93．8％。结论 伽玛刀是一种安全的治疗脑转移瘤的方法，它可以缓解神经症状．提高生存质量，局部控制率较高。     

Ommaya囊置入结合伽玛刀治疗颅内囊性转移瘤

目的 探讨Ommaya囊置入联合伽玛刀治疗大型囊性脑转移瘤的作用.方法 回顾性分析18例应用立体定向Ommaya囊置入抽吸结合伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤病例资料,病人平均年龄61.2岁.周边剂量13～20 Gy(平均16.3 Gy),等剂量曲线为45％～60％(平均52.1％).结果 18例囊性转移瘤中,Ommaya囊置入前肿...     

伽玛刀治疗肺癌脑转移瘤疗效及影响疗效的相关因素分析

目的探讨伽玛刀治疗肺癌脑转移瘤疗效及影响疗效的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年1月期间在我院采用伽玛刀治疗的116例有病理学证实的肺癌脑转移瘤患者的临床资料,其中男性76例,女性40例。根据肿瘤的大小、位置及肿瘤周边正常组织的耐受情况,小病灶(直径﹤3.0cm)直接选择伽玛刀一次性治疗,周边剂量12～18Gy,45%～70%等剂量曲线为处方剂量。对于较大肿瘤病灶(直径≥3cm但≤4cm)选择伽玛刀二次剂量分割治疗,两次治疗间隔6～8小时,周边剂量7～9Gy,40%～50%等剂量曲线为处方剂量。结果随访116例患者,随访期6～45个月,肿瘤控制率95%,中位生存期14.8个月,1年生存率63%,2年生存率25%。KPS评分在1个月内达到90分以上者占92%。结论伽玛刀是治疗肺癌脑转移瘤安全有效的方法,其疗效与肿瘤大小、位置、治疗剂量及肺癌的病理类型有关。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.