老年急性脑梗死患者认知功能障碍与焦虑、抑郁情绪的关系

目的探讨老年急性脑梗死(ACI)患者认知功能障碍与焦虑、抑郁情绪的相关性。方法回顾性分析ACI老年患者112例临床资料,根据蒙特利尔认知量表(MoCA)评分,分为认知功能障碍组(43例)、无认知功能障碍组(69例)。比较两组临床资料及焦虑(HAMA)、抑郁(HAMD)、认知(MoCA)评分;分析焦虑、抑郁对认知功能障碍的影响及MoCA与HAMA、HAMD评分相关性。结果两组患者在年龄、受教育程度、焦虑程度、抑郁程度、HAMA、HAMD、MoCA评分存在差异(P0.05)。Logistic回归显示:重度焦虑、重度抑郁、年龄80岁是老年ACI患者认知功能障碍的危险因素(P0.05)。Pearson相关性显示:MoCA评分与HAMA、HAMD评分均呈负相关(均P0.05)。ROC曲线显示:HAMA及HAMD评分预警老年ACI患者认知功能障碍的AUC为0.726、0.709;最佳临界值依次为16.5、25.5;灵敏度、特异度:HAMA为53.5%、81.2%,HAMD为51.2%、84.1%。结论重度焦虑、重度抑郁的老年ACI患者更易产生认知功能障碍,且HAMA、HAMD评分对该类患者认知功能障碍具有一定预警作用。     

老年痴呆患者认知障碍程度与抑郁风险的相关性分析

目的研究老年痴呆患者认知障碍程度与抑郁风险的相关性。方法纳入80例老年痴呆患者作为研究对象,分别采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)记录患者认知功能状态和抑郁水平,分析认知功能障碍程度与抑郁的关系。结果 80例患者HAMD评分(25.78±8.62)分;评分≥20分者31例(38.75%)。MoCA评分(20.05±7.62)分;评分≥26分(正常组)17例,评分26分者63例,其中轻度38例,中度17例,重度8例。不同程度认知功能障碍患者性别、年龄、文化程度及长谷川痴呆量表(HDS)评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。四组患者HAMD评分差异有统计学统计学意义(P0.05)。MoCA与HAMD评分呈显著负相关性(r=-0.581,P=0.000)。ROC分析结果显示MoCA评分判断抑郁症的AUC为0.756(β=0.057,95%CL=0.643-0.868,P=0.000),敏感度为0.710,特异度为0.796,最佳截断值为22.5分。结论老年痴呆患者认知障碍与抑郁症关系密切,MoCA评分有助于预测抑郁症的发生。     

老年高干人群轻度认知功能障碍调查及危险因素分析

目的 了解年龄≥65岁的高干人员轻度认知功能障碍的患病情况及其相关危险因素,为进行有效防治提供参考依据.方法 选取在广州市第一人民医院体检的老年高干454例为研究对象,分别给予简易精神状态量表(mini mental state examination,MMSE)的认知量表和蒙特利尔认知量表(Montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA)评估,进行两种量表得分相关性分析和MCI检出率比较.同时根据临床诊断标准将研究对象分为正常组(96名)和MCI组(337例),分析轻度认知功能障碍的相关危险因素.结果 MoCA和MMSE得分显著相关(r ＝ 0.563,P ＜ 0.01),MoCA检出率(78.98%)大于MMSE检出率(45.96%).年龄、抑郁得分、收缩压、高血压在两组之间的差异有显著统计学意义(P ＜ 0.01).MCI组中,年龄、高血压和抑郁得分均是MCI的独立危险因素(P ＜ 0.01).结论 老年高干人群中,年龄、高血压和抑郁均是MCI的独立危险因素,有针对性的对其干预可减少痴呆的发生.     

阿尔茨海默病患者血清GFAP、BDNF及Hcy水平与认知功能的相关性

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者血清胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)及同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与认知功能的相关性。方法选取2019年1月至2021年1月海口市中医医院脑病科收治的184例患者为研究对象,根据认知功能筛查分为AD组(n=92)、轻度认知功能障碍组(MCI组,n=46)和认知功能正常组(对照组,n=46)。对比三组临床基础资料及血清GFAP、BDNF、Hcy水平。Logistic回归分析影响认知功能障碍程度的危险因素。结果AD组患者年龄及血清GFAP、Hcy水平高于MCI组和对照组,而AD组受教育时间、MoCA评分及血清BDNF水平低于MCI组和对照组(P<0.05);MCI组患者血清GFAP、Hcy水平高于对照组,而MoCA评分、血清BDNF水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。AD组和MCI组MoCA评分与血清GFAP、Hcy水平均呈显著负相关,而MoCA评分与血清BDNF水平呈正相关(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归显示,年龄、受教育时间、血清GFAP、BDNF及Hcy水平是MCI进展为AD的独立危险因素(P<...     

修正蒙特利尔认知评估量表评估脑白质疏松症认知功能障碍的效果研究

目的探讨修正的蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评估脑白质疏松症认知功能障碍的应用效果。方法选取本院诊治的脑白质疏松症认知功能障碍患者53例为观察组,选取本院同期健康体检人员53例为对照组,均行MoCA和简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评定,比较2组MoCA和MMSE评分结果以及观察组不同严重程度间MoCA和MMSE的评分结果,分析MoCA和MMSE的诊断价值,分析MoCA、MMSE与脑白质疏松症认知功能障碍的相关性。结果观察组MoCA、MMSE量表视觉空间与执行能力评分、命名评分、注意力评分、语言评分、延迟回忆评分、抽象评分、定向力评分、总评分均明显低于对照组。中度认知功能障碍患者MoCA评分、MMSE评分均明显低于轻度认知功能障碍患者,重度认知功能障碍患者均明显低于轻度和中度认知功能障碍患者。MoCA的灵敏度、阴性预测值、约登指数均明显高于MMSE,MoCA的特异度明显低于MMSE,但差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。MoCA的阳性预测值低于MMSE,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。MoCA与MMSE具有明显的正相关性,MoCA、MMSE与脑白质疏松症认知功能障碍均具有明显负相关性。结论 MoCA是脑白质疏松症认知功能障碍的有效评估方法,与患者认知功能障碍的严重程度密切相关,灵敏度高,值得临床推广使用。     

基于Ipad认知评估训练软件对老年轻度认知功能 障碍的筛查

目的 评估Ipad 认知评估训练软件（具有筛查和训练功能）对老年轻度认知功能障碍的筛 查效果。方法 选取2015 年6 月— 2016 年12 月在北京小汤山医院健康体检的老年人为研究对象，采用 Ipad 认知评估训练软件和北京版蒙特利尔认知量表（MoCA）同时进行筛查评估。结果 以北京版MoCA 评分的不同受教育年限不同界值来判断，老年认知功能障碍的检出率是23.53%（160/680）。以Ipad 认知 评估训练软件筛查，老年轻度认知功能障碍的检出率是24.85%（169/680）。两种方法检出率之间差异无 统计学意义（P＞ 0.05）。两种方法检出结果存在一致性（Kappa=0.755，P＜ 0.001）。结论 可以使用Ipad 认知功能评估训练软件进行老年认知障碍的初步筛查。     

业余活动与60岁以上老年人认知功能的关系

目的 探讨业余活动与60岁以上老年人认知功能的关系.方法 采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法调查石家庄市社区1203例60岁以上老年人,根据业余活动量分为高业余活动(n=504)和低业余活动(n=699)组,两组受试者性别、年龄和受教育年限相匹配,差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).采用简易智力状况检查(Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评估(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)评价两组受试者的认知功能状况.结果 (1)在1203例老年人中,MMSE筛查阳性率(低于划界值)19.5％(234例),MoCA筛查阳性率(低于划界值)66.9％(805例),MoCA的阳性检出率高于MMSE,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);(2)按照MMSE和MoCA划界分,高业余活动组与低业余活动组MMSE筛查阳性率的差异无统计学意义(P=0.162),高业余活动组MoCA筛查阳性率高于低业余活动组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.012);(3)高业余活动组与低业余活动组的MMSE总分差异无统计学意义(P=0.061),高业余活动组MoCA总分高于低业余活动组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.011);(4)高业余活动组注意力和计算力、语言及延迟回忆得分高于低业余活动组,差异有统计学意义(P均＜ 0.05).结论 60岁以上高业余活动老年人认知功能损害发生率较低.     

上海社区老年抑郁障碍与遗忘型轻度认知功能损害患者的认知功能对照研究

目的:探讨上海社区老年抑郁障碍与遗忘型轻度认知功能损害(aMCI)患者之间认知功能的神经心理学差异。方法:1 068例社区老人中符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版临床定式检查(SCID)的老年抑郁障碍患者13例及亚临床抑郁患者7例,共20例作为抑郁障碍组(DD组),并选取性别、年龄、教育程度均匹配的aMCI患者20例(aMCI组)及正常老人20名(NC组)作为对照,采用简明精神状态量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)进行认知功能的测评。结果:3组在MMSE总分及地点定向力、计算与注意力、三步指令评分,以及MoCA总分、复制图、注意、计算、延迟回忆、时间定向评分差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.001)。DD组MMSE总分(P=0.034)、计算力与注意力(P=0.009)以及MoCA总分(P=0.002)、计算(P=0.006)、抽象思维(P=0.030)、时间定向(P=0.044)评分明显好于aMCI组。结论:社区老年抑郁障碍患者认知功能受损程度较老年aMCI患者轻。     

老年轻度认知功能障碍患者血中营养标志物含量及相关性分析

目的探讨老年轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者血中营养标志物含量及意义。方法选取120例老年轻度认知功能障碍患者,按照MCI的诊断标准,A组为单遗忘型(52例),B组为多认知域损害型(68例),同时选取80例健康者作为C组(正常对照组)。收集所有研究对象临床资料,测定血中营养标志物的含量。结果 (1)三组患者各项认知功能的评分差异均具有统计学意义(均P0.05);A组与C组比较,患者记忆功能、语言功能及执行功能均受到损伤;B组与C组比较,患者各认知功能均受到明显损伤;且B组患者的总体认知功能、执行功能、视空间功能均较A组下降(均P0.05)。(2)三组患者的血清叶酸、Hcy、TC、TG、Apo B、PA水平均存在统计学差异(F=3.311,6.526,5.134,4.795,5.022,6.172),均P0.05。(3)经pearson相关性分析得到,认知功能障碍的严重程度与叶酸、PA等指标呈负相关(r=-0.256,-0.347,均P0.05),与Hcy、TC、TG、Apo B呈正相关(r=0.405,0.517,0.406,0.412,均P0.05)。结论老年轻度功能障碍患者的血清叶酸、同型半胱氨酸等多种营养标志物的水平均低于健康正常者,这些营养标志物对于认知功能障碍的早期干预有一定的潜在价值。     

伴低氧血症的慢性阻塞性肺疾病对认知功能障碍的影响

目的探讨伴低氧血症慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)对认知功能障碍的影响。方法 208例COPD患者来自大连大学附属新华医院,其中血氧正常COPD患者50例,伴低氧血症COPD患者158例。采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)分析不同缺氧程度COPD患者MoCA总分与各项评分。结果轻度缺氧组、中度缺氧组、重度缺氧组与血氧正常组比较,MoCA总评分降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与血氧正常组比较,轻度缺氧组注意力与计算力、延迟记忆、抽象理解评分较低(P0.05),视空间与执行能力、命名、语言、定向力评分无显著性差异(P0.05);中度缺氧、重度缺氧组MoCA各项评分均低于血氧正常组(P0.05)。重度缺氧组MoCA各项评分均低于中度缺氧组(P0.05)。结论伴低氧血症慢性阻塞性肺疾病对认知功能有一定影响,缺氧程度越重,认知功能障碍越明显。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.