长春地区2010年度婴幼儿腹泻的病原学研究及流行病学特点

目的了解长春地区四种主要腹泻病毒病原构成及流行病学特点。方法收集长春市儿童医院5岁以下住院患儿腹泻样本共460例,轮状病毒采用ELISA试剂盒检测,杯状病毒、星状病毒采用逆转录一聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）法,腺病毒采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）法进行鉴定。结果460份标本中轮状病毒占35．22％（162／460）;杯状病毒占20．43％（94／460）,星状病毒占9．78％（45／460）,腺病毒占3．70％（17／460）,混合感染达7．17％（33／460）,发病患儿以2岁以下婴幼儿为主。对162份轮状病毒阳性标本进行G／P分型,结果示G1P[8]为主要流行株,杯状病毒以GII-4亚型为主要流行株,星状病毒为I型,腺病毒为Ad41。结论长春地区婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的病原中轮状病毒是最主要病原,其次为杯状病毒、星状病毒和腺病毒。     

太原市5岁以下腹泻住院儿童的病毒病原及其流行特征

目的 了解山西省太原市5岁以下腹泻住院儿童四种主要腹泻病毒的流行情况.方法 收集山西儿童医院2007年10月至2008年11月5岁以下全部住院腹泻患儿的粪便标本,采用ELISA试剂盒来检测轮状病毒;采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测腺病毒;逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）法检测星状病毒和杯状病毒并对轮状病毒进行分型.结果 346份标本中轮状病毒占40.8%、杯状病毒占7.5%、星状病毒占6.4%、腺病毒占3.2%.对141份轮状病毒阳性标本进行G1P分型,G1型是最优势株,P型优势株为P[8].四种病毒主要是感染2岁以下婴幼儿,RV有明显的季节的特征,9-11月份（48.92%）为发病高峰.结论 轮状病毒为最主要的病毒病原,G1P[8]型为主要流行株,秋冬季为发病高峰,2岁以下为发病高危人群,混合感染多见.     

兰州地区5岁以下婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的分子流行病学研究

目的调查兰州地区5岁以下婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的流行情况,了解四种主要腹泻病毒在儿童中的分布情况。方法采集2009年7月至2010年6月兰州大学第一医院儿科5岁以下腹泻患儿粪便标本290份及儿童保健中心健康婴幼儿正常粪便标本114份,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测轮状病毒抗原,采用巢式聚合酶链反应对轮状病毒阳性标本进行分型;采用反转录．聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）检测杯状病毒和星状病毒,聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测腺病毒。结果290份腹泻标本中四种病毒的阳性率分别为：轮状病毒39．31％,杯状病毒11．38％,腺病毒10．69％,星状病毒4．83％;对114份轮状病毒阳性标本G、P分型,G3型及P[8]型为优势株;114份正常标本轮状病毒检出率为0,杯状病毒检出7例,星状病毒检出1例,腺病毒检出5例。结论病毒性病原在兰州地区婴幼儿腹泻中占有重要地位,长期系统的监测具有重要意义。     

成都地区婴幼儿病毒性腹泻分子流行病学研究

目的 通过分子流行病学研究成都地区婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的病原学特点,掌握本地区病原分布特征,为疫苗研制和疫情控制提供科学依据.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验( ELISA)及逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)对成都地区2006 -2008年度376例婴幼儿腹泻粪便标本进行轮状病毒(RV)、杯状病毒(HuCV)、星状病毒(AstV)及肠道腺病毒(Adv)检测.结果 RV的检出率为37.76％(142/376),其中42例进行G分型,45例进行P分型,G分型以G3型为主21例(50％),其次为G2和G1型,P分型以P[8]型为主21例,其次是P[4]型19例.RV感染主要为6～23月的婴幼儿,发病高峰在10 ～12月份(75.8％).RT-PCR法检出HuCV、AstV及Adv的检出率分别为15.85％、1.64％及2.04％.结论 RV是成都地区婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的主要病原,其流行的主要血清型为G3型、P[8]、P[4]型.除RV外,HuCV也是重要的病原.     

安徽池州地区小儿腹泻病毒病原学研究

目的 了解安徽池州市小儿腹泻的主要病毒病原.方法 采集2005年1月至2006年12月间在安徽池州市人民医院儿科住院的428例小儿腹泻患者粪便标本,采用酶免疫分析或ELISA法分别检测轮状病毒、星状病毒、腺病毒或杯状病毒抗原.对轮状病毒进行病毒株血清学检测,并采用RT-PCR进行基因分型.结果 安徽池州小儿腹泻常见的病毒病原检出率分别为轮状病毒29.2%、杯状病毒10.5%、腺病毒2.4%.其中,混合感染率为2.4%.同时比较用PCR及ELISA两种方法检查44份粪便标本中轮状病毒,结果两种方法检查一致率达97.7%.对48株轮状病毒G血清型分型结果是血清Ⅰ型3份、Ⅱ型1份、Ⅲ型35份、Ⅸ型2份、未能分型7份.分别来自2005年26份可分型、2006年15份可分型,2年中均以RV Ⅲ型占绝大多数(分别为24株、11株),其他型别仅占少数.对8株轮状病毒P分型,其中7株为G3P8,1株为G9P8.轮状病毒感染具有明显季节性,以冬、春季多,杯状病毒似乎以秋季多.结论 安徽池州地区小儿腹泻的病毒病原中以轮状病毒为主,杯状病毒次之,腺病毒检出率低.两年中流行的轮状病毒以G3型为主,G3P8多.     

2006-2015年成都地区5岁以下病毒性腹泻住院患儿病原学特征分析CSCD

目的 对成都地区5岁以下急性腹泻病患儿进行病毒学监测,了解引起腹泻常见病毒的流行特征,为指导病毒性腹泻的防控提供科学依据.方法 采集成都市妇女儿童中心医院儿童消化科2006年3月至2015年6月5岁以下腹泻住院患儿粪便标本,并送四川省疾病预防控制中心进行病毒RNA提取与检测,并记录患儿临床资料.采用ELISA、RT-PCR方法对轮状病毒抗原进行检测与分型;采用RT-PCR方法对杯状病毒、星状病毒、腺病毒进行检测与分型.结果 共收集1-59月龄腹泻住院患儿粪便标本份共2 331份（男1 446份,女885份）,阳性检出率58.0％,以7-12月龄为好发年龄.轮状病毒阳性检出率28.3％,11 -12月份为流行季节.杯状病毒阳性检出率23.3％,9月份为流行季节,诺如病毒GII为主要感染株,未发现暴发流行.星状病毒阳性检出率1.5％,主要于1-3月份检出.腺病毒阳性检出率5.1％,主要于5-8月份检出,2011年有过小流行.2007年以后,轮状病毒的检出率较前明显下降,而同时杯状病毒检出率逐年升高,2010-2015年杯状病毒成为引起5岁以下患儿腹泻的主要病毒之一.绝大多数病毒性腹泻患儿为急性病程（91.2％）,以轻度脱水为主,其次为中度脱水,无重度脱水.可伴消化道外表现,轮状病毒的消化道外表现较杯状病毒多见,但在随访中均恢复正常.结论 病毒性腹泻是5岁以下儿童急性腹泻病常见原因,成都地区以轮状病毒、杯状病毒为主要病原体.     

北京市5岁以下儿童病毒性腹泻病原学研究

目的 了解近两年北京市西城区5岁以下儿童病毒性腹泻的主要病原体,为病毒性腹泻预防与控制措施调整提供依据.方法 2011年4月～ 2012年3月随机选择北京市西城区两家三级甲等医院,共收集196例腹泻患儿粪便标本进行检测,利用酶联免疫试验检测轮状病毒,用聚合酶链反应法检测杯状病毒、星状病毒和肠道腺病毒.结果 标本总阳性率39.3％ (77/196);38例检出轮状病毒,阳性率19.4％;33例检出人杯状病毒,阳性率16.8％;8例检出人星状病毒,阳性率4.1％;9例检出肠道腺病毒,阳性率4.6％.分别占总阳性检出的49.4％、42.7％、11.7％和10.4％(其中包括混合感染11例,占总阳性检出的14.3％).患者主要为2岁以下儿童,男女罹患率没有统计学差异(x2=0.42,P＞ 0.05).结论 病毒性腹泻病人中4种病毒均有检出,其中轮状病毒和杯状病毒是主要的致病病原体.病毒性腹泻发病高峰为每年10月至次年1月、2-5月份次之、6-9月最低.     

北京市肠道门诊腹泻患者人杯状病毒感染调查

目的 调查北京地区肠道门诊就诊腹泻患者人杯状病毒的感染情况.方法 收集北京市2011年4月至2012年3月丰台、昌平、怀柔3个区县的肠道门诊就诊腹泻患者450例,采集患者粪便标本,使用逆转录聚合酶链反应法(RT-PCR)对粪便标本进行人杯状病毒RNA检测,对RT-PCR阳性标本的PCR产物进行克隆测序.结果 450例患者标本中68例人杯状病毒阳性(68/450,15.11％).选择其中18例PCR产物进行克隆测序,将获得的序列进行比对分析、构建系统发生树,结果表明,15株为诺如病毒,3株为扎如病毒.其中诺如病毒GⅡ/4型11株(11/18,61.11％),GⅡ/7型1株(1/18,5.56％),GⅡ组未定型3株(3/18,16.67％).结论 人杯状病毒是北京地区肠道门诊就诊腹泻患者的重要病原,主要流行株为诺如病毒GⅡ/4型.     

2014-2015年河北省5岁以下婴幼儿病毒性腹泻病原学监测及流行特征分析

目的 了解河北省5岁以下婴幼儿病毒性腹泻病原构成及流行特点,为病毒性腹泻的防治提供参考依据.方法 收集河北省哨点医院2014年1月-2015年12月0-59月龄腹泻患儿粪便标本686份,同时填写个案调查表,采用ELISA方法检测轮状病毒(HRV),采用PCR或RT-PCR法检测杯状病毒(HuCV)、星状病毒(HAstV)和肠道腺病毒(HAdV),并对轮状和杯状阳性标本进行分型鉴定.结果 686份标本病毒性病原总检出率64.14％ (440/686),2014年62.71％(222/354),稍低于2015年的65.66％ (218/332) (x2=0.649,P=0.421),其中单纯轮状、杯状、星状和肠道腺病毒检出率分别为35.13％(241/686)、11.37％(78/686)、1.75％(12/686)和4.96％(34/686),合并感染率10.93％(75/686)(合并2种69份,合并3种6份).轮状病毒阳性检出率以13-24月龄最高(x2=22.289,P＜0.001),随月龄增长呈现先升高后降低趋势,且季节性分布明显,秋冬季(11月-次年2月)高发,以G9P[8]型为主(87.95％,270/307).杯状病毒全年呈多峰分布,3-6月份检出率较高,2015年(24.70％,82/332)高于2014年(13.56％,48/354)(x2=13.841,P＜0.001).结论 河北省5岁以下儿童病毒性腹泻病原复杂,混合感染比例较大,轮状病毒为主要致病病原体,该病毒主要侵犯2岁以下儿童,秋冬季高发,其中G9P[8]型成为本地区主要流行株.     

南京地区婴幼儿杯状病毒感染的分子流行病学研究

目的 了解南京地区婴幼儿杯状病毒腹泻的感染状况、临床表现以及分子流行病学特征.方法 采集2010年7月至2011年6月南京医科大学附属南京儿童医院5岁以下腹泻患儿粪便标本及儿童保健中心健康婴幼儿粪便标本各428份.采用反转录-聚合酶链反应( RT-PCR)检测杯状病毒,测序确定其基因型别.结果 428份腹泻样本中有63份为杯状病毒阳性,检出率为14.72％.其中诺如病毒GⅡ型58例,未检出诺如病毒GⅠ型,札如病毒5例,以诺如病毒GⅡ-4 2006b型为主要流行株.428份健康对照组标本杯状病毒检出19例,诺如病毒6例,札如病毒11例,2例为诺如病毒GⅡ型和札如病毒混合感染.结论 南京地区婴幼儿中存在不同基因型杯状病毒感染,流行毒株以GⅡ.2006b为主.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.