脑膜瘤级别及其临床特点

目的 探讨脑膜瘤分级、发病规律、治疗及愈后.方法 回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的脑膜瘤791例,按照2007年WHO脑膜瘤分级标准将其分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级并进行对照分析.结果 WHO Ⅰ级脑膜瘤占同期手术治疗脑膜瘤的93.0％,WHOⅡ级占4.6％,WHOⅢ占2.4％.WHO Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级脑膜瘤男女之比分别为1∶2.46、1∶1.77及1∶1.11(P＞0.05).WHO Ⅰ级脑膜瘤的高发年龄为40～60岁,Ⅱ级为30～70岁,Ⅲ级为20 ～30岁、50 ～ 70岁.WHOⅡ、Ⅲ级脑膜瘤发生率与肿瘤的部位有关,凸面及矢状窦旁发生率较高,而鞍上及前颅窝发生率较低(P＜0.05).WHO Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级脑膜瘤手术切除级别差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),WHO Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级脑膜瘤复发率分别为4.8％、38.7％及68.8％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 绝大多数脑膜瘤为WHO Ⅰ级,Ⅱ、Ⅲ级脑膜瘤发生率较低,Ⅱ级脑膜瘤男女之比高于Ⅰ级脑膜瘤,而Ⅲ级脑膜瘤男女之比更高.凸面及矢状窦旁WHOⅡ、Ⅲ级脑膜瘤发生率较高,而鞍上及前颅窝发生率较低.脑膜瘤切除级别与WHO脑膜瘤分级无关,术后复发与WHO分级相关.     

手术治疗颈静脉孔区脑膜瘤(附8例报告)

目的 探讨颈静脉孔区脑膜瘤手术治疗方法及预后.方法 我科1999至2006年共手术治疗颈静脉孔区肿瘤115例,发现8例脑膜瘤.本文分析其临床、病理及影像学特征与预后的关系.结果 4例肿瘤达到显微外科手术伞切除.8例颈静脉孔区脑膜瘤3例为恶性.平均随访80.8个月,4例内皮型脑膜瘤仍然存活.2例(1例乳头型,1例间变型)患者术后短期死亡.2例(1例微囊型,1例间变型)患者分别存活3年和6年,最后死于病情恶化.结论 良性颈静脉孔区脑膜瘤应尽量追求手术全切除,其术后各种神经功能废损的发生率较此医其他良性肿瘸高.而且此区的脑膜瘤多为恶性.     

单侧额颞入路手术治疗大型或巨大嗅沟脑膜瘤

目的 探讨单侧额颞入路（UFTA）手术切除大型（4~6 cm）或巨大（>6 cm）嗅沟脑膜瘤（OGM）的效果。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2021年6月行UFTA手术治疗的13例大型或巨大OGM的临床资料。结果 术后Simpson分级Ⅱ级切除10例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例。术后病理检查显示WHO分级Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级1例。1例非典型（WHO分级Ⅱ级）脑膜瘤和1例间变型（WHO分级Ⅲ级）脑膜瘤Simpson分级Ⅱ级切除后接受常规放疗。术后1例出现伤口脑脊液漏,1例出现术区血肿。术后随访6~72个月,中位随访时间38个月;1例血管瘤性脑膜瘤Simpson分级Ⅱ级切除后复发,行伽玛刀治疗;术后6个月GOS评分4~5分12例,3分1例。结论 UFTA手术治疗大型或巨大OGM是一种相对安全有效的方法,肿瘤全切除率高,并发症发生率低。     

复发高级别矢状窦旁脑膜瘤的显微外科手术治疗

目的探讨显微外科治疗复发高级别矢状窦旁脑膜瘤的临床疗效,并进一步总结此类肿瘤的治疗经验。方法回顾性分析8例显微外科手术切除的复发高级别矢状窦旁脑膜瘤(WHOⅡ和Ⅲ级)病人的临床资料。6例肿瘤侵犯矢状窦腔和矢状窦壁的病人中,5例矢状窦未完全闭塞;余2例仅侵犯矢状窦壁和大脑镰。结果肿瘤切除程度:侵犯矢状窦腔和矢状窦壁的6例,其中SimpsonⅡ级切除4例,Ⅲ级切除2例;侵犯矢状窦壁和大脑镰的2例,其中SimpsonⅠ级切除1例,Ⅱ级切除1例。术后病理:不典型脑膜瘤4例(WHOⅡ级),脊索样脑膜瘤1例(WHOⅡ级),横纹肌样脑膜瘤1例(WHOⅢ级),间变型脑膜瘤2例(WHOⅢ级)。1例间变型脑膜瘤术后2个月死于脑脊液感染,余7例行常规放射治疗。随访7例,时间4～48个月,复发1例,偏瘫2例,余4例恢复良好。结论显微手术切除复发高级别矢状窦旁脑膜瘤可取得良好疗效,术前需做好周密的手术计划,术中应用神经电生理监测技术保护好与复发肿瘤明显黏连的引流静脉和脑组织,处理好肿瘤与上矢状窦的关系。     

桥小脑角脑膜瘤的显微外科手术治疗

目的探讨桥小脑角脑膜瘤的显微外科手术治疗的手术技巧。方法在脑干听觉诱发电位和肌电图联合监测下,采用枕下-乙状窦后入路对26例桥小脑角脑膜瘤病人行显微手术治疗,观察术后肿瘤切除程度、脑神经功能变化及主要并发症。结果肿瘤达SimpsonⅠ、Ⅱ级切除22例,SimpsonⅢ级切除4例;其中面、听神经解剖保留24例。无手术死亡病例。术后临床症状改善17例,无变化5例,恶化4例。4例SimpsonⅢ级切除病人术后均行伽玛刀放射治疗。随访3个月-3.5年,26例病人均未见肿瘤复发或明显增大。结论显微外科手术联合术中神经电生理监测是治疗桥小脑角脑膜瘤安全、有效的方法。     

恶性脑膜瘤的临床特点及治疗

目的总结恶性脑膜瘤的临床特点,探讨最佳治疗手段。方法回顾性分析12例恶性脑膜瘤患者的一般情况、影像学特点、治疗方法以及病理特点等。结果 12例患者中男女比例为21;7例行肿瘤全切(SimpsonⅠ级),5例行肿瘤次全切(SimpsonⅡ级),5年内肿瘤复发率分别为57.14%和80%;术后1年,2年及5年的生存率分别为91.7%,83.3%及58.3%;术后病理报告WHOⅡ级有7例,WHOⅢ级有5例;神经导航下手术8例,术后无神经功能障碍发生。结论手术切除+术后放疗是治疗的首选方式,手术全切能够降低肿瘤的复发率,神经导航的应用能够有效保护功能区。     

恶性脑膜瘤的临床特点及诊疗体会

目的：总结恶性脑膜瘤的临床特点及诊疗体会。方法回顾性分析解放军总医院收治的27例经病理证实为恶性脑膜瘤（ WHOⅢ级）患者的临床表现、诊治经过、术后辅助治疗及预后等资料,窦镰旁恶性脑膜瘤7例,大脑凸面恶性脑膜瘤8例,蝶骨嵴恶性脑膜瘤5例,岩斜区等其他部位恶性脑膜瘤7例,其中肿瘤直径＞5 cm 19例。主要影像学特点为磁共振增强扫描呈明显不规则强化,周围水肿带明显。结果27例恶性脑膜瘤病例中,间变型恶性脑膜瘤18例,横纹肌样恶性脑膜瘤7例,乳头型恶性脑膜瘤2例。患者均行显微手术治疗,无死亡病例。按照Simpson标准,SimpsonⅠ级切除者11例,SimpsonⅡ级切除者6例,SimpsonⅢ级切除者6例,SimpsonⅣ级切除者4例。随访平均37．2个月,Ⅰ～Ⅱ级切除者7例（41．2％）出现复发,Ⅲ～Ⅳ级切除者患者均复发（100％）。其中,术后放疗者13例,未行放疗者14例,复发率分别为61．5％及78．6％。结论恶性脑膜瘤易复发,治疗首选显微外科全切除肿瘤,并处理硬膜及受累颅骨,术后应辅以放疗。     

枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤的手术治疗方法。方法回顾研究了12例枕骨大孔区脑膜瘤病人的临床表现、手术方法、切除程度、术后并发症及术后生活质量等。手术采用枕下正中入路、枕下旁正中入路和远外侧入路三种术式。结果肿瘤全切（SimpsonⅠ、Ⅱ级）除8例，次全切除4例。术后恢复良好者8例，症状改善3例，死亡1例。后组脑神经障碍是最常见的并发症。结论手术入路的选择主要取决于肿瘤的生长部位和延伸方向。     

脑膜瘤MRI特征与其病理分级相关性分析

目的探讨脑膜瘤MRI特征与其病理分级相关性。方法回顾性分析2010年9月至2017年9月手术治疗的225例脑膜瘤的临床资料,根据术后病理结果分为WHOⅠ级(良性组),WHOⅡ、Ⅲ级(恶性组)。采用多因素Logistic回归分析分析不同性质脑膜瘤MRI特征。结果 225例脑膜瘤中,WHOⅠ级166例,Ⅱ级49例,Ⅲ级10例。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,肿瘤形态不规则、肿瘤强化不均匀、瘤周水肿严重是恶性脑膜瘤的独立预测因子,而脑膜尾征是良性脑膜瘤的独立预测因子。结论肿瘤形态、肿瘤强化、瘤周水肿、脑膜尾征等MRI征象与脑膜瘤分级存在相关性。     

恶性脑膜瘤的诊断和外科治疗

目的总结恶性脑膜瘤的临床特点和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析12例恶性脑膜瘤病人的临床资料。12例病人共进行19次手术,其中1次手术7例,2次手术4例,4次手术1例。术后行普通放疗7例,适形放疗1例,2次伽玛刀治疗1例。结果肿瘤切除程度SimpsonⅠ级8例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级2例。7例病人随访1个月-10年,均复发。结论恶性脑膜瘤是颅内较少见肿瘤,预后较差。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.