银丹心脑通软胶囊对血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力及皮层反应性氮中介物含量的影响

目的 探讨银丹心脑通软胶囊对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠学习记忆能力及大脑皮层反应性氮中介物含量的影响. 方法 将SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为假手术组、VD组、银丹心脑通软胶囊治疗组,后两组采用永久性结扎双侧颈总动脉方法制备VD模型,银丹心脑通软胶囊治疗组于手术后即刻给予银丹心脑通软胶囊60 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,连续给药4周.4周后采用Morris水迷宫试验观察各组大鼠学习记忆能力的改变,采用比色法检测大鼠大脑皮层一氧化氮(NO)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)含量的变化. 结果 VD组与银丹心脑通软胶囊治疗组、假手术组比较,逃避潜伏期明显延长,原平台所在象限的搜索时间明显缩短,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).银丹心脑通软胶囊治疗组较VD组逃避潜伏期明显缩短、原平台所在象限的搜索时间明显延长,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).银丹心脑通软胶囊治疗组与VD组相比,大脑皮层NO和iNOS含量明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 银丹心脑通软胶囊能降低VD大鼠皮层NO、iNOS含量,对学习记忆能力有明显的提高作用.     

银丹心脑通软胶囊对血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力及海马CA1区Bcl-2、Bax表达的影响

目的 探讨银丹心脑通软胶囊对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠学习和记忆能力及海马CA1区Bcl-2、Bax表达的影响. 方法 90只大鼠按随机数字表法分为正常组、假手术组、模型组及银丹心脑通软胶囊低、中、高剂量组,后四组采用“两血管阻断+硝普钠降压”法制作成VD模型,各剂量组分别按0.24 g/(kg·d)、0.48 g/(kg·d)、0.96 g/(kg·d)灌胃给予银丹心脑通软胶囊28 d.Morrs水迷宫实验检测各组大鼠学习和记忆能力,免疫组化染色观察大鼠海马CA1区Bcl-2、Bax阳性蛋白表达情况. 结果 (1)模型组逃避潜伏期(94.32±16.53)与正常组、假手术组比较明显延长,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);中、高剂量组逃避潜伏期(74.36± 15.67、65.73±14.84)明显短于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).模型组与正常组、假手术组比较穿越平台次数及目标象限停留时间明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);中、高剂量组穿越平台次数(2.30±0.42、2.71±0.45)及目标象限停留时间(79.85±5.58、83.38±5.36)均明显多于模型组(1.15±0.24、66.80±7.20),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2)与正常组、假手术组比较,其余各组Bcl-2、Bax阳性表达均明显增多,其中模型组Bax变化更加明显,中、高剂量组Bcl-2变化更加明显,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);中、高剂量组与模型组比较,Bcl-2相对表达量明显增多,Bax相对表达量明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 银丹心脑通软胶囊可改善VD大鼠的学习记忆能力,其机制与增加海马Bcl-2表达、减少Bax表达有关.     

银丹心脑通软胶囊治疗脑梗死临床观察

目的 观察银丹心脑通软胶囊治疗脑梗死的临床疗效.方法 选择长治医学院附属和济医院神经内科自2009年10月至2011年3月收治的住院患者108例,按照随机数字表法分为2组,治疗组56例,对照组52例.2组均应用0.9％氯化钠注射液250 mL、疏血通注射液6mL静点,1次／d.治疗组加服银丹心脑通软胶囊3粒／次,3次／d,疗程2周.观察2组患者临床疗效、神经功能缺损评分情况及治疗前后有关实验室指标的变化.结果 治疗组总有效例数46例,总有效率82.14％;对照组总有效例数27例,总有效率51.92％;差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗组治疗后有关实验室指标均优于对照组,神经功能缺损评分亦明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 银丹心脑通软胶囊可通过降低全血黏度,改善血液循环,加速血栓溶解达到有效治疗脑梗死的目的 .     

银丹心脑通软胶囊对腔隙性脑梗死患者血液流变学及血脂的影响

目的 探讨腔隙性脑梗死患者血液流变学和血脂指标的变化及银丹心脑通软胶囊对其的影响. 方法 检测62例腔隙性脑梗死患者血液流变学和血脂指标,并与50例健康老年人进行比较:62例腔隙性脑梗死患者中50例于银丹心脑通软胶囊治疗45 d后再次检测血液流变学和血脂指标,观察银丹心脑通软胶囊的治疗作用. 结果腔隙性脑梗死患者血液流变学指标均较健康老年人高,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);血三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇均较健康老年人高,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).经银丹心脑通软胶囊治疗后,腔隙性脑梗死患者血液流变学和血脂指标均较治疗前有明显改善,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 腔隙性脑梗死患者存在血液流变学和血脂指标的明显异常,银丹心脑通软胶囊可改善老年腔隙性脑梗死患者的血液流变学及血脂异常.     

天智颗粒对血管性痴呆大鼠行为学及脑内AchE、ChAT活性的影响

目的观察天智颗粒对血管性痴呆大鼠行为学习记忆能力和乙酰胆碱代谢酶活性的影响,从而探讨天智颗粒改善记忆的机制.方法采用双侧颈总动脉结扎法建立血管性痴呆模型,治疗组用天智颗粒(5 g/kg)灌胃,模型组和假手术组用同体积的蒸馏水代替灌胃,1次/天,对照组未做任何处理.30 d后,采用三等分Y型电迷宫和比色法分别测定皮质、海马区乙酰胆碱脂酶(AchE)活性和基底前脑区胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChaT)活性.观察、比较各组大鼠行为学和乙酰胆碱代谢酶的变化规律和差异.结果治疗30d后,治疗组与模型组相比,学习记忆能力和基底前脑ChaT活性明显提高(P＜0.05),但皮质和海马区AchE活性变化无统计学意义.结论天智颗粒能明显促进血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力和基底前脑区ChaT活性,其药理机制可能和改变乙酰胆碱代谢酶活性有关.     

bFGF对血管性痴呆大鼠海马乙酰胆碱含量及胆碱酯酶活性的影响

目的皮下注射碱性成纤维细胞生长因子于血管性痴呆大鼠,研究用药前后大鼠乙酰胆碱含量及胆碱酯酶活性的变化。方法制作VD大鼠模型,随机取用VD大鼠模型12只,分治疗组6只,痴呆组6只。另外,取假手术组6只。皮下注射碱性成纤维细胞生长因子于治疗组中的血管性痴呆大鼠。治疗5周后,以Morris水迷宫定位航行试验和空间探索试验来检测大鼠的学习记忆能力,观察乙酰胆碱含量及胆碱酯酶活性的变化。结果治疗组大鼠学习记忆能力较痴呆组明显提高,治疗组乙酰胆碱含量较痴呆组明显提高,胆碱酯酶活性明显降低。结论皮下注射碱性成纤维细胞生长因子能明显提高血管性痴呆大鼠乙酰胆碱含量,降低胆碱酯酶活性。     

银丹心脑通软胶囊对血管性痴呆模型大鼠行为学及脑组织自由基代谢的影响

目的 研究银丹心脑通(YDXNT)软胶囊对血管性痴呆(VD)模型大鼠学习记忆能力及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响. 方法 30只SD大鼠按照随机数字表法分成3组:假损伤组、VD模型组、YDXNT治疗组.后2组采用血管闭塞法复制VD模型,假损伤组除不结扎双侧颈总动脉外,其余处理与VD模型组、YDXNT治疗组相同.大鼠术后当天清醒后开始灌胃给药,YDXNT治疗组参照人的给药剂量,每只每次灌服lrnL液体(预先取YDXNT胶囊9粒去除胶囊溶解于360 mL生理盐水中配成液体备用),3次/d,连续注射4周.假损伤组与VD模型组均灌胃等体积生理盐水.Morris水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力,放射免疫方法检测海马组织SOD活性与MDA含量. 结果 YDXNT治疗组大鼠找到平台的时间较VD模型组明显缩短,找到平台的游泳距离较VD模型组明显减少,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与VD模型组大鼠比较,YDXNT治疗组大鼠SOD活性明显升高,MDA含量明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 YDXNT胶囊可增加脑组织氧自由基代谢能力,改善VD大鼠学习记忆能力.     

银丹心脑通对脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马区神经细胞凋亡及Caspase-3表达的影响

目的 明确银丹心脑通对脑缺血再灌注时神经细胞凋亡的保护作用,探索其治疗缺血性脑卒中的分子作用机制. 方法 将40只SD雄性大鼠按随机数字表法分为假手术组、模型组、阳性对照组(尼莫地平组)、银丹心脑通组.尼莫地平组及银丹心脑通组预先连续灌胃给药7d,假手术组和模型组每日灌服相当量的蒸馏水,第8大制备大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞模型.脑缺血再灌注24 h后应用TUNEL法检测各组大鼠海马CA1区凋亡阳性神经细胞数,应用免疫组化染色测定各组大鼠脑组织中天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)的表达. 结果 模型组大鼠均能见到较多的凋亡阳性细胞数及Caspase-3阳性细胞数,与假手术组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与模型组比较,银丹心脑通组、尼莫地平组能明显减小凋亡阳性细胞数及Caspase-3阳性细胞数,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);银丹心脑通组与尼莫地平组在凋亡阳性神经细胞数及Caspase-3阳性细胞数上比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 银丹心脑通对脑缺血再灌注损伤有一定保护作用,能够减少脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经细胞的凋亡,其作用机制可能与减少脑组织中Caspase-3的表达有关.     

血管性痴呆大鼠认知功能及nNOS的表达

目的 探讨血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠认知功能、海马神经元结构及nNOS的表达.方法 采用双侧颈总动脉结扎法制备慢性前脑缺血动物模型,40只老龄大鼠随机分为假手术组(S)、模型组(M).应用水迷宫、透射电镜及免疫组化方法对2组大鼠学习记忆、神经元结构、nNOS表达进行观察.结果 与假手术组比较,大鼠水迷宫学习记忆能力在造模2个月后差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),大鼠海马神经元在造模后变性水肿明显,大鼠海马及颞叶皮层nNOS在造模2个月后表达增加 (P＜0.05).结论 海马及颞叶皮层nNOS表达增加,神经元变性,可能导致血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆障碍.     

银丹心脑通软胶囊联合佐匹克隆治疗老年慢性失眠的临床疗效

目的 观察银丹心脑通软胶囊和佐匹克隆联用治疗老年慢性失眠的临床疗效,以期为老年慢性失眠的临床治疗提供一种安全有效的措施. 方法 将成都军区昆明总医院自2010年1月至2011年8月收治的92例老年慢性失眠患者按随机数字表法分为银丹心脑通软胶囊组(30例)、佐匹克隆组(31例)和联合治疗组(3l例),并给予相应处理,疗程共持续4周.分别在治疗前、治疗后2周、治疗后4周时采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)、多导睡眠图检查对患者的睡眠质量进行评价. 结果 治疗2周后3组PSQI均较治疗前有改善,特别是治疗4周后3组PSQI均较治疗前有明显改善,其中联合治疗组PSQI明显优于佐匹克隆组和银丹心脑通软胶囊组,比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗2周后3组患者中有NREM睡眠期S3期、S4期的例数明显上升,尤其是在治疗4周后,3组患者中有NREM睡眠期S3期、S4期的例数更进一步上升,其中联合治疗组治疗效果最好,大部分患者基本能恢复睡眠连续性.治疗4周后3组治疗措施均能使患者的总睡眠时间较治疗前明显延长,且REM睡眠期、NREM睡眠期S3期、S4期(慢波睡眠期)所占比例也较治疗前明显提高,NREM睡眠期S1期、S2期(浅睡眠期)所占比例较治疗前明显缩短,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中联合治疗组的总睡眠时间、REM睡眠期、NREM睡眠期S3期、S4期较佐匹克隆组和银丹心脑通软胶囊组明显升高,NREM睡眠期S1期、S2期所占比例明显降低.另外,银丹心脑通软胶囊单独使用同样可以改善患者睡眠质量,只是起效较慢. 结论 银丹心脑通软胶囊和佐匹克隆联用是一种可供选择的较好的治疗老年慢性失眠的方案.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

他汀类药物的使用和颅内动脉瘤破裂相关性分析

目的 探讨他汀类药物对颅内动脉瘤破裂的影响。方法 2010年3月至2014年3月收治颅内囊状动脉瘤67例,其中破裂者32例,未破裂者35例。采用多变量Logistic回归评估他汀类药物的使用和颅内动脉瘤破裂的关系。结果 破裂组术前使用他汀类药物4例（12.5%,4/32）,未破裂组16例（45.7%,16/35）。破裂组服用他汀类药物的百分比显著低于未破裂组（P<0.01）。纠正潜在的混杂干扰后（or值: 0.30,95%可信空间:0.12~="" 0.64）显示,颅内动脉瘤破裂与他汀类药物的使用呈显著负相关,也与高血清总胆固醇浓度有关。结论 本结果提示他汀类药物对颅内动脉瘤破裂有一定的预防效果。     

Impact of our understanding of the genetic aetiology of epilepsy

A genetic contribution to aetiology is estimated to be present in up to 40% of patients with epilepsy. It is useful to categorise genetic epilepsies according to the mechanisms of inheritance into Mendelian disorders, non-mendelian or ‘complex’ disorders, and chromosomal disorders. Over 200 Mendelian diseases include epilepsy as part of the phenotype, and the genes for a number of these have been identified recently. These include autosomal recessive progressive myoclonic epilepsies such as Unverricht-Lundborg disease, Lafora disease and the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, and three autosomal dominant idiopathic epilepsies. The last named have been shown to arise from mutations in ion channel genes. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is caused by mutations in CHRNA4, benign familial neonatal convulsions by mutations in KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, and generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus by mutations in SCN1B. ‘Complex’, familial epilepsies are more difficult to analyse, but evidence has been obtained for loci predisposing to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy on chromosome 6p and 15q. Lastly, the genes underlying several spike-wave epilepsies in mice have been cloned, and three of these encode sub-units of voltage-gated calcium channels. Received: 29 September 1999/Accepted: 7 December 1999     

肌萎缩侧索硬化三例误诊分析

目的掌握肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)的诊断标准,以便早期准确诊断,避免误诊。方法分析3例ALS患者早期被误诊的临床资料。结果 3例患者均以下肢无力发病,逐渐波及上肢或对侧肢体,脊柱MR I示颈部或腰部椎间盘突出压迫硬膜囊,手术治疗后,症状无缓解,病情仍进行性加重,经肌电图检查证实为ALS。结论临床医师应熟知ALS的诊断标准,对患者详细询问病史、认真查体和电生理检查是减少ALS误诊的关键。     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

失匹配负波在意识障碍评估中的临床价值探讨

自失匹配负波(MMN)于20世纪70年代被发现以来,我们对规律性声音被打破后所诱发的前注意检测有了进一步认识,而MMN成为了开启认知大门的钥匙。至今为止,MMN的研究范围从产生机制发展到神经精神疾病相关的临床试验,特别是对于急性脑损伤(ABI)昏迷以及进展后的慢性意识障碍(DoC)患者,MMN被认为是一个可靠的预后预测指标。然而,由于MMN难以用于个体评估,目前在临床实践中的应用仍十分有限,广大临床医师对MMN的了解甚少。因此,本文就MMN的产生机制、在意识障碍中的临床意义、判读方法及其影响因素做一综述。