诺如病毒快速检测试剂的评价

目的评价德国R—Biopharm公司生产的RIDA QUICK诺如病毒快速检测试剂卡（免疫层析法）的准确性、安全性以及与对照试剂的等效性。方法以上市的IDEA Norovirus检测试剂盒（酶联免疫法）平行测定结果为参考,评价RIDA QUICK诺如病毒快速检测试剂卡（免疫层析法）的灵敏度、特异性及符合率。结果临床检测样本1042份,新型快速检测试剂诺如病毒检测特异性98．4％,灵敏度92．4％,与对照试剂的符合率为97．6％。结论RIDA QUICK诺如病毒快速检测试剂卡对于诺如病毒抗原的检测具有良好的特异性和灵敏度。     

应用免疫层析法快速检测孕妇生殖道B族链球菌的临床研究

目的 运用免疫层析法快速检测B族链球菌(GBS),研究其应用于妇女孕期GBS感染的临床价值.方法 通过与微生物鉴定培养法的结果进行对比,研究免疫层析法的灵敏度、特异性和符合率.结果 免疫层析法的灵敏度、特异性和符合率分别为100％、96.3％、96.8％.结论 该方法和传统培养法具有较高一致性,且简便、灵敏,适合在临床检验使用.     

快速免疫层析法检测孕妇生殖道B群链球菌及初步临床应用

目的 为临床医生提供快速准确的B群链球菌（GBS）感染的诊断依据,从而达到正确快速诊断和治疗的目的.方法 快速免疫层析法和细菌培养法及鉴定检测孕妇生殖道GBS.结果 通过对同一份标本用快速免疫层析法和细菌培养法及鉴定检测GBS进行比较,符合率为98.0％,快速免疫层析法诊断具有快速,操作方便、特异性强的特点.结论 快速免疫层析法检测孕妇生殖道GBS抗原,方法简便、结果快速可靠,能符合临床要求.     

创新型诺如病毒GⅠ/GⅡ抗原荧光纳米颗粒快速联检试纸条检测效能测评

目的 评估诺如病毒GⅠ和GⅡ抗原荧光纳米颗粒快速联检试纸条的灵敏度和特异性.方法 以培养的轮状病毒等其他肠道病原体和245例具有胃肠道感染症状患者的粪便为检测标本,分别用诺如病毒GⅠ和GⅡ抗原荧光纳米颗粒快速联检试纸条和诺如病毒GⅠ和GⅡ抗原二合一彩色微球法检测试纸条检测.结果 诺如病毒GⅠ和GⅡ抗原荧光纳米颗粒快速联检试纸条的灵敏度显著高于诺如病毒GⅠ和GⅡ抗原二合一彩色微球法检测试纸条;对常见的轮状病毒(Wa株)、肠道腺病毒(40型)、肠道病毒柯萨奇病毒(A16)、埃可病毒(30型)和肠道病毒(EV71)无交差反应.结论 诺如病毒GⅠ和GⅡ抗原的荧光纳米颗粒快速联检试纸条灵敏度显著高于彩色微球法快速检测试纸条,特异性良好.     

早期诊断心肌损伤肌球蛋白胶体金免疫层析法研究

目的建立一种简便、快速、准确检测人心肌损伤的胶体金免疫层析法（GICA）。方法制备胶体金标记抗Myosin多肽抗体，抗Myosin单克隆抗体，结合垫和样品垫的处理，组装免疫层析试纸条。检测患者血清中Myosin，进行敏感性和特异性评定。结果测试条灵敏度可达5ng／mL。检测30例急性心肌梗塞（AMI）患者血清Myosin水平，并与Roche肌钙蛋白胶体金免疫层析试剂条比较，符合率达84.2％。结论本方法特异性强、灵敏度高、简便快速、可用于急性心肌损伤的早期诊断。     

铜绿假单胞菌胶体金免疫层析法的研制和应用

为建立一种简单、快速、准确的铜绿假单胞菌检测方法,结合抗重组铜绿假单胞菌外膜蛋白单克隆抗体（mAb）、胶体金标记技术,采用双抗体夹心法,建立了检测铜绿假单胞菌的胶体金免疫层析法,并对该方法的特异性、灵敏度和稳定性进行了评价,对临床痰标本进行了检测。结果显示,该胶体金免疫层析法能在3～15min内完成检测,方法的特异性高、稳定性强,检测灵敏度能达到105CFU/mL。与传统细菌培养方法相比,胶体金免疫层析法的相对灵敏度和特异性分别是80%和90.6%,两种方法的总符合率为86%。结论：利用抗铜绿假单胞菌单克隆抗体建立的胶体金免疫层析法,适合现场快速、特异检测铜绿假单胞菌。     

新型冠状病毒抗原自测应用于隔离人员筛查的初步评价

目的对新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)抗原检测试剂盒(胶体金免疫层析法)进行临床评价, 初步评价其应用于隔离人员筛查的效果。方法采集172位隔离人员的临床平行样本(分别用于核酸和抗原检测)共516份, 由研究人员和隔离人员分别采用胶体金免疫层析法进行SARS-CoV-2抗原的快速检测, 同时在实验室进行核酸检测, 计算阳性符合率、阴性符合率、总符合率和Kappa值。结果两种方法的总符合率为91.86%(95%CI:86.80%～95.09%), 一致性分析Kappa系数为0.527(95%CI:0.318～0.736), 0.4≤Kappa<0.8。研究人员和隔离人员自测结果的总符合率为99.42%(95%CI:96.78%～99.90%), 一致性分析Kappa系数为0.944(95%CI:0.836～1.000), Kappa>0.8。结论胶体金免疫层析法检测SARS-CoV-2抗原在发病初期及病毒载量较高时有较好的检测效果, 可应用于对隔离人员的现场筛查。但鉴于其方法...     

胶体金免疫层析法检测血清癌胚抗原

建立一种快速、简易的检测血清中癌胚抗原(CEA)的胶体金免疫层析法(GICA)。采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒，标记抗CEA单克隆抗体4A3。将单克隆抗体3B5划线包被于硝酸纤维素膜上，制成免疫层析检测试纸条。血清中CEA与试纸条上胶体金标记物结合后沿着硝酸纤维素膜移动，与膜上的包被抗体结合形成肉眼可见的红色线条。用GICA与ELISA试剂盒对比检测了637份血清标本，其灵敏度为96．69％，特异性为99．38％，两法符合率为98．74％。GICA检测血清中的CEA特异性强、灵敏度高、简便快速，无需特殊仪器设备，有广泛应用价值。     

孕妇B族链球菌的检测及其临床价值

目的 探讨免疫层析法在检测孕妇B族链球菌(GBS)感染中的临床价值.方法 选取2014年12月至2015年12月间我院待产孕妇320例,各取2份阴道分泌物标本.1份用免疫层析法快速检测GBS;另1份用于接种THB培养基,第2天转至血平板,并对可疑菌落进行生化鉴定.同时对320例孕妇的妊娠结局进行随访.结果 免疫层析法检测出GBS感染41(12.81％)例,培养法检测出GBS感染36(11.25％)例,以细菌培养法为参考标准,免疫层析法的符合率为98.4％.通过临床跟踪随访,320例孕妇中有16例发生早产、胎膜早破等异常情况,其中有13例GBS阳性.结论 GBS与早产、胎膜早破等异常妊娠关系密切;免疫层析法较传统细菌培养法检出率无统计差异,且有步骤简单、省时等优点,适合应用于临床筛查GBS感染.     

诺如病毒遗传组I型TaqMan—MGB探针实时荧光RT-PCR的研究

目的建立诺如病毒遗传组I型TaqMan-MGB探针实时荧光RT-PCR快速、特异、灵敏的检测方法，为疾病预防控制提供可靠的依据。方法根据GenBank诺如病毒遗传组I型代表株保守序列设计特异引物对和TaqMan-MGB探针，建立一步法实时荧光RT-PCR快速检测反应体系，优化反应条件，评价反应体系的灵敏度、特异性、重复性．并与常规RT—PCR比较。结果诺如病毒遗传组I型TaqMan-MGB探针实时荧光RT-PCR检测时限短。仅1h就出结果。与轮状病毒、腺病毒、星状病毒、甲肝病毒、诺如病毒遗传组Ⅱ型无交叉反应，最低检出下限为100拷贝／反应，比常规RT—PCR灵敏100倍，5份浓度不同的诺如病毒遗传组I型标本重复检测5次。平均Ct值变异系数范围为0．39％-1．02％。结论诺如病毒遗传组I型TaqMan-MGB探针实时荧光RT—PCR快速、特异、灵敏、重复性好，可应用于突发公共卫生应急检测和诺如病毒遗传组I型监测，提高快速检测能力。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.