腹膜后副神经节瘤的临床及CT表现与病理对照研究

目的:探讨腹膜后副神经节瘤的临床表现及CT诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析有完整病历及CT资料、经手术病理证实的腹膜后副神经节瘤27例,将临床及CT表现与病理学结果进行对照分析。结果:临床表现:有高血压症状10例,无高血压症状但术中出现血压波动6例,无高血压及术中血压波动11例。CT表现:肿瘤多位于腹中线大血管周围(19个病灶),并多大于5cm(21个病灶),增强CT表现为实性、明显强化,常伴有囊变或坏死。临床表现与病理对照:嗜铬性副神经节瘤16例,有高血压症状10例,另外6例术中有血压波动;非嗜铬性副神经节瘤11例,无任何症状6例,腹部包块4例,血尿1例。CT表现与病理对照:良性肿瘤边缘光整,病灶内囊变区内壁光整,边界清楚;恶性肿瘤形态不规则,"囊变区"不规则,边界不清楚。CT诊断正确率为88.9%,误诊11.1%。结论:临床症状结合增强CT表现在术前对大多数腹膜后副神经节瘤能做出正确诊断。     

Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: helical CT findings and pathologic correlation

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe helical CT findings of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma and to correlate them with pathologic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed CT examinations of 58 patients with confirmed gastric MALT lymphomas. Using the histopathologic grade of the MALT lymphomas, we divided the patients into two groups: those with high-grade lymphoma (n = 21) and those with low-grade lymphoma (n = 37). Common CT findings for the two groups were reviewed and compared. RESULTS: Forty (69%) of the 58 patients showed at least one abnormality of the stomach on CT. Abnormalities included diffuse or segmental gastric wall thickening (66%, 38/58), lymphadenopathy (40%, 23/58), ulcer (22%, 13/58), and gastric mass (3%, 2/58). Eighteen (31%) of 58 patients were found to have no abnormality. The high-grade group had a higher incidence of abnormalities seen on CT than the low-grade group (100% vs 51%, respectively). Gastric wall thickening in the high-grade group was more diffuse (48% vs 8%) and severe (71% vs 14%; severe or moderate) than that seen in the low-grade group. Lymphadenopathy was visualized in 67% of the high-grade group and in 24% of the low-grade group. Gastric ulcer was found in 57% of the high-grade group and in only 5% of the low-grade group. The gastric mass formation was seen in only two patients in the high-grade group. CONCLUSION: The CT findings of gastric MALT lymphoma that the two groups had in common were gastric wall thickening and lymphadenopathy. Although our results pointed to no specific CT finding for differentiating high-grade from low-grade gastric MALT lymphomas, we found that the absence of abnormality on CT is highly predictive of low-grade MALT lymphoma.     

肝衰竭的CT影像表现及病理对照

目的 探讨肝衰竭肝坏死和再生的CT影像表现.方法 回顾件分析5例肝衰竭患者原位肝移植术前的CT表现,并与术后的人体标本和病理结果 相对照,分析其影像特征.结果 肝衰竭的CT影像表现有3种:(1)大块状融合病灶2例:病理结果 分别为肝细胞的大块状坏死和聚合的结节样再生.CT平扫相应表现为地图样分布的低密度和高密度区;增强扫描肝内坏死区强化出现在静脉期,聚合的肝细胞结节样再生以动脉期强化明显.(2)弥漫的结节状病灶2例:病理结果 分别为肝内弥漫的结节状坏死和结节状再生.CT平扫均表现为弥漫的稍高密度结节灶;增强扫描动脉期均出现强化,前者静脉期及延迟期表现为结节状低密度灶,后者静脉期及延迟期表现为等密度改变.(3)多发小片状病灶1例:病理为肝内分散的肝细胞小片状坏死.平扣肝脏密度弥漫性减低;增强扫描静脉期表现为肝周的小片状强化,动脉期及延迟期为等密度改变.结论 肝衰竭的CT影像表现具有特征性.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate CT findings of hepatic necrosis and regeneration after liver failure.Methods Five patients with liver failure underwent CT scan before orthotopic liver transplantation.These findings were retrospectively reviewed and correlated with gross specimen and pathologic findings obtained after transplantation.Results Among 5 cases,the CT appearances of liver failure can be divided into 3 types.(1)Massive confluent aggregate foci in 2 patients demonstrated low attenuation and high attenuation as geographical patlerns on CT scans before contrast enhancement.respectively.The histopathological liver changes showed massive necrosis and regencratinn. Regions of necrosis enhanced to attenuation greater than that of normal liver parenchyma in portal-venous phase,the regions of regeneration enhanced to attenuation greater than that of normal liver parenchyma in arterial phase on postcontrast CT images.(2)In 2 patients,diffuse nodules of liver demonstrated high attenuation on plain CT scans,which was nodular necrosis and nodular regeneration pathologically.All enhanced to attenuation greater than that of normal liver parenchyma in arterial phase.The former showed hypointensity in portal-venous phase and equilibrium phase.The latter enhanced to attenuation equal to that of normal liver parenchyma in portalvenous phase and equilibrium phase on postcontrast CT images.(3)Multiple small foci in 1 case demonstrated low attenuatiun on precontrast CT images and enhanced to hyperintensity in portal-venous phase and isointensity in arterial phase and equilibrium phase on postcontrast CT images.The histopathological liver changes showed multiple necrosis.Conclusion Liver failure may reveal characteristic imaging patterns at CT.     

Non-hodgkin lymphoma of the ureter: CT demonstration with pathologic correlation

A case of a 42-year-old man with non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the ureter is reported. Diffuse lymphomatous infiltration of the ureter occurs rarely and is an uncommon cause of ureteral obstruction. Imaging-pathologic correlation is presented with CT images and autopsy specimens.     

CT and MR imaging findings of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: correlation with pathologic findings

The aim of this study was to evaluate CT and MRI findings in xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) and to correlate the imaging findings with various pathologic parameters. The study included 13 patients with histopathologically confirmed XGC. The CT (n=13) and MRI (n=5) obtained in these patients were evaluated retrospectively. On CT, low-attenuation areas in the wall of XGC correlated with foam and inflammatory cells or necrosis and/or abscess in XGC. Areas of iso- to slightly high signal intensity on T2-weighted images, showing slight enhancement at early phase and strong enhancement at last phase on dynamic study, corresponded with areas of abundant xanthogranulomas. Areas with very high signal intensity on T2-weighted images without enhancement corresponded with necrosis and/or abscesses. Luminal surface enhancement (LSE) of gallbladder wall represented preservation of the epithelial layer. The early-enhanced areas of the liver bed on dynamic CT and MR images corresponded with accumulation of inflammatory cells and abundant fibrosis. Our results indicate that CT and MRI findings correlate well with the histopathologic findings of XGC.     

淋巴瘤肺浸润的CT表现和病理对比

目的：探讨淋巴瘤肺浸润的特征性CT表现和病理学特征,以提高对本病的认识。方法：回顾性分析23例经病理证实的淋巴瘤肺浸润的CT影像资料,并与组织病理学和手术结果比较。结果：23例淋巴瘤中霍奇金淋巴瘤5例,非霍奇金淋巴瘤18例。单发病灶7例,多发病灶16例。肺叶肺段型9例,结节肿块型8例,混合型6例。CT病理对比研究显示支气管充气征（14/23,60.87%）、CT血管造影征（12/23,52.17%）、磨玻璃结节（3/23,13.04%）,跨叶病灶（4/23,17.39%）为较具特征性的征象,对诊断意义较大。结论：淋巴瘤肺浸润CT表现具有一定的特征性,对淋巴瘤肺浸润的诊断具有一定的临床价值。     

Pancreatic transplants: CT with clinical and pathologic correlation

A retrospective evaluation of 68 CT scans in 17 patients with pancreatic allografts was performed with clinical and pathologic correlation to better define the nature of abnormalities detected with CT and the role of CT in patient treatment. Patients with clinical complications demonstrated variable degrees of pancreatic inhomogeneity and peripancreatic inflammation on CT scans. These findings were similar in appearance to pancreatitis in the native gland. Most patients proved to be undergoing acute rejection. However, these findings were not specific and were also seen with peripancreatic infection, hemorrhage, and exocrine anastomotic leaks. No CT changes were detected in two of three patients with late rejection. Thus, CT was not helpful in the diagnosis of pancreatic rejection. The most beneficial role of CT was in the detection of intraabdominal fluid collections, including abscesses, hematomas, and pseudocysts. Percutaneous aspiration was invaluable in the distinction between infected and sterile fluid collections; however, percutaneous drainage was of limited use in treatment.     

胃间质瘤:螺旋CT表现与手术病理对照

目的:分析胃间质瘤的螺旋CT表现,评价螺旋CT鉴别胃间质瘤良恶性价值。方法:对29例胃间质瘤患者行螺旋CT扫描,对肿瘤的部位、大小、形态、增强特点、肿瘤与邻近器官的关系及有无转移进行回顾性分析,结果与手术病理对照。结果:良性6例,交界性5例,恶性18例。CT表现:肿物多具有壁在性、外生性特点(23例),腔内型6例。除5例良性肿物密度均匀外,其余均表现密度不均匀。6例高度恶性肿物表现边缘强化,中心大片低密度。病理所见:肿瘤实性部分为由梭形细胞和(或)上皮样细胞组成,变性、出血、囊变及坏死在CT均表现为低密度。肿物内伴斑点样钙化1例。胰腺、脾受侵各1例,胃壁受侵7例。多平面重建图像(MPR)排除横断面诊断胰岛细胞瘤和肝癌各1例。合并肝转移2例,淋巴结转移1例。结论:胃间质瘤的CT表现与其病理组织学相关。螺旋CT特别是MPR图像,在肿瘤的检出、判断肿瘤与周围器官的关系及有无转移上发挥重要作用,在判断肿瘤的良恶性上仍有困难。     

Primary colorectal lymphoma: spectrum of imaging findings with pathologic correlation

Primary colorectal lymphoma is a very uncommon disease; therefore, it has received little attention in the radiology literature. Moreover, imaging features of newly described pathologic subtypes have not been reported such as low-grade B-cell lymphoma arising from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and peripheral T-cell lymphoma that involves colorectal area. We retrospectively reviewed double-contrast barium enema and CT scans in the patients with primary colorectal lymphoma. In this article the radiologic appearances of primary colorectal lymphoma are categorized into focal lesion and diffuse lesion. Focal lesion includes polypoid mass, circumferential infiltration with smooth mucosal surface, circumferential infiltration with extensive ulceration, cavitary mass, mucosal nodularity, and mucosal fold thickening. Diffuse lesion includes diffuse ulcerative lesion and diffuse nodular lesion. Peripheral T-cell lymphomas that involve the colon manifested as either a diffuse or focal segmental lesion and showed extensive mucosal ulceration. These findings are similar to those of Crohn's disease or tuberculous colitis and are different from those of previously reported colorectal lymphoma. Low-grade B-cell lymphoma arising from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue manifest as multiple mucosal nodularity. The imaging features of primary colorectal lymphoma are quite variable and overlap with other colonic pathology; however, it is important for radiologists to know the imaging features of primary colorectal lymphoma with their pathologic correlation.     

Perineal angiomyofibroblastoma: CT and MR findings with pathologic correlation.

We present a case of a perineal angiomyofibroblastoma (AMFB) arising in the right perirectal fossa in a middle-aged woman, documented with CT and MRI. Compounding the rarity of the entity, this case is unique as it is the first radiological report illustrating the CT and MR features of this recently clinicopathologically described neoplasm.     

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the ureter: CT demonstration with pathologic correlation.

A case of a 42-year-old man with non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the ureter is reported. Diffuse lymphomatous infiltration of the ureter occurs rarely and is an uncommon cause of ureteral obstruction. Imaging-pathologic correlation is presented with CT images and autopsy specimens.     

CT findings of leukemic pulmonary infiltration with pathologic correlation

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the characteristic CT findings of leukemic pulmonary infiltration based on the pathologic findings. The CT findings of 11 leukemic patients with leukemic pulmonary infiltration were compared with those of 22 leukemic patients with other diseases as a control group. Evaluated pulmonary parenchymal CT findings included thickening of bronchovascular bundles and interlobular septa, prominence of peripheral pulmonary arteries, ground-glass opacities, air-space consolidation, and nodules. The CT-pathologic correlations for leukemic infiltration were evaluated in 7 patients. Frequent parenchymal CT findings were thickening of bronchovascular bundles (81.8%), prominence of peripheral pulmonary arteries (81.8%), and non-lobular and non-segmental ground-glass opacities (90.9%). The first two findings were significantly more frequently observed in leukemic infiltration than in the control group, had good interobserver agreement, and corresponded pathologically to leukemic cell infiltration around the pulmonary arteries, bronchi, or bronchioles. Non-lobular and non-segmental ground-glass opacity corresponded to leukemic cell infiltration within alveolar spaces and septa adjacent to the pulmonary arteries or bronchi and also corresponded to hemorrhage, edema, or diffuse alveolar damage. Thickening of bronchovascular bundles and prominence of peripheral pulmonary arteries are CT findings suggestive for leukemic infiltration and correspond to peribronchovascular tumor extension.     

Myofibroblastic inflammatory tumor of the lung: CT findings with pathologic correlation

The objective of this study was to describe the computed tomographic (CT) features of myofibroblastic inflammatory tumor of the lung with histopathologic correlation. The medical records and imaging studies of eight patients with pathologically proven myofibroblastic inflammatory tumor of the lung were reviewed. On radiographs and CT images, a poorly circumscribed mass or nodule was evident in five patients (six lesions), and a well-circumscribed lesion was evident in three patients (three lesions). Seven lesions were peripheral and two were centrally located. At CT, five lesions were of heterogeneous attenuation and four homogeneous. Increased perilesional parenchymal abnormalities, which were caused by peribronchial inflammatory infiltrates, were observed in three cases. The predominant histopathologic feature was organizing pneumonia type in three cases, lymphoplasmacytic type in three cases, and both organizing pneumonia and lymphoplasmacytic type in two cases. Variable degree of fibrous histiocytoma type was observed in all cases. The imaging characteristics of myofibroblastic inflammatory tumor of the lung are variable and nonspecific. The authors conclude that most cases appear as solitary, peripheral lesions with a predilection for the lower lobes. Associated findings may include perilesional inflammatory changes. Because myofibroblastic inflammatory tumor cannot be reliably differentiated from other pulmonary lesions based solely on the imaging appearance diagnostic biopsy is mandatory. Interpretation of the imaging findings combined with the histopathologic features of disease may help make correct diagnosis.     

Primary neoplasms of the appendix manifesting as acute appendicitis: CT findings with pathologic comparison

PURPOSE: To evaluate the computed tomographic (CT) findings in patients with acute appendicitis related to an underlying appendiceal neoplasm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical and pathologic data obtained over a 10-year period in 65 patients with primary appendiceal neoplasms were reviewed. Preoperative CT studies in patients who presented clinically with symptoms of acute appendicitis were analyzed retrospectively and in consensus by three radiologists. The appendix was evaluated on CT scans for morphology, location, presence of calcification, maximal diameter, and wall thickness. RESULTS: Twenty-six (40%) of the 65 patients with appendiceal neoplasms had presented with symptoms of acute appendicitis. Preoperative CT studies available in 22 patients showed increased appendiceal diameter, wall thickening, and periappendiceal fat stranding in 22 (100%), 22 (100%), and 21 (95%) patients, respectively. The appendiceal diameter was greater than 15 mm (mean diameter, 2.9 cm) in 19 patients (86%). Morphologic changes of concern for neoplasm were present in 19 patients (86%) and included cystic dilatation in nine patients and presence of a soft-tissue mass without dilatation in 10 patients. An appendiceal diameter greater than 15 mm and/or a morphologic abnormality were present in 21 of 22 cases (95%). CONCLUSION: CT findings strongly suggest the presence of underlying neoplasm in the majority of patients with secondary appendicitis.     

Brachial plexus: correlation of MR imaging with CT and pathologic findings

Thirty-two patients with symptoms referable to the brachial plexus were evaluated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Sixteen patients had undergone concurrent computed tomography (CT). MR imaging demonstrated normal findings in 16, 12 neoplasms, three cases of trauma, and one case of possible neural edema. Of the 16 patients with normal findings on MR images, eight had CT scans that were also normal. In one patient, MR images showed that the "mass" seen on CT was actually a tortuous blood vessel. In six of the 12 cases of neoplasm in which CT scans were available, MR imaging revealed more extensive disease. In the other six cases of tumor, MR imaging provided sufficient clinical information to obviate the need for CT or any other imaging modality. MR imaging provided definitive diagnoses in the three cases of trauma without further imaging. In one patient with paresthesia, MR imaging showed high signal intensity of the nerves on T2-weighted images, which was compatible with neural edema. A concurrent CT scan was normal.     

Pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: CT and pathologic findings

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the CT findings in pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and to correlate these CT findings with histologic specimens. CONCLUSION: In the 11 patients reviewed, the most common CT appearance of pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma was consolidation with air bronchograms, correlating histologically with a cellular lymphocytic infiltrate expanding the interstitium and compressing adjacent alveoli, producing air bronchograms.     

Diseases affecting the peribronchovascular interstitium: CT findings and pathologic correlation

Central bronchi and pulmonary arteries are surrounded and enveloped by a strong connective-tissue sheath termed the peribronchovascular interstitium, extending from the level of the pulmonary hila into the peripheral lung. Thickening of the peribronchovascular interstitium can be seen in a wide variety of diseases. The CT appearance can be smooth, nodular, or irregular depending on the underlying cause. Many of the diseases affecting the peribronchovascular interstitium are entities that show a predilection for lymphatic routes, such as sarcoidosis, pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis, silicosis, and lymphoproliferative disorders. There are other entities that mainly affect the peribronchovascular interstitium without a predominant perilymphatic distribution, such as hydrostatic pulmonary edema, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, Kaposi's sarcoma, interstitial pulmonary emphysema, and interstitial hemorrhage. Although there is an overlap in radiologic features, some CT findings are useful in differentiating among these entities. When CT shows mainly peribronchovascular abnormality, the differential diagnosis is considerably reduced, and it is generally possible to reach the correct diagnosis by considering the clinical context. We illustrate the CT findings and pathologic correlation for a number of different disorders that mainly affect the peribronchovascular interstitium.     

Primary central nervous system lymphoma: CT and pathologic correlation

CT findings of 15 patients with histologically proven primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma were reviewed with pathologic correlation in order to evaluate variable CT patterns. There were a total of 32 lesions. Of the 15 patients studied, seven had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), all diagnosed within the past 3 years. The CT observations of eight non-AIDS patients were consistent with findings reported previously. Most of the lymphomatous lesions were either hyper- or isodense, round or oval masses with homogeneous contrast enhancement and variable surrounding edema. Pathologic examination showed tightly packed preserved lymphoma cells without necrosis. In AIDS patients, rim or ring enhancement of lymphoma, indistinguishable from brain abscess, was frequently seen. Histologic examination consistently showed extensive tumor necrosis with preservation of viable tumor cells at the periphery. A third and infrequent CT pattern was multiple infiltrative nonnodular solid enhancement with extensive edema. Pathologic correlation showed infiltrating viable tumor cells without necrosis. The rim- or ring-enhancing brain lesion seen in AIDS patients can either be an abscess or a primary lymphoma; proper tissue collection is essential for correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment.