数字化钼靶检查在判断乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移中的价值探讨

目的探讨全数字化钼靶X线摄影在判断乳腺癌有无腋窝淋巴结转移方面的价值。方法收集经术后病理证实的乳腺癌患者260例和门诊乳腺增生患者110例,全部病例均有数字化钼靶摄影。综合分析腋窝淋巴结在钼靶X线摄影上的特点。结果乳腺增生的钼靶片显示,腋窝淋巴结数目及大小不一,边界清楚,形态多样,以类圆形多见,密度大多不均质,淋巴结外腋窝组织清晰;乳腺癌钼靶片显示,腋窝淋巴结可疑阳性者,其数目和大小与乳腺增生相比无特异性,但密度多较均质,以椭圆形或圆形多见,边界不清,淋巴结周围组织紊乱;而淋巴结阴性者,其密度多不均匀,呈现中心密度低,周边密度高的壳状。结论术前通过对钼靶影像腋窝淋巴结的密度、边界、形态及周围组织结构的比较分析,可以初步了解腋窝淋巴结有无转移,有助于对乳腺癌患者的整体了解和选择治疗方案。     

三维超声对乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结状态的评估

淋巴转移是乳腺癌转移的主要途径,腋窝淋巴结的状态是乳腺癌病人重要的预后因素之一.术前评估病人腋窝淋巴结状态,定位腋窝异常肿大淋巴结,对确定乳腺癌综合治疗决策起着至关重要的作用.腋窝超声检查对乳腺癌早发现、早诊断、早治疗尤为重要.     

超声检查评估乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移的临床价值

探讨超声检查评估乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移的临床价值。2015年10月-2018年10月病理学证实的120例乳腺癌患者,对所有参数进行单因素分析与多因素分析。结果显示,单因素分析,象限、乳腺后间隙、前方脂肪回声、腋窝淋巴结超声、病灶大小病灶微钙化、距体表距离、组织学分级与乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移相关。Logistic回归分析,病灶位于内上象限以外的象限、前方脂肪回声增强、腋窝淋巴结超声可疑、病灶最大径>23 mm、组织学分级Ⅱ~Ⅲ级均是的影响因素。结果表明,乳腺癌患者评估超声检查腋窝淋巴结检查结果,有利于临床及时治疗。     

早期乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结放疗原则

早期乳腺癌病人腋窝淋巴结处理的原则是在有效控制疾病的基础上追求精准与安全.因此,以腋窝放疗替代手术成为近年来的关注焦点.在未行新辅助治疗的人群中,腋窝淋巴结初诊阴性或保乳术后前哨淋巴结(SLN)微转移的病人无须追加腋窝淋巴结清扫(ALND)或完整的腋窝照射;保乳术后SLN 1 ～2枚宏转移可豁免ALND并行全乳或高切线...     

螺旋CT联合钼靶在乳腺癌及其腋窝淋巴结转移中的诊断价值

目的 探讨分析螺旋CT (multisliecshelieal CT,MSCT)联合钼靶在乳腺癌及其腋窝淋巴结转移中的诊断价值。方法 选择2020年1月至2022年12月与本院就诊的72例疑似乳腺癌患者,分别行MSCT检查与钼靶X线联合MSCT检查,依据手术病理资料为金标准,分析不同辅助检查的临床诊断效果。结果 MSCT检查的准确度、阴性预测值、灵敏度以及特异度分别是66.66%(48/72,例)、24.00%(6/25,例)、68.85%(42/61,例)、54.54%(6/11,例);钼靶X线检查的分别是62.50(45/72)、19.23(5/26)、65.57(40/61)、45.45(5/11);联合检查的分别是91.67%(66/72,例)、69.23%(9/13,例)、93.44%(57/61,例)、81.82%(9/11,例);MSCT联合钼靶X线检查的灵敏度、准确度、阴性预测值以及特异度明显高于MSCT、钼靶X线检查,差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。MSCT、钼靶X线检查的各征象中腋窝淋巴结转移、多形性、不均质性及钙化的检出率均低于联合检查（P<0.0...     

哨兵淋巴结活检对预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移的价值

目的 评估哨兵淋巴结（ＳＮ）活检对预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结（ＬＮ）转移的价值。方法 本组５２例原发乳腺癌患者,临床及Ｂ超检测腋窝ＬＮ阴性。术中在原发肿瘤周围注射亚甲蓝进行腋窝淋巴结定位和哨兵淋巴结切除（ＳＬＮＤ）,随后行腋窝淋巴结清扫（ＡＬＮＤ）。术中对部分ＳＮ、术后对全部ＬＮ（ＳＮ和非ＳＮ）行常规病理检查。结果 ５２例患者中４６例检测到ＳＮ,成功率为８８．５％;其中４４例（９５．７％）和ＳＮ可以准确     

乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术中保留上肢淋巴结的可行性研究

目的 探讨乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术(ALND)中保留上肢淋巴结的可行性.方法 52例早期乳腺癌在施行ALND前于患侧前臂皮下注射亚甲蓝5 ml进行上肢淋巴结定位,术中分检出上肢淋巴结和水平Ⅱ淋巴结,水平Ⅱ淋巴结进行印片细胞学和冰冻切片病检.术后所有淋巴结分组进行常规病检.结果 52例术中可见上肢淋巴结蓝染50例(96.2...     

淋巴结阳性乳腺癌腋窝清扫范围探讨

目的了解腋窝淋巴结阳性乳腺癌患者胸肌间及第Ⅲ级淋巴结受累的发生频率,探讨腋窝淋巴结阳性乳腺癌患者进行腋窝淋巴结完全清扫的合理性。方法连续实施乳腺癌第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、级和胸肌间淋巴结清扫术29l例,单独标记第Ⅲ级和胸肌间淋巴结,手术后常规病理学检查。结果例(29．9％)腋窝淋巴结阳性患者中,胸肌间淋巴结癌受累16例(18．3％),第Ⅲ级淋巴结癌受累例(20．7％),第Ⅲ级和(或)胸肌间淋巴结受累者25例(28．7％),原发肿瘤小于5cm、第Ⅰ、Ⅱ级性淋巴结少于4枚的52例患者中,第Ⅲ级和(或)胸肌间淋巴结受累6例(11．5％)。论对腋窝淋巴结阳性的乳腺癌患者应实施包括第Ⅲ级和胸肌间淋巴结的腋窝淋巴结完全清扫。     

腋窝前哨淋巴结活检在早期乳腺癌中的应用

随着早期乳腺癌发现的增多,腋淋巴结阴性者也随之增多,再加上腋淋巴结清扫术的创伤大,术后上肢淋巴水肿、皮瓣感染、坏死等并发症较多,对腋淋巴结切除的范围存在争议〔１〕。而且腋淋巴结本身具有免疫监测功能,可起到一定的屏障作用,如果对无腋淋巴结转移的患者行腋淋巴结清扫,就会破坏这一屏障,从而使隐藏的癌灶更易向远处转移。那么对于这类无腋淋巴结转移的患者能否找到一种创伤小的方法予以证实则成为关注的问题。术前乳腺Ｘ线摄片、Ｂ超、ＣＴ等检查均能发现肿大的腋淋巴结,但不能提供病理学资料;腋淋巴结抽样活检（ａｘｉｌ…     

乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结解剖术(附169例分析)

目的总结乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结解剖术(axillary lymph node dissection,ALND)的手术方法和经验。方法回顾性分析原发性乳腺癌行ALND的169例临床资料。结果本组163例行Ⅰ、Ⅱ平面解剖术,6例行Ⅰ～Ⅲ平面解剖术。切除标本共检出淋巴结4273枚;每例10～69枚,平均(25.28±10.23)枚。术后切口感染3例(1.78%),经引流治愈;患侧上肢水肿4例(2.37%),其中3例为切除Ⅲ平面淋巴结患者,1例为切除Ⅰ、Ⅱ平面淋巴结患者;腋窝淋巴漏1例(0.59%),为切除Ⅲ平面淋巴结病例;患侧上臂内侧及背侧皮肤麻木14例(8.28%),患侧胸肌萎缩5例(2.96%),多发生在先期诊治病例(1999年12月前)或切除Ⅲ平面淋巴结病例。结论ALND要求应用精细解剖技术,切除Ⅰ、Ⅱ平面淋巴结即可,人为扩大手术范围会增加特异性并发症发生率。     

Axillary Lymph Node Status and Prognosis in Multifocal and Multicentric Breast Carcinoma

According to tumor‐node‐metastasis classification, tumor size should be based only on the largest tumor for multifocal and multicentric (MFMC) carcinomas. We estimated tumor size of MFMC carcinoma using either largest dimension of the largest tumor (dominant tumor size) or sum of the largest dimension of all tumors (aggregate tumor size), and compared the risk of axillary lymph node metastasis and prognosis between MFMC and unifocal carcinoma. We retrospectively reviewed the file records of 3,616 patients with MFMC (258 patients, 7.1%) and unifocal (3,358 patients) carcinoma. In T1 and T2 tumor subgroups, using dominant (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001) and aggregate (p = 0.017 and p = 0.004) tumor size axilla‐positivity ratio was significantly higher in MFMC carcinoma compared with unifocal carcinoma. In stage I and II disease classified according to either dominant or aggregate tumor size, there was no significant survival difference between MFMC and unifocal carcinoma patients. In patients with stage III disease by dominant and aggregate tumor size disease‐free survival was significantly worse in MFMC carcinoma compared with unifocal carcinoma (p = 0.036 and p = 0.041); multifocality and multicentricity had no independent prognostic significance (p = 0.074 and p = 0.079). The risk of axillary metastasis in MFMC carcinoma was higher than unifocal carcinoma, regardless of the method employed for tumor size estimation. MFMC carcinoma staged according to either dominant or aggregate tumor size had similar survival with unifocal carcinoma. We recommend using the largest dimension of the largest tumor in estimation of tumor size for MFMC carcinoma.     

Arm Morbidity after Complete Axillary Lymph Node Dissection for Breast Cancer

The aim of the study was to clarify the factors causing and/or influence morbidity following axillary dissection in patients treated for breast cancer by either lumpectomy or mastectomy.

The records of 106 women with invasive breast cancer treated between 1996 and 1997 were retrospectively reviewed. Objective assessment included measurement of lymphoedema, shoulder mobility and axillary sensation. A questionnaire was used for subjective assessment of arm morbidity and pain. Lymphoedema was present in 13% of patients, a restriction in shoulder function in 24%, while 93% of patients had an impaired sensation in the axillary region. Lymphoedema and restriction in shoulder function were common in patients after adjuvant axillary radiation. Morbidity following axillary lymph node dissection is high and confirms the potentially severe effects of a staging procedure on a relatively young population. Adjuvant radiotherapy increases morbidity significantly and therefore indications for adjuvant axillary radiotherapy should be revised with scrutiny for each patient individually, bearing in mind the disastrous consequences of the combination of radiotherapy and surgery on the axilla.     

Second Biopsy of Axillary Sentinel Lymph Node for Reappearing Breast Cancer After Previous Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

Background Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a safe and accurate axillary staging procedure for patients with primary operable breast cancer. An increasing proportion of these patients undergo breast-conserving surgery, and 5% to 15% will develop local relapses that necessitate reoperation. Although a previous SLNB is often considered a contraindication for a subsequent SLNB, few data support this concern. Methods Between January 2000 and June 2004, 79 patients who were previously treated at our institution with breast-conserving surgery and who had a negative SLNB for early breast cancer developed, during follow-up, local recurrence that was amenable to reoperation. Eighteen of these patients were offered a second SLNB because of a clinically negative axillary status an average of 26.1 months after the primary event. Results In all 18 patients (7 with ductal carcinoma-in-situ and 11 with invasive recurrences), preoperative lymphoscintigraphy showed an axillary sentinel lymph node, with a preoperative identification rate of 100%, and 1 or more SLNs (an average of 1.3 per patient) were surgically removed. Sentinel lymph node metastases were detected in two patients with invasive recurrence, and a complete axillary dissection followed. At a median follow up of 12.7 months, no axillary recurrences have occurred in patients who did not undergo axillary dissection. Conclusions Second SLNB after previous SLNB is technically feasible and likely effective in selected breast cancer patients. A larger population and longer follow-up are necessary to confirm these preliminary data.     

A Prediction Model for the Presence of Axillary Lymph Node Involvement in Women with Invasive Breast Cancer: A Focus on Older Women

Axillary lymph node (ALN) status at diagnosis is the most powerful prognostic indicator for patients with breast cancer. Our aim is to examine the contribution of variables that lead to ALN metastases in a large dataset with a high proportion of patients greater than 70 years old. Using the data from two multicenter prospective studies, a retrospective review was performed on 2,812 patients diagnosed with clinically node‐negative invasive breast cancer from 1996 to 2005 and who underwent ALN sampling. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify variables that were strongly associated with axillary metastases, and an equation was developed to estimate risk of ALN metastases. Of the 2,812 patients with invasive breast cancer, 18% had ALN metastases at diagnosis. Based on univariate analysis, tumor size, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), tumor grade, age at diagnosis, menopausal status, race, tumor location, tumor type, and estrogen and progesterone receptor status were statistically significant. The relationship between age and involvement of axillary metastases was nonlinear. In multivariate analysis, LVI, tumor size and menopausal status were the most significant factors associated with ALN metastases. Age, however, was not a significant contributing factor for axillary metastases. Tumor size, LVI, and menopausal status are strongly associated with ALN metastases. We believe that age may have been a strong factor in previous analyses because there was not an adequate representation of women in older age groups and because of the violation of the assumption of linearity in their multivariate analyses.     

Predictors to Assess Non‐Sentinel Lymph Node Status in Breast Cancer Patients with Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis

Abstract: The next step of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in breast cancer is to determine which patients need axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) following a positive SLNB. A prospective database of 239 patients who underwent SLNB followed by complete ALND at Keio University Hospital from January 2001 to June 2005 was reviewed. A total of 131 patients with one or more positive sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) were further analyzed. A univariate analysis showed a significant correlation between non‐SLN involvement and lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, number of tumor‐involved SLNs, radioactivity of SLNs, and size of SLN metastasis (p = 0.0002, p = 0.004, p = 0.006, p = 0.04, p = 0.03, respectively). By multivariate analysis, lymphatic invasion and the number of tumor‐involved SLNs remained significant predictors of non‐SLN involvement. In breast cancer patients with a positive SLN, lymphatic invasion and the number of tumor‐involved SLNs were both independent predictors of non‐SLN involvement.     

腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫与传统腋窝淋巴结清扫对保乳手术美容效果影响的比较

目的探讨腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫在乳腺癌保乳手术中的美容效果。方法2007年1月-2009年12月保乳手术中行腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术29例（EALND组）,并与同期33例传统腋窝淋巴结清扫（CALND组）进行比较,根据调查问卷和术后6个月以上站立位乳房照片评价术后乳房的美容效果。结果EALND组无中转开放手术,未发生意外损伤、皮下气肿、脂肪栓塞等并发症。EALND组清扫腋窝淋巴结（18．2±5．9）枚,显著多于CALND组（14．9±3．6）枚（t=2．694,P=0．009）。平均随访时间49．2月（36—69个月）。EALND组主观满意度优良率89．7％（26／29）,明显高于CALND组69．7％（23／33;Z=-2．509,P=0．012）;EALND组美容效果客观评分优良率86．2％（25／29）,明显高于CALND组75．8％（25／33;Z=-2．295,P=0．022）。结论腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术不仅能够达到传统腋窝淋巴清扫的治疗效果,而且具有缩小手术切口、改善保乳手术后乳房美容效果等优点。     

Incidence of Axillary Recurrence in 344 Sentinel Node Negative Breast Cancer Patients after Intermediate Follow-Up. A Prospective Study into the Accuracy of Sentinel Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer Patients

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has been validated in the treatment of breast carcinoma and is considered to stage the axilla adequately in this disease. However, long-term follow-up data are scarce. We evaluated the results of SLNB with respect to loco-regional failures in the axilla in SN-negative patients with invasive breast carcinoma and analysed their causal factors.

Between 1997 and May 2004, 656 patients without clinically palpable lymph nodes were included in our study. Data with regard to demographics, diagnostics, therapy and follow up were gathered prospectively from all patients. Patients treated after May 2004 were excluded from this study to permit at least one year of follow-up.

Out of the 656 patients, 344 patients with a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy did not undergo axillary dissection and were followed up clinically. Median follow up was 43 months. In 3 patients (0.9%) axillary recurrences developed. All three patients subsequently underwent a completion axillary dissection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

The low rate of clinical axillary recurrence after an intermediate follow up period suggests that a negative SN biopsy accurately reflects the nodal stage in patients with breast cancer.     

S-Classification of Sentinel Lymph Node Predicts Axillary Nonsentinel Lymph Node Status in Patients with Breast Cancer

Background One-half of breast cancer patients with positive sentinel lymph node (SN) have no further metastases in the axillary lymph node basin. The aim of the present study was to identify patients with positive SN who are unlikely to have further metastases in the axillary lymph node basin, using a new classification of SN, namely the S-classification. Methods Specimens of positive SN were subjected to a pathological review according to the previously published S-classification. S-stages of positive SN were correlated with the status of further metastases in the axillary lymph node basin after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Results Of 117 patients who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy, 36 (30.8%) had a positive SN and were subjected to level I and II ALND. The occurrence of positive nonsentinel nodes was significantly related to the S-stage of SN. No patient with stage SI had additional metastases in the nonsentinel lymph nodes, while 14.3% of patients with SII stage disease and 60.9 % of patients with SIII disease had other non-SN that were metastatic. Conclusion S-stages of positive SN are highly predictive for axillary nonsentinel node status. Especially patients with SI sentinel node metastases appear to be at low risk for further nonsentinel node metastases.