超低位直肠癌保肛术

5孔法,仰卧,取头低足高30°的右侧倾斜膀胱截石位。1探查腹腔。2内侧入路从乙状结肠系膜与盆底腹膜交界处切开,自内向外分离Toldt's间隙。3距腹主动脉0.5 cm处Hem-o-lock断结扎肠系膜下动脉,在近屈氏韧带下方分离出肠系膜下静脉,切断,保护肠系膜下神经丛。4乙状结肠系膜裁剪及游离。5直肠后间隙分离:保护腹下神经丛。6直肠前壁及侧方分离:腹膜返折上0.5~1.0 cm切开,沿邓氏筋膜前分离直肠前壁,精囊腺底部切开邓氏筋膜,侧方分离全程以盆神经作为指引。7直肠末端系膜分离:将直肠系膜从肛提肌裂孔边缘切断,进入括约肌间隙,顺直肠壁向肛侧分离,距肿瘤2 cm切割闭合直肠。切除近端肠管行直肠乙状结肠端端吻合,回肠末端预防性造口。     

从盆腔筋膜的外科解剖来理解直肠全系膜切除术的层次

目的探讨直肠系膜与盆腔筋膜和神经的关系，以明确直肠全系膜切除术合理的切除平面。方法对24具尸体的盆腔进行解剖。结果直肠周围的层次是连续的，可以分为2段3层，2段指耻骨联合至坐骨棘和坐骨棘至骶岬；3层分别为脏筋膜、膀胱腹下筋膜和壁筋膜。在膀胱腹下筋膜与脏筋膜之间存在盆丛及其膀胱、子宫神经分支，而在脏、壁筋膜之间存在腹下神经和盆内脏神经。结论直肠全系膜切除术的层次在直肠后方为脏、壁筋膜之间，而在直肠侧方实际上位于脏筋膜和膀胱腹下筋膜之间。侧后方的腹下神经、侧前方的盆丛及其分支是正确层次的标记。     

直肠系膜两个无血管层次的解剖特征

目的：探讨全直肠系膜切除的解剖学基础,明确全直肠系膜切除的切除平面。方法：对23具尸体的盆腔进行解剖,观察直肠系膜与周围筋膜、神经的关系。结果：在直肠的侧后方存在两个无血管层次．即直肠周围脂肪与脏筋膜之间的层次及脏层筋膜与壁层筋膜之间的层次。各层次内存在不同的组织结构,在直肠与脏筋膜间存在着直肠侧韧带．在脏、壁层筋膜间存在着腹下神经和盆内脏神经。结论：全直肠系膜切除的切除范围应包括脏层筋膜在内,解剖层次应为脏、壁层筋膜间层次;术中通过观察两个无血管层次中的结构可以判定是否进入了正确的全直肠系膜切除的切除层次。     

3D腹腔镜NOSES直肠癌根治术

五孔法,按TME及神经功能保护原则手术,骶岬前方切开后腹膜,打开血管鞘,分离直肠上动脉、肠系膜上动脉及左结肠动脉,清扫腹主动脉(253)淋巴结,结扎切断肠系膜下动静脉,沿Denonvilliers筋膜分离,注意保护腹下神经丛。游离乙状结肠及降结肠系膜,向下沿盆筋膜脏层和壁层之间游离至肛提肌平面,注意保护盆自主神经。切断直肠侧韧带游离直肠侧方,前方打开腹膜返折部及Denonvilliers筋膜向下游离至肿瘤下方5 cm。切断乙状结肠,3-0抗菌微乔线荷包缝合一圈,切断直肠,经肛门置入吻合器枪身,激发完成吻合。     

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结直肠精细外科需要有丰富的解剖学知识。已经建立的直肠癌全直肠系膜切除(TME)就是很好的实例。近5年来,完整结肠系膜切除(CME)和低位直肠癌肛提肌外腹会阴联合切除术(ELAPE)的开展逐渐普及。与TME一样,CME和ELAPE均以精细解剖为基础。在结直肠外科中,相关的系膜、筋膜和间隙起着重要作用,而其命名在临床和解剖学尚有差异。本文试图清楚描述结直肠外科相关的腹盆腔系膜、筋膜和间隙,并讨论其外科意义。     

直肠侧韧带的解剖与临床意义

目的 研究直肠侧韧带的临床解剖及其与直肠癌手术的关系.方法 对23具尸体的盆腔进行解剖.结果 23具尸体均存在直肠侧韧带,其中8具尸体的单侧(6具左侧,2具右侧)、2具尸体的双侧存在直肠中动脉.23例尸体的直肠侧韧带中,直肠神经支是恒定存在的.结论 在直肠与脏筋膜之间存在直肠侧韧带,直肠癌手术中应在脏筋膜与盆丛之间完成直肠侧方的游离.     

3D与2D腹腔镜直肠癌根治术中对膜解剖优势所在

全直肠系膜切除术(TME)是治疗中低位直肠癌的金标准,要求是直视下锐性分离,将直肠连同直肠固有筋膜包被的脂肪组织、神经血管和淋巴结整体完整切除。强调脏壁层之间锐性分离,而膜解剖理论与其不谋而合。外科膜解剖概念的提出,明确了人们常说的"间隙"或"层面",结合腹腔镜放大作用和3D腹腔镜的纵深感,将膜解剖应用于直肠手术,对系膜认识更加深刻,辨认盆底自主神经更加有效。腹膜筋膜融合退化后,在直肠后方形成疏松结缔组织所填充,在S4椎体前方融合增厚形成Waldeyer筋膜,同时将直肠后方间隙分为上方的直肠后间隙和下方的肛提肌上间隙。直肠侧方的膜解剖的关键结构是侧韧带,侧韧带正好是直肠系膜固有筋膜"门",由髂内动脉发出的直肠中动脉,盆丛发出的直肠支与及淋巴管共同形成。Denonvilliers筋膜是腹膜的融合产物,是直肠前方膜解剖关键结构。保留Denonvilliers筋膜对降低直肠癌术后排尿和性功能障碍发生率有非常重要的意义,切开腹膜返折如位于最低处标志性"卫"氏线后方,则进入Denonvilliers筋膜的后方,可保留Denonvilliers筋膜。     

腹腔镜低位直肠癌根治术

松解乙状结肠与侧腹膜间的粘连。沿直肠系膜根部内侧打开浆膜,钝、锐性向上分离至肠系膜下动脉根部。分离打开Toldt’s筋膜下间隙,解剖肠系膜下动静脉,清扫血管根部周围的淋巴脂肪组织。提起乙状结肠,向上继续分离Toldt’s间隙至结肠脾曲,向下分离结直肠后间隙至盆腔,进入盆腔脏、壁筋膜间隙直至骶前间隙,离断两侧直肠侧韧带。分离直肠前侧,沿腹膜反折打开,沿直肠系膜间隙分离完整切除直肠系膜(TME)。术中于肿瘤下方约2 cm处离断直肠。取6 cm长左旁正中切口,将游离的直肠移至腹腔外,在肿瘤上方约10 cm处离断,移去标本,残端置入吻合器抵针座后,荷包缝合固定,将肠管回纳腹腔后逐层关腹。经肛门置入28 mm吻合器,行乙状结肠-直肠端端吻合。     

从妇科解剖的角度来理解直肠癌手术

目的统一肛肠外科和妇科重要的解剖学术语,进而阐明与直肠癌手术相关的妇科解剖。方法对32具尸体的盆腔进行解剖。结果外科解剖把盆腔筋膜由外向内、由背侧向腹侧依次为壁筋膜、膀胱腹下筋膜和脏筋膜。在膀胱腹下筋膜与脏筋膜之间存在盆丛及其出膀胱、子宫的神经分支,而在侧后方脏、壁筋膜之间存在腹下神经和盆内脏神经。结论妇科解剖所述膀胱子宫韧带深层、直肠子宫韧带或子宫骶骨韧带以及输尿管系膜实际上都是外科解剖中的盆脏筋膜的一部分。膀胱子宫韧带浅层是膀胱腹下筋膜。     

柱状经腹会阴切除术治疗直肠癌15例

目的 介绍直肠癌柱状经腹会阴切除术(cylindrical abdominoperineal resection,CAPR)的应用体会.方法 2009-2010年采用柱状经腹会阴直肠癌切除术治疗低位直肠癌15例.采用Holm等描述的手术方法.按TME技术要求游离直肠系膜,向下游离至肛提肌的起点处,结肠造口,关闭腹部切口.将患者置于俯卧位,实施扩大的会阴部切除,沿外括约肌、耻骨直肠肌、肛提肌外表面游离至肛提肌的盆壁起始处,即腹部向下游离的终点下方,后方自尾骨骶骨连接处切开,进入骶前,由背侧至腹侧,将肛提肌自起始处离断.结果 柱状经腹会阴切除术切除更多远端直肠周围组织,15例均无直肠穿孔,会阴切口均Ⅰ期愈合,1例发生会阴血肿,1例发生盆底腹膜疝,1例发生下肢深静脉血栓形成;术后平均随访6个月,1例发生盆腔腹膜后淋巴结转移,1例发生肝肺转移.结论 柱状经腹会阴切除术可以切除更多的低位直肠癌周组织,有利于减少术中穿孔发生率和环周切缘阳性率,进一步降低术后局部复发率.     

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??Anatomical study on the relationship between the middle rectal artery and the mesorectum WANG Qing-ming*, FU Chuan-gang, MENG Rong-gui??et al. *Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
Corresponding author: FU Chuan-gang, E-mail: fugang416@126.com
Abstract Objective To observe the anatomical relationship between the middle rectal artery and the mesorectum. Methods 10 pelvises (7 males and 3 females) harvested from cadavers were studied by dissection. Results The middle rectal artery was present in 9 cases, bilaterally (3 cases) or unilaterally (6 cases), originating from the internal pudendal (10/12??83.33%). 6 middle rectal arteries just run along the surface of the levator ani, and join into the rectum through the muscular at the junction between the levator ani muscle and rectum. Another 5 vessels penetrate the medial visceral fascia of the vesicohypogastric fascia into the mesorectum. Conclusion The middle rectal artery is a more constant present vessel for the rectal blood supply, unilateral ones are more than the bilateral ones. There are two contacting forms between the middle rectal artery and the rectum: One is that the vessel runs into the rectum at the junction between the rectum and the levator ani muscle , another is that the vessel runs into the mesorectum across the fasica. Crossing the mesorectum may be taken as the judge basis for unilateral or bilateral middle rectal artery in pelvis. The middle rectal artery not entering the mesorectum will not be damaged during rectum related operation.     

Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in the preoperative staging of rectal cancer

Nineteen patients with middle and lower rectal carcinomas were operated on, with abdominoperineal resection in 10 patients, lower anterior resection with coloanal anastomosis in 6 patients, and colorectal anastomosis in 3 patients. The distance of the lower margin of the tumor to insertion of the levator ani on the rectal wall was correctly evaluated by computed tomography in 12 (63%) of 19 patients and by magnetic resonance imaging in 13 (68%) of 19 patients, while digital examination correctly assessed the distance in 15 (79%) of 19 patients. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were unable to assess extension through the rectal wall. No significant difference was observed between computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in assessing extension to the perivesical fat, adjacent organs, pelvic side wall, or lymph nodes. According to the TNM classification, magnetic resonance imaging correctly staged 74% (14/19) of carcinomas, while computed tomography correctly staged 68% (13/19).     

A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. Reversion to normal defecation after combined excision operation and end colostomy for rectal cancer

Twenty-one patients with combined excision operation for rectal cancer were subjected to electromyographic study of the levator ani muscle, the puborectalis muscle, and the external anal sphincter. Myoelectric activity of the puborectalis and levator ani muscles was detected in 12 patients, 6 of whom had normal activity of both muscles. Of the remaining six patients, there was reduced activity of the levator ani muscle in four and of the puborectalis muscle in all six. These patients underwent training and electric stimulation of these muscles. To verify the myoelectric findings, 15 specimens removed at combined excision operation were examined grossly and microscopically for the muscles removed at operation. Eight specimens were found to be free of the levator and puborectalis muscles, which indicated that these muscles were not excised. The 12 patients with myoelectrically active levator and puborectalis muscles were operated on to restore defecation by way of the normal perineal route. The technique comprises freeing of the colostomy and mobilization of the entire left side of the colon. The perineal scar is then excised and the colonic end fixed to the perineal skin and thus is controlled by the levator and puborectalis muscles. Full fecal control was achieved in seven patients and incomplete control in five. It is concluded that excision of the levator ani muscle, the puborectalis muscle, and the external anal sphincter should not be considered a standard part of the radical operation for cancer of the lower or middle third of the rectum, and that a combined excision operation has no place in the treatment of rectal cancer.     

Topographic anatomy of the male perineal structures with special reference to perineal approaches for radical prostatectomy

AIM: Although perineal approaches for radical prostatectomy have recently gained renewed attention as excellent methods for minimally invasive surgery, the most commonly used techniques, Belt's and Young's approaches, have inadequacies regarding the topographical relationship between the rectourethral and levator ani muscles. METHODS: Using macroscopic observations of sagittal slices of 27 male pelvises and smooth muscle immunohistochemical staining of semiserial sections of another eight pelvises, we investigated the topographical anatomy of the perineal structures and their interindividual variations in elderly Japanese men. RESULTS: The inferomedial edge of the levator ani was located 5-15 mm lateral to the midsagittal plane in an area between the urethra and the rectum. The rectourethral smooth muscle had a superoinferior thickness of 5-10 mm and occupied a space between the right and left levator slings. The levator was adjacent to, or continuous with, the striated anal sphincters. A thick connective tissue septum, composed of smooth muscle, was evident between the rectal smooth muscle and the anal sphincter-levator ani complex. CONCLUSION: Because the connective tissue septum guides the surgeon's finger upwards towards the rectoprostatic space, Belt's approach appears relatively easy; however, rectal injury can sometimes occur if the surgeon loses this guidance. In contrast, if the levator edge is identified as the first step in Young's approach, the rectourethral muscle can be precisely divided, leaving a 3-5-mm margin from the rectum and sphincter-levator complex. Clinical investigations are now required to modify Young's approach based on the present results.     

Treatment of vesicovaginal fistulas using the musculofascial flap of the levator ani muscle: 26 case reports

OBJECTIVE: The authors reported the preliminary results of levator ani muscle flap in the treatment of vesicovaginal fistula. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients whose age varied between 13 and 18 years (mean: 30 years) are selected. All the patients are treated by the vaginal approach using the part of superficial rectal fibers of the levator ani muscle. RESULTS: Among the 26 patients, 14 are free after the first cure of vesicovaginal fistula (54%), and 4 patients (15%), after the treatment of some complications. CONCLUSION: The musculofascial levator ani flap with its vascular pedicle and its mobilisation can successfully close the vesicovaginal fistula. The preliminary results obtained (88%) tie up with that previously described in the literature.     

肛提肌标识在直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术中的作用

目的 探讨肛提肌标识在直肠癌腹会阴联合切除术中的作用.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2008年1月南京医科大学第一附属医院收治的109例直肠癌患者的临床资料,其中55例采用传统方法手术（传统法组）,54例采用肛提肌标识法进行手术（肛提肌标识法组）.手术遵循直肠癌全系膜切除术原则,锐性分离直肠系膜,整块切除.两组患者术前肠道准备、麻醉选择、患者体位、腹部切口、会阴部切口、会阴部缝合与Miles术相同.传统法组用电刀或超声刀切开会阴部脂肪组织,自尾骨的前方进入盆腔,与腹部手术医师会合,靠近盆壁切断两侧肛提肌未进行标识则进行后续手术操作.肛提肌标识法组采用电刀切开肛门周围间隙脂肪组织,分离两侧坐骨肛管间隙脂肪组织,切断后方肛尾韧带,直达肛提肌平面,标识肛提肌后进行后续手术操作.术后病理检查为Ⅰ期者进行随访观察;术后病理检查为Ⅱ期者,如组织学分化差、T4期、血管淋巴管浸润、检出淋巴结数目＜12枚,则行辅助化疗,如无则进行随访观察;术后病理检查为Ⅲ、Ⅳ期者,行术后化疗.术后第1年,每3个月复查1次血常规、肝肾功能、胸部X线片和肝胆B超.1年后每6个月复查1次上述检查;每年复查1次CT和肠镜检查.随访时间截至2012年12月.计数资料采用x2检验,计量资料采用t检验,Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,生存率比较采用Log-rank检验.结果 两组患者顺利完成手术,传统法组患者和肛提肌标识法组患者的会阴手术时间分别为（60±15） min和（30±10） min,术中出血量分别为（300 ±60） mL和（30±20） mL,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（t=3.936,5.687,P＜0.05）.传统法组患者中,3例直肠破损,2例尿道（阴道）破损,10例切口感染;而肛提肌标识法组患者中,只有9例切口感染.109例患者中,术后化疗周期少于12个疗程者30例,6个疗程及以上者41例.中位随访时?     

Experimental use of the obturator internus muscle as a functioning pelvic floor muscle in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possibility of using the obturator internus muscle instead of the levator ani as a pelvic floor muscle. DESIGN: Experimental study. SETTING: Teaching hospital, Egypt. ANIMALS: 7 male and 3 female mongrel dogs. INTERVENTIONS: Through a para-anal incision both muscles were exposed; the levator ani was excised and the lower border of the obturator internus was mobilised and sutured to the anorectal junction, the vesical neck, and the vaginal fornix. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rectal and anal pressures and electromyographic (EMG) activity recorded before and during transposition, and 1, 3, and 6 months later. Histological examination of biopsy specimens taken from the levator ani before, and from the obturator internus before, and 3, 6, and 12 months after, transposition. RESULTS: Stimulation of the levator ani caused anal pressure to decline significantly (p < 0.05). Stimulation of the obturator internus did not change anal pressure before transposition but caused a decline after it. There was EMG activity in the levator ani at rest, but not in the obturator internus before transposition though it was evident by 6 months afterwards. Levator ani consisted of skeletal muscle fibres with smooth muscle fibres in places, whereas the obturator internus consisted of skeletal fibres alone. Six months after operation examination of the obturator internus showed the presence of some smooth muscle fibres. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the obturator internus might be suitable both anatomically and physiologically to replace the levator ani. However, before it can be suggested as a treatment for levator dysfunction syndrome further experimental studies are necessary.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the low rectum: defining the radiological anatomy

Low rectal cancer provides a particular surgical challenge of local tumour control and sphincter preservation. Histopathological studies have shown that an involved circumferential resection margin (CRM) and depth of extramural invasion are independent markers of poor prognosis and correlate with high local recurrence rates due to residual microscopic disease [ 1 ]. Recent data suggests that a CRM at risk of tumour involvement can be reliably seen on the pre‐operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan with good correlation with the histological specimen [ 2 - 5 ]. In published series, low rectal cancers have a higher incidence of involved resection margins, with rates up to 30% for abdomino‐perineal excision (APE) vs 10% for low anterior resection (LAR) [ 6 - 9 ]. This has been attributed to narrow surgical planes deep within the pelvis as the mesorectum becomes narrowed and tapered, forming a bare muscle tube at the level of the anal sphincter complex. The challenge for the surgeon is to undertake careful removal of a cylinder of tissue beyond the rectal wall without perforating the tumour. An overall local recurrence rate of 10% after APE for all stages of rectal cancer has been reported and this low rate was attributed to the surgical technique that included a wide peri‐anal dissection and lateral division of the levator ani. The abdominal dissection was stopped above the tumour, taking care to avoid separation of the tumour from the levator ani to reduce the risk of inadvertent tumour cell spillage [ 8 ]. Therefore, rates of involved surgical margins from APE specimens may be reduced when a cuff of levators is taken compared with standard resection. In this review, we will discuss how MRI of the low rectum can aid in the staging and optimization of the best treatment strategy for low rectal cancer.     

肛周脓肿的磁共振成像研究

目的探讨磁共振成像（MRI）对肛周脓肿的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2007年7月至2009年3月间复旦大学附属金山医院收治的50例肛周脓肿患者的临床和MRI影像学资料。按以下步骤进行MRI检查：横断面T1WI,横断面、冠状面和（或）矢状面T2WI抑脂序列平扫,横断面、冠状面和（或）矢状面增强扫描。分析脓肿的部位、大小、形态、信号和增强特征。结果50例患者通过MRI共检出51个脓肿病灶．脓肿在T1WI表现为等或略低信号,T2WI抑脂脓腔呈明显高信号。增强见脓肿壁明显强化。脓肿最大径（3．4±1．7）cm,脓腔最大径（2．7±1．7）cm。脓肿呈类圆形26个,长圆形18个,新月形7个：脓腔单房41个,多房10个。脓肿位于肛提肌下方、括约肌间沟上方23例．位于括约肌间沟下方3例．跨肛提肌及括约肌间沟1例,跨肛提肌7例,跨括约肌间沟16例,肛提肌上方1例。结论MRI能无创、方便、准确地诊断肛周脓肿,清晰显示脓肿与肛管结构的解剖关系。     

超高位多瘘管复杂性肛门直肠瘘的综合治疗311例报告

目的为提高超高位复杂性肛门直肠瘘治疗效果。方法回顾性总结超高位多瘘管复杂性肛门直肠瘘的综合治疗方法：中上段直肠瘘行开腹切除,肛门瘘行肛提肌以下瘘管切除,肛提肌以上主瘘管挂线、支瘘管ＺＴ胶栓塞。结果综合治疗超高位多瘘管复杂性肛门直肠瘘３１１例,其中,单纯开腹３例,开腹＋挂线＋切除６例,开腹＋挂线＋栓塞＋切除４例,挂线＋栓塞４９例,挂线＋栓塞＋切除８７例,单纯瘘管切除１６２例,随访３０３例,治愈２９６例,治愈率９７７％,复发７例,复发率２３％。结论正确处理瘘管内口和瘘管内端,彻底消除支瘘管和死腔窦道内的感染物,保证创口引流和彻底冲洗,是手术成功的关键。综合治疗对高位复杂性肛门直肠瘘具有广泛适用性。