Prognostic significance of the difference between mixed venous and jugular bulb oxygen saturation in comatose patients resuscitated from a cardiac arrest.

To determine the prognostic significance of the difference between mixed venous and jugular bulb oxygen saturation in survivors and non-survivors of a cardiac arrest, we studied 30 comatose patients (21 non-survivors and 9 survivors) resuscitated from a cardiac arrest. We measured mixed venous oxygen saturation (SmvO2) and jugular bulb oxygen saturation (SjO2) immediately after haemodynamic stabilisation (always within 6 h after cardiac arrest) and 6, 12 and 24 h later. In all patients the SjO2 was about 10% lower than the SmvO2 in the first measurement. In the survivors the SjO2 did not change and remained lower than SmvO2 in eight of nine survivors. However, in the non-survivors the SjO2 increased significantly and was finally higher than the SmvO2 in 12 of 20 patients 24 h after cardiac arrest suggesting a decrease in cerebral oxygen consumption due to extensive loss of functional brain tissue. The positive predictive value of (SmvO2-SjO2) < or = 0 for predicting irreversible brain damage at 24 h after cardiac arrest is 93% and the negative predictive value of (SmvO2-SjO2) > 0 is 53%. Sensitivity and specificity are 65 and 89%, respectively. In a previous study we concluded that early jugular bulb oximetry (within 4 h after cardiac arrest) cannot predict cerebral outcome in comatose patients after cardiac arrest. More studies are needed to clarify the role of prolonged monitoring in the prediction of cerebral outcome after cardiac arrest.     

Early jugular bulb oxygenation monitoring in comatose patients after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Objective To determine the role of early jugular bulb oxygenation monitoring in comatose patients after cardiac arrest.Design Prospective sequential study.Setting Medical intensive care unit in a university hospital.Patients Thirteen patients comatose after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Interventions A standard hemodynamic protocol.Measurements and results Jugular bulb oxygen saturation levels and oxygen extraction ratios could not discriminate between patients with good (6) and poor (7) cerebral outcome. This was also true for the jugular bulb-arterial lactate difference. Survivors had significantly higher overall oxygen transport values than non-survivors.Conclusions Jugular bulb oxygenation monitoring during the first few hours after cardiac arrest cannot reliably discrininate between comatose patients with a good and poor cerebral outcome. Further studies with an extended monitoring period are thus required.     

Acid-base status of blood from intraosseous and mixed venous sites during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation and drug infusions.

OBJECTIVES: a) To determine the relationship of acid-base balance (pH, PCO2) of blood samples from the intraosseous and the mixed venous route during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation; b) to compare the effect of separate infusions of epinephrine, fluid boluses, or sodium bicarbonate through the intraosseous sites on the acid-base status of intraosseous and mixed venous blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation; and c) to compare pH and Pco2 of intraosseous and mixed venous blood samples after sequential infusions of fluid, epinephrine, and sodium bicarbonate through a single intraosseous site. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study. SETTING: Animal laboratory at a university center. SUBJECTS: Thirty-two mixed-breed piglets (mean weight, 30 kg). INTERVENTIONS: Piglets were anesthetized and prepared for blood sampling and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. After anoxic cardiac arrest, ventilation was resumed and chest compression was resumed. Blood gas samples from the pulmonary artery and both intraosseous sites were obtained simultaneously at baseline, at cardiac arrest, and at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 mins of cardiopulmonary resuscitation for group 1 (control group) and after drug (epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate) and saline infusions via one of the intraosseous cannulas in groups 2 through 5. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We found no differences between intraosseous and mixed venous pH and Pco2 during periods of <15 mins of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. However, this relationship was not maintained during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation and after bicarbonate infusion. After large volume saline infusion, the pH and Pco2 of mixed venous and intraosseous blood were similar. During epinephrine infusion, the relationship between intraosseous and mixed venous pH and Pco2 was similar to that found in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The intraosseous blood sample could be used to assess central acid-base balance in the early stage of arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation of <15 mins. However, during cardiopulmonary resuscitation of longer duration, drug infusions may render the intraosseous site inappropriate for judging central acidosis.     

乌司他丁对重型创伤性脑损伤患者颈内静脉血乳酸的影响

目的探讨乌司他丁（UTI）对重型创伤性脑损伤患者颈内静脉血乳酸及脑氧代谢的影响及其临床意义。方法选择80例重型创伤性脑损伤患者（格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分≤8分）,分为研究组和对照组,每组各40例。研究组在常规综合治疗基础上予UTI20万单位,每目2次,连续7d。所有患者均于伤后第1～5天取颈内静脉球血和桡动脉血作乳酸检测和血气分析,观察颈静脉血乳酸（JVL）、颈静脉血氧饱和度（SjvO2）、动脉颈静脉血氧含量差（A．vD02）、脑氧摄取率（CER02）等指标。结果两组患者伤后第1天JVL均高于正常值,组间比较差异无统计学意义（P=0．60）。伤后第2-5天,研究组JVL水平与第1天比较均明显下降（P均〈0．05）,且较同时间点对照组下降更为明显（P均〈0．05）;两组患者伤后第2—5天SjvO2、A．vDO2和CERO2比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）。结论UTI能降低重型创伤性脑损伤患者JVL水平,改善脑氧代谢状况,进而有利于降低患者的病死率和病残率。     

体外循环心内直视手术对患者颅内血浆NSE水平影响因素分析

目的分析体外循环心内直视手术后患者颅内血浆NSE水平的影响因素,提高心内直视手术后患者神经系统并发症的诊治水平。方法择期心内直视手术患者21例,在CPB结束后30 min采集颈内静脉球部血液检测NSE水平,并用多因素线性回归分析模型评价各影响因素的作用大小。结果体外循环后神经系统并发症的相关危险因素包括患者年龄、体外循环时间和颅内血浆MDA浓度。结论在体外循环心内直视手术的临床监测指标中,患者的年龄、体外循环时间和颅内血浆MDA水平与术后神经系统并发症的发生高度相关。     

Evaluation of hypoxic brain injury with spinal fluid enzymes, lactate, and pyruvate.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prognostic importance in neurologic recovery of the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) variables creatine kinase (CK) and brain-type creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-BB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymes (LDH 1-5), CSF acid phosphatase, beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity, and CSF lactate, pyruvate, sodium, potassium, and calcium concentrations in patients who experienced cardiac arrest. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study with blood and CSF samples collected 4, 28, 76, and 172 hrs after resuscitation. SETTING: Medical ICU in a university hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty consecutive victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Eight patients recovered neurologically and 12 patients remained comatose or neurologically disabled until death. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: CSF CK, CK-BB, LDH, and LDH isoenzyme 1-3 concentrations in all disabled patients were markedly increased at 76 hrs after the resuscitation. However, these variables were not changed in the recovered subjects. Patients (n = 7) with a mean CSF CK level of 25 +/- 33 (SD) U/L, CK-BB 23 +/- 33 U/L, and CSF lactate 3.8 +/- 0.9 mmol/L at 28 hrs after cardiac arrest remained unconscious and died. In the recovered patients, the mean CSF CK concentration was 2.0 +/- 1.5 U/L (p less than .001) and CSF lactate concentration 2.5 +/- 0.5 mmol/L (p less than .002). The lactate concentration was highest at 4 hrs after resuscitation, declining thereafter. Patients with a mean CSF total LDH level of 609 +/- 515 U/L and acid phosphatase 2.4 +/- 1.2 U/L 76 hrs after resuscitation died without regaining consciousness. In the recovered patients, the mean total CSF LDH activity was 82 +/- 58 U/L (p = .003) and CSF acid phosphatase was 0.8 +/- 0.5 U/L (p = .01) 76 hrs after resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: CSF CK, CK-BB, and CSF lactate concentrations reflect a patient's outcome most reliably when measured within 28 to 76 hrs of the cardiac arrest. Similarly, CSF LDH, its isoenzymes 1-3, and CSF acid phosphatase concentrations, when measured at 76 hrs, can be used to monitor the patient's outcome after cardiac arrest. When correlated with Glasgow Coma Scale scores, the closest negative correlation was again seen in CSF CK and CK-BB at 28 and 76 hrs, as well as in LDH, LDH1-3, and acid phosphatase values at 76 hrs. The negative correlation between CSF lactate and Glasgow Coma Scale scores was most distinct at 28 hrs.     

Non-invasive estimation of jugular venous oxygen saturation: a comparison between near infrared spectroscopy and transcutaneous venous oximetry

The ability of practitioners to assess the adequacy of global oxygen delivery is dependent on an accurate measurement of central venous saturation. Traditional techniques require the placement of invasive central venous access devices. This study aimed to compare two non-invasive technologies for the estimation of regional venous saturation (reflectance plethysmography and near infrared spectroscopy [NIRS]), using venous blood gas analysis as gold standard. Forty patients undergoing cardiac surgery were recruited in two groups. In the first group a reflectance pulse oximeter probe was placed on the skin overlying the internal jugular vein. In the second group, a Somanetics INVOS oximeter patch was placed on the skin overlying the internal jugular vein and overlying the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. Central venous catheters were placed in all patients. Oxygen saturation estimates from both groups were compared with measured saturation from venous blood. Twenty patients participated in each group. Data were analyzed by the limits of agreement technique suggested by Bland and Altman and by linear regression analysis. In the reflectance plethysmography group, the mean bias was 4.27% and the limits of agreement were 58.3 to −49.8% (r² = 0.00, p = 0.98). In the NIRS group the mean biases were 10.8% and 2.0% for the sensors attached over the cerebral hemisphere and over the internal jugular vein, respectively, and the limits of agreement were 33.1 to −11.4 and 19.5 to −15.5% (r² = 0.22, 0.28; p = 0.04, 0.03) for the cerebral hemisphere and internal jugular sites, respectively. While transcutaneous regional oximetry and NIRS have both been used to estimate venous and tissue oxygen saturation non-invasively, the correlation between estimates of ScvO₂ and SxvO₂ were statistically significant for near infrared spectroscopy, but not for transcutaneous regional oximetry. Placement of cerebral oximetry patches directly over the internal jugular vein (as opposed to on the forehead) appeared to approximate internal jugular venous saturation better (lower mean bias and tighter limits of agreement), which suggests this modality may with refinement offer the practitioner additional clinically useful information regarding global cerebral oxygen supply and demand matching.     

Monitoring of jugular venous oxygen saturation

The continuous monitoring of jugular venous oxygen saturation(SjO2) has become a practical method for monitoring global cerebral oxygenation and metabolism. SjO2 reflects the balance between the cerebral blood flow and the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2), if arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation, hemoglobin concentration remain constant. Normal SjO2 values range between 55% and 75%. Low SjO2 indicates cerebral hypoperfusion or ischemia. Conversely, an increased SjO2 indicates either cerebral hyperemia or a disorder that decreases CMRO2. In minimizing secondary brain damage following resuscitation from cardiopulmonary arrest, SjO2 monitoring is thus considered to be an integral part of multimodality monitoring and can provide important information for the management of patients in neurointensive care.     

Buffer administration during CPR promotes cerebral reperfusion after return of spontaneous circulation and mitigates post-resuscitation cerebral acidosis

To explore the effects of alkaline buffers on cerebral perfusion and cerebral acidosis during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 45 anaesthetized piglets were studied. The animals were subjected to 5 min non-interventional circulatory arrest followed by 7 min closed chest CPR and received either 1 mmol/kg of sodium bicarbonate, 1 mmol/kg of tris buffer mixture, or the same volume of saline (n=15 in all groups), adrenaline (epinephrine) boluses and finally external defibrillatory shocks. Systemic haemodynamic variables, cerebral cortical blood flow, arterial, mixed venous, and internal jugular bulb blood acid-base status and blood gases as well as cerebral tissue pH and PCO(2) were monitored. Cerebral tissue acidosis was recorded much earlier than arterial acidaemia. After restoration of spontaneous circulation, during and after temporary arterial hypotension, pH in internal jugular bulb blood and in cerebral tissue as well as cerebral cortical blood flow was lower after saline than in animals receiving alkaline buffer. Buffer administration during CPR promoted cerebral cortical reperfusion and mitigated subsequent post-resuscitation cerebral acidosis during lower blood pressure and flow in the reperfusion phase. The arterial alkalosis often noticed during CPR after the administration of alkaline buffers was caused by low systemic blood flow, which also results in poor outcome.     

The relationship between mixed venous and regional venous oxygen saturation during cardiopulmonary bypass

The relationship between mixed venous and regional venous saturation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and whether this relationship is influenced by temperature, has been incompletely elucidated. Thirty patients undergoing valve and/or coronary surgery were included in a prospective, controlled and randomized study. The patients were allocated to two groups: a hypothermic group (28 degrees C) and a tepid group (34 degrees C). Blood gases were analysed in blood from the hepatic vein and the jugular vein and from mixed venous blood collected before surgery, during hypothermia, during rewarming, and 30 min after CPB was discontinued. Oxygen saturation in the hepatic vein was lower than in the mixed venous blood at all times of measurement (-24.0 +/- 3.0% during hypothermia, -36.5 +/- 2.9% during rewarming, and -30.5 +/- 3.0% postoperatively, p < 0.001 at all time points). In 23% of the measurements, the hepatic saturation was <25% in spite of normal (>60%) mixed venous saturation. There was a statistical correlation between mixed venous and hepatic vein oxygen saturation (r=0.76, p < 0.0001). Jugular vein oxygen saturation was lower than mixed venous saturation in all three measurements (-21.6 +/- 1.9% during hypothermia, p < 0.001; -16.7 +/- 1.9% during rewarming, p < 0.001; and -5.6 +/- 2.2% postoperatively, p = 0.037). No significant correlation in oxygen saturation could be detected between mixed venous and jugular vein blood (r = 0.06, p = 0.65). Systemic temperature did not influence the differences in oxygen saturation between mixed venous and regional venous blood at any time point. In conclusion, regional deoxygenation occurs during CPB, in spite of normal mixed venous saturation. Mixed venous oxygen saturation correlates with hepatic, but not with jugular, vein saturation. The level of hypothermia does not influence differences in oxygen saturation between mixed venous and regional venous blood.     

The Impact of Dopamine on Hemodynamics,Oxygen Metabolism,and Cerebral Resuscitation After Restoration of Spontaneous Circulation in Pigs

Background: Restoration of spontaneous circulation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in cardiac arrest patients does not always signal a completely successful outcome. Functional deficiencies of the nervous system are found in many survivors of cardiac arrest. Objectives: To study the effects of dopamine-induced elevated blood pressure on the hemodynamics, oxygen metabolism, and cerebral resuscitation in different perfusion conditions in a resuscitated animal model. Methods: There were 18 pigs included in the study. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced with a programmed electrical stimulation device. After 4 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation followed by 9 min of CPR, 12 animals were resuscitated successfully, and were then randomly assigned to either the study group (dopamine group) or the control group (normal perfusion group). All animals in the two groups received normal saline through continuous intravenous guttae for 4 h at a rate of 15 mL/kg/h. In the study group, dopamine was added to raise the animals' blood pressure. Four hours of intensive monitoring was performed for all study animals. Finally, 24-h evaluation of neurological function was conducted in surviving animals in accordance with the standard of the Cerebral Performance Category Score. Results: In animals in the dopamine group, the cardiac output, mean aortic pressure, coronary perfusion pressure, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption were higher than those found in the animals in the normal perfusion group (p < 0.05). Oxygen metabolism was remarkably improved in animals in the dopamine group. Furthermore, cerebral perfusion was better in the dopamine group than in the control group and thus, results of the evaluation of nervous system function were better in animals treated with dopamine (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Dopamine improved systemic perfusion, cerebral blood supply, and oxygen metabolism after successful resuscitation from VF in a porcine model. All of these factors have profound effects on the cerebral resuscitation.     

一氧化碳释放分子通过提高线粒体活性减轻复苏后大鼠的神经功能损伤

目的:探讨一氧化碳释放分子对心脏骤停并复苏后大鼠神经功能损伤的治疗作用及其机制。方法:建立大鼠窒息法心脏骤停模型,窒息时间约为11分钟,其中心脏骤停时间为6分钟。动物随机分为3组:假手术组;心脏骤停组;心脏骤停复苏后一氧化碳干预组。分别对复苏后的三组大鼠进行神经功能评分、脑海马组织TUNEL凋亡检测,脑ATP含量检测,线粒体呼吸和线粒体膜电位检测分析。结果:大鼠复苏后神经功能评分显著降低并且神经细胞发生大量凋亡,一氧化碳干预组大鼠相比未干预的大鼠,其神经功能评分显著提高,并且其大脑ATP含量、线粒体呼吸及膜电位也显著增强。结论:一氧化碳释放分子通过增强复苏后大鼠脑内线粒体活性而降低大鼠的神经功能损伤。     

Usefulness of venous oxygen saturation in the jugular bulb for the diagnosis of brain death: report of 118 patients

OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of venous oxygen saturation in the jugular bulb (SjO(2)) as a complementary test for the diagnosis of brain death. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Polytrauma intensive care unit (ICU) of an acute-care teaching hospital in Santander, Spain. PATIENTS: We studied 118 (44%) out of 270 patients with severe head injury and intracranial hemorrhage meeting criteria of brain death (lack of cardiac response to atropine, unresponsive apnea, and iso-electric EEG in the absence of shock, hypotension and treatment with muscle relaxants and/or central nervous system (CNS) depressant drugs). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: At the moment at which clinical diagnosis of brain death was made and an iso-electric EEG was obtained, simultaneous oxygen saturation in central venous blood (right atrium) (SvO(2)) and jugular venous bulb (SjO(2)) samples was measured. The ratio between SvO(2) and SjO(2), expressed as CvjO(2) (the so-called central venous-jugular bulb oxygen saturation rate; CvjO(2) = SvO(2)/SjO(2)) was calculated. CvjO(2) less than 1 was obtained in 114 patients [mean (SD): 0.89 (0.02)], whereas CvjO(2) greater than 1 was obtained in only 4 (3.38%). In the group of 152 survivors, a single patient was discharged from the ICU in a vegetative state in which CvjO(2) was below 1. CvjO(2)as a complementary test for the diagnosis of brain death showed 96.6% sensitivity, 99.3% specificity, and 99.1% and 97.4% positive and negative predictive values, respectively. CONCLUSION: Central venous-jugular bulb oxygen saturation rate below 1 together with accepted clinical criteria (unresponsive coma with brainstem areflexia) provides non-invasive assessment of cerebral circulatory arrest that can help to suspect brain death.     

盐酸右美托咪定对颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者血流动力学及脑氧代谢的影响

目的评价盐酸右美托咪定对颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者血流动力学及脑氧代谢的影响。方法全麻下行颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者60例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组.每组30例。Ⅰ组病人单次输注右美托咪定1μg/kg,输注时间10min,然后改为维持输注0.5μg/kg.hr,Ⅱ组病人输注等量生理盐水。单次输注结束后依次静脉注射咪达唑仑2mg、异丙酚2mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.5μg/kg、维库溴铵0.1mg/kg诱导,插入气管导管,控制呼吸。全静脉维持麻醉维持深度,使脑电双频谱指数（BIS）维持在40-50之间。桡动脉穿刺监测有创血压,患者颈内静脉球穿刺以备采血。记录术前（T1）、插管即刻（T2）、插管后3min（T3）、5min（T4）、瘤体分离完成（T5）、夹闭即刻（T6）、夹闭后30min（T7）7个时点血压、心率。在T5、T6、T7 3个时点桡动脉及颈内静脉球血气分析,记录动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、颈内静脉球血氧分压（PjvO2）、动脉血氧饱和度（SaO2）、颈内静脉球血氧饱和度（SjvO2）、动脉血红蛋白浓度（Hb）、颈内静脉球血红蛋白浓（Hjvb）。计算桡动脉与颈内静脉球氧含量差和结果：Ⅱ组病人在T2、T3、T4时点BP、HR较Ⅰ组病人明显升高（P〈0.05）;Ⅰ组病人在T5、T6、T7 3个时点Da-jvO2、较Ⅱ组病人明显升高、Sj-vO2明显减低（P〈0.05）。结论盐酸右美托咪定用于颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者可稳定围术期血流动力学,提高脑氧摄取率,改善脑氧合。     

体外循环心内直视手术复温期病人脑氧合及氧代谢对颅内血浆S-100蛋白水平的影响

目的通过分析体外循环心内直视手术复温期病人脑氧合及氧代谢指标对颅内血浆S-100蛋白水平的影响,找到影响体外循环心内直视手术后病人脑损伤程度的权重指标,从而更好地预防和/或减少体外循环心内直视手术后病人神经系统并发症。方法择期心内直视手术病人22例,在CPB复温到36℃时采集颈内静脉球部血液检测S-100蛋白水平,并计算得出脑氧合及氧代谢指标;用多因素线性回归分析模型评价各脑氧合及氧代谢指标对颅内血浆S-100蛋白水平的影响。结果影响体外循环心内直视手术复温期病人颅内血浆S-100蛋白水平的权重指标包括脑葡萄糖摄取率、脑氧摄取率和脑乳酸氧指数。结论在体外循环心内直视手术的临床监测指标中脑葡萄糖摄取率、脑氧摄取率和脑乳酸氧指数与术后神经系统并发症的发生高度相关。     

The use of cephalad cannulae to monitor jugular venous oxygen content during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

BACKGROUND: When used during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), jugular venous bulb catheters, known as cephalad cannulae, increase venous drainage, augment circuit flow and decompress cerebral venous pressure. Optimized cerebral oxygen delivery during ECMO may contribute to a reduction in neurological morbidity. This study describes the use of cephalad cannulae and identifies rudimentary data for jugular venous oxygen saturation (JVO2) and arterial to jugular venous oxygen saturation difference (AVDO2) in this patient population. RESULTS: Patients on venoarterial (VA) ECMO displayed higher JVO2 (P < 0.01) and lower AVDO2 (P = 0.01) than patients on venovenous (VV) ECMO (P < 0.01). During VV ECMO, JVO2 was higher and AVDO2 lower when systemic pH was < 7.35 rather than > 7.4 (P = 0.01). During VA ECMO, similar differences in AVDO2 but not in JVO2 were observed at different pH levels (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Jugular venous saturation and AVDO2 were influenced by systemic pH, ECMO type and patient age. These data provide the foundation for normative values of JVO2 and AVDO2 in neonates and children treated with ECMO.     

Monitoring of cerebral oxygen saturation with a jugular bulb catheter after near-drowning and respiratory failure

We report on monitoring oxygen saturation with a jugular bulb fiber-optical catheter in an 18-month-old girl after fresh water near-drowning followed by acute respiratory failure. The first measured cerebral oxygen saturation was 22% despite normal values for arterial and central venous oxygen saturation. After conventional therapy had failed to improve cerebral oxygen saturation, we started veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Normal levels of cerebral oxygen saturation were achieved after six hours. The girl was extubated after seven days and discharged after twenty-five days in good general condition and without obvious evidence of neurological damage. We believe that in this case of near-drowning, monitoring cerebral oxygen saturation with a jugular bulb catheter was important for surveillance of cerebral hypoxia.     

Comparison of early sequential hypothermia and delayed hypothermia on neurological function after resuscitation in a swine model

Background

We utilized a porcine cardiac arrest model to compare early sequential hypothermia (ESH) with delayed hypothermia (DH) and no hypothermia (NH) to investigate the different effects on cerebral function after resuscitation.

高渗盐对心搏骤停鼠脑复苏的作用

目的研究高渗盐对心搏骤停复苏后脑组织的保护作用及其机制,探讨脑复苏治疗的有效方法。方法大鼠窒息导致心搏骤停模型复制成功后,实验两组于复苏即刻分别静脉注射生理盐水、10%高渗盐,比较两组大鼠复苏前及复苏后各时间点平均动脉压值、自主循环恢复(ROSC)时间、动脉血与脑匀浆丙二醛(MDA)、脑干湿质量比、神经功能缺损评分(NDS)及脑海马组织病理改变。结果两组大鼠复苏前平均动脉压值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而复苏后各时间点平均动脉压值高渗盐组均高于对照组(P<0.05);高渗盐组较对照组能显著改善自主循环恢复时间(P<0.01),提高24、48hNDS(P<0.05),减轻大脑湿质量(P<0.01)及减轻脑组织病理损伤;但对1h动脉血MDA及24h脑匀浆MDA无作用。结论静脉注射10%高渗盐能减轻大鼠心搏骤停复苏后脑组织损伤,改善脑功能。     

亚低温治疗在脑复苏中的应用及影响预后因素分析

目的 探讨影响心肺复苏(CPR)术后亚低温治疗患者预后的因素及动态脑电波监测对预后的价值.方法 对42例循环稳定的CPR术后患者在全身治疗的基础上进行亚低温治疗,体温(颈静脉球温度)控制在31～34℃,维持3～6 d后复温.治疗期间行各项常规检查,同时监测脑电波并进行Hockday分级,对于存活3个月者通过格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)评估神经系统功能.结果 良好转归组(包括恢复良好、中度残疾,19例)与不良转归组(包括严重残疾、植物状态、死亡,23例)间停跳后至开始CPR时间及复苏后格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、血中剩余碱、乳酸浓度均存在不同程度差异[停跳后至开始CPR时间(min):4.11±1.80比13.08±11.37,GCS(分):5.48±1.32比4.13±1.61,剩余碱(mmol/L):-10.27±6.23比-13.18±7.29,乳酸(mmol/L):6.82±3.12比8.47±4.14,P＜0.05或P＜0.01];37例患者行动态脑电波监测,Hockday分级Ⅱ级与Ⅲ级间的良好预后率比较差异有统计学意义[85.7%(12/14)比37.5%(3/8),P＜0.05].结论 停跳后至开始CPR时间及复苏后GCS、血中剩余碱、乳酸浓度有助于判定亚低温治疗后患者的预后;脑电波监测对判定亚低温治疗后患者神经功能转归有较大帮助.