经皮无水酒精注射治疗小肝癌的疗效分析（附18例报告）

目的　评估经皮注射无水酒精治疗小肝癌的疗效。方法　 1 8例原发性肝癌 2 2个病灶 (直径 <3.3cm)接受经皮注射无水酒精的治疗。在 CT引导下将细针穿入病灶中央 ,缓慢地注入无水酒精。随访采用螺旋 CT增强扫描的办法进行 ,同时观察并发症发生情况。结果　 2 1个病灶平均肿瘤直径 2 .3cm (1 .5～ 3.3cm ) ,平均注射酒精量 5 .8ml (3～ 9ml)。 1 7个病灶治疗后肿瘤组织全部坏死 ,4个病灶显示有残留肿瘤。并发症包括腹部剧痛(5 .5 5 % )、肝节段性梗塞 (5 .5 5 % )。结论　经皮注射无水酒精治疗小肝癌是安全有效的     

Percutaneous ethanol injection vs. resection in patients with small single hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective case-control study with cost analysis

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous ethanol injection and hepatic resection are the most widely used curative therapeutic options for patients with compensated liver disease and small hepatocellular carcinoma. AIM: To compare percutaneous ethanol injection and hepatic resection in a selected group of consecutive French patients with a single hepatocellular carcinoma, smaller than or equal to 50 mm, in terms of survival, recurrence rate of malignancy and direct costs. METHODS: The analysis of two contemporary cohorts of Child-Pugh A or B patients with a single hepatocellular carcinoma of < or = 50 mm treated by percutaneous ethanol injection (n=55) or hepatic resection (n=50). RESULTS: Long-term survival was not significantly different between the two groups when the size of hepatocellular carcinoma was less than 30 mm. However, the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma larger than 30 mm was higher after hepatic resection than after percutaneous ethanol injection (P=0.044). The cumulative direct costs were significantly higher in patients treated by hepatic resection than in those treated by percutaneous ethanol injection regardless of the tumour size. The calculated costs per month of survival in patients treated with percutaneous ethanol injection and hepatic resection were 999 vs. 3865 euros, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous ethanol injection is more cost effective than hepatic resection in patients with a single hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than 30 mm. However, in patients with a larger tumour, long-term survival is higher after hepatic resection.     

Comparison of transarterial chemoembolization and percutaneous acetic acid injection as the primary loco-regional therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective survey

BACKGROUND: Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and percutaneous acetic acid injection (PAI) are effective loco-regional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). AIM: To compare the therapeutic efficacy of TACE vs. PAI for unresectable HCC. METHODS: A total of 310 patients with unresectable HCCs (size 相似文献   

无水酒精注射术联合射频消融术与单纯射频消融术治疗小肝癌的疗效比较

目的比较无水酒精注射术(PEI)联合射频消融术(RFA)治疗方案与单纯RFA治疗小肝癌的疗效。方法回顾分析我院2006年1月～2008年1月进行的68例小肝癌射频消融治疗患者的临床资料。68例中37例行PEI联合RFA术,31例行单纯RFA术。比较两组肿瘤完全消融率,复发率,复发时间,术后1、2、3年生存率等情况。结果 PEI联合RFA组肿瘤完全消融率91.89%,局部复发率10.81%,局部复发时间(14.22±3.48)月,1、2、3年的生存率分别为89.19%、81.08%和72.97%。单纯RFA组肿瘤完全消融率70.97%,局部复发率32.26%,局部复发时间(9.15±2.68)月,1、2、3年的生存率87.10%、77.42%和48.39%。PEI联合RFA组在肿瘤完全消融率、局部复发率、复发时间、术后3年生存率方面好于单纯RFA组。结论 PEI联合RFA治疗小肝癌疗效优于单纯RFA治疗,在小肝癌的治疗中有重要临床应用价值。     

单纯微波消融及其联合无水酒精注射治疗原发性肝癌的疗效分析

目的回顾性分析微波消融(MWA)联合无水酒精注射(PEI)治疗与单纯微波消融治疗原发性肝癌的近期疗效及远期生存率。方法选取新乡市中心医院2009年5月~2012年5月进行的108例行微波消融治疗肝癌患者的临床资料。108例中45例行PEI联合MWA,63例行单纯MWA术。比较两组肿瘤完全消融率、复发率及术后1、2、3年生存率等情况。结果 PEI联合MWA组肿瘤完全消融率91.1%(41/45),明显高于单纯MWA组的82.5%(52/63),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。PEI联合MWA组及单纯MWA组术后3个月、6个月、9个月、1年、2年局部复发率分别为23.3%、30.8%、70.2%、85.5%、95.8%及9.8%、18.4%、54.7%、74.1%、80.2%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。PEI联合MWA组及单纯MWA组术后6个月、1年、2年、3年总生存率分别为98.6%、90.5%、79.1%、68.2%及90.3%、81.9%、65.5%、50.3%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MWA联合PEI与单纯MWA治疗相比,对于肿瘤局部控制可取得更好的疗效,显著提高了肿瘤完全消融率,降低患者局部复发率,延长患者生存期,是一种更安全、有效的治疗方法。     

经皮肝瘤内注射术联合经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗中晚期肝癌的临床研究

目的：探讨经皮肝瘤内注射术联合经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗中晚期肝癌的临床疗效,为临床治疗方案的制定提供参考。方法选取中晚期肝癌患者22例,采用经皮肝瘤内注射术联合经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术进行治疗,出院后每月随访1次。分析患者经皮肝瘤内注射术和经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术的情况,同时分析患者随访过程中的生存时间、肿瘤体积和患者临床症状的变化情况。结果患者均于术后6周复查,其中,完全缓解6例,部分缓解8例,稳定6例,进展2例。随访发现,患者的生存时间为17～82个月,平均生存时间为（55．71±13．47）个月;治疗后4例肿瘤直径缩小1～3 cm,18例肿瘤直径缩小3～5 cm;19例肝区疼痛症状获得半年以上的缓解,3例肝区疼痛症状缓解时间不足6个月。随访期间有12例患者因多器官功能衰竭而死亡。结论中晚期肝癌患者采用经皮肝瘤内注射术联合经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗可延缓病情的发展,延长患者的生存时间。     

肝切除、射频消融和肝移植三种方案治疗小肝癌的临床疗效比较

目的对小肝癌(小肝细胞癌)的3种常用外科治疗方法进行疗效比较,为小肝癌的临床治疗方案选择提供参考。方法选取2006年1月—2015年12月解放军401医院外科治疗的660例小肝癌病例进行研究。根据肿瘤直径分为0~2.0 cm、2.1~3.0 cm、3.1~5.0 cm和多发组,根据治疗方案分为肝切除组、射频消融组和肝移植组。比较各组之间整体生存时间和整体生存率、无瘤生存时间和无瘤生存率的差异。结果在0~2.0 cm组和2.1~3.0 cm组中,肝切除和射频消融的疗效相当,而肝移植的疗效优于肝切除和射频消融(P<0.05);在3.1~5.0 cm组中,肝移植的疗效最优,肝切除次之,射频消融效果最差(P<0.05);在多发组中,肝切除和射频消融的疗效相当,而肝移植的疗效优于肝切除和射频消融(P<0.05)。结论小肝癌瘤体的直径和数目对治疗方案的选择具有重要的临床意义,其中肝移植治疗小肝癌疗效最佳。     

Clinical trial: oral ondansetron for reducing vomiting secondary to acute gastroenteritis in children – a double-blind randomized study

Background  Vomiting as a consequence of gastroenteritis frequently occurs in children. It is still debatable whether vomiting should be treated with antiemetic drugs.
Aim  To investigate potential beneficial effects of ondansetron in treating vomiting during acute gastroenteritis.
Methods  A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed in our emergency departments. Children, aged 5 months to 8 years, were randomized to receive either ondansetron 0.2 mg/kg or placebo at 8h intervals. The primary outcome measure was the frequency of emesis during an 8-h-period after enrolment.
Results  A hundred and nine patients were enrolled; 54 received placebo and 55 received ondansetron. As compared with the children who received placebo, children who received ondansetron were less likely to vomit both during the first 8-h follow-up in the emergency department [relative risk (RR): 0.33, 95% CI: 0.19–0.56, NNT: 2, 95% CI: 1.6–3.5], and during the next 24-h follow-up (RR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.07–0.33, NNT: 2, 95% CI: 1.3–2.1).
Conclusion  Ondansetron may be an effective and efficient treatment that reduces the incidence of vomiting from gastroenteritis during both the first 8 h and the next 24 h, and is probably a useful adjunct to oral rehydration.     

Clinical trial: the impact of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on gastrointestinal recovery after major surgery – a randomized double blind controlled trial of celecoxib or diclofenac vs. placebo

Background  Ileus occurs after abdominal surgery and may be severe. Inhibition of prostaglandin release reduces post-operative ileus in a rat model.
Aim  To determine whether prostaglandin inhibition by cyclooxygenase inhibitors, celecoxib or diclofenac, could enhance gastrointestinal recovery and reduce post-operative ileus in humans.
Methods  Two hundred and ten patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery were randomized to receive twice daily placebo ( n  = 67), celecoxib (100 mg, n  = 74) or diclofenac (50 mg, n  = 69), preoperatively and continuing for up to 7 days. Primary outcomes were hallmarks of gut recovery. Secondary outcomes were paralytic ileus, pain and complications.
Results  There was no clinically significant difference between the groups for restoration of bowel function. There was a significant reduction in paralytic ileus in the celecoxib-treated group ( n  = 1, 1%) compared with diclofenac ( n  = 7, 10%) and placebo ( n  = 9, 13%); P  = 0.025, RR 0.20, CI 0.01–0.77. Pain scores, analgesia, transfusion requirements and adverse event rates were similar between study groups.
Conclusions  Perioperative low dose celecoxib, but not diclofenac, markedly reduced the development of paralytic ileus following major abdominal surgery, but did not accelerate early recovery of bowel function. This was independent of narcotic use and had no increase in post-operative complications.     

Clinical trial: effects of botulinum toxin on levator ani syndrome – a double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Background  Levator ani syndrome is characterized by anorectal discomfort/pain, treatment of which is unsatisfactory. We hypothesized that Botulinum toxin relieves spasm and improves symptoms.
Aim  To perform a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study to examine the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin in patients with levator ani syndrome.
Methods  Twelve patients with levator ani syndrome (≥1 year) received anal intra sphincteric injections of 100 units of botulinum toxin A and placebo at 90-day intervals using EMG guidance. Daily frequency, severity, duration and intensity of pain (VAS) were recorded. Anorectal manometry, balloon expulsion and pudendal nerve latency tests were performed to examine the physiological changes and adverse effects.
Results  Seven patients (male/female = 4/3) completed the study and three had incomplete data, but all 10 underwent in an ITT analysis; two others dropped out. After administration of botulinum toxin, the mean frequency, intensity and duration of pain were unchanged ( P  = 0.31) compared with baseline. The 90-day mean VAS pain score was 6.79 ± 0.27 vs. baseline score of 7.08 ± 0.29 ( P  = 0.25). Anal sphincter pressures, rectal sensory thresholds, pudendal nerve latency and balloon expulsion times were unchanged after drug or placebo administration.
Conclusions  Injection of botulinum toxin into anal sphincter is safe, but it does not improve anorectal pain in levator ani syndrome.     

Clinical trial: a randomized trial comparing fluoroscopy guided percutaneous technique vs. endoscopic ultrasound guided technique of coeliac plexus block for treatment of pain in chronic pancreatitis

Background Coeliac plexus block (CPB) is a management option for pain control in chronic pancreatitis. CPB is conventionally performed by percutaneous technique with fluoroscopic guidance (PCFG). Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is increasingly used for CPB as it offers a better visualization of the plexus. There are limited data comparing the two modalities. Aim To compare the pain relief in chronic pancreatitis among patients undergoing CPB either by PCFG technique or by EUS guided technique. Methods Chronic pancreatitis patients with abdominal pain requiring daily analgesics for more than 4 weeks were included. Fifty six consecutive patients (41 males, 15 females) participated in the study. EUSG‐CPB was performed in 27 and PCFG‐CPB in 29 patients. In both the groups, 10 mL of Bupivacaine (0.25%) and 3 mL of Triamcinolone (40 mg) were given on both sides of the coeliac artery through separate punctures. Results Pre and post procedure pain scores were obtained using a 0‐10 visual analogue scale. Improvement in pain scores was seen in 70% of subjects undergoing EUS‐CPB and 30% in Percutaneous‐ block group (P = 0.044). Conclusions EUS‐guided coeliac block appears to be better than PCFG‐CPB for controlling abdominal pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis.     

Clinical trial: interferon alpha-2b continuous long-term therapy vs. repeated 24-week cycles for re-treating chronic hepatitis C

Background  Treatment options are limited for patients with hepatitis C virus who do not experience sustained viral eradication with pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy.
Aim  To compare, in an open-label, randomized study, long-term continuous interferon alpha-2b treatment with repeated 24-week courses in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus that relapsed after prior interferon monotherapy.
Methods  A total of 499 patients received 24 weeks of interferon alpha-2b, 3 MIU administered 3 TIW. Responders (normal alanine aminotransferase and negative hepatitis C virus -RNA, n  =   244) were then randomized to continuous interferon therapy (1, 2 or 3 MIU TIW depending on response) or cyclical therapy (3 MIU TIW for 24 weeks per relapse). Mean Knodell inflammation (I + II + III) and necrosis (IV) scores at baseline vs. year 2 were compared.
Results  Patients receiving continuous low-dose therapy vs. cycled therapy had larger reductions in inflammation (−3.9 vs. −3.1) and fibrosis (−0.49 vs. −0.24). Among both groups, the mean change was −3.4 for inflammation and −0.36 for fibrosis. Overall, 73% (95% CI: 67–79) of patients experienced reduced inflammation and 28% (95% CI: 22–34) had reduced fibrosis.
Conclusions  Our results suggest hepatitis C virus patients experiencing viral suppression during long-term maintenance therapy with interferon demonstrate histological improvement. Further prospective trials testing this hypothesis are in progress.     

Clinical trial: a randomized-controlled crossover study of intrapyloric injection of botulinum toxin in gastroparesis

BACKGROUND: Uncontrolled studies suggest benefit of intrapyloric injection of botulinum toxin (botox) for the treatment of gastroparesis, but controlled data are lacking. AIM: To perform a controlled study of botox injection in gastroparesis. METHODS: Twenty-three gastroparesis patients (five men, age 45 +/- 3, 19 idiopathic) underwent two upper endoscopies with 4-week interval, with injection of saline or botox 4 x 25 U in a randomized double-blind-controlled crossover fashion. Before the start of the study and 4 weeks after each treatment, they underwent a solid and liquid gastric emptying breath test with measurement of meal-related symptom scores, and filled out the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index. Results (mean S.E.M.) were compared using Student's t-test. RESULTS: Twelve patients received botox and 11 saline as the first injection. Significant improvement in emptying and Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index was seen after initial injection of saline or botox. No further improvement occurred after the second injection (respectively, botox and saline). Pooled data for both treatment groups showed no significant difference in improvements of solid t(1/2) (3.4 +/- 7.4 vs. 16.3 +/- 8.3, N.S.) and liquid t(1/2) (8.2 +/- 13.7 vs. 22.5 +/- 7.7, N.S.), meal-related symptom scores or Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptoms Index (GCSI; 6.1 +/- 1.5 vs. 3.8 +/- 1.5, N.S.). CONCLUSION: In a cohort of predominantly idiopathic gastroparesis patients, botox is not superior to placebo in improving either symptoms or the rate of gastric emptying.     

Clinical trial: prophylactic intravenous alanyl-glutamine reduces the severity of gastrointestinal toxicity induced by chemotherapy – a randomized crossover study

Background  Glutamine has been shown in numerous studies to reduce intestinal permeability which can be increased by chemotherapy. However, there have been few reports that conduct on its clinical effect on gastrointestinal toxicity.
Aim  To examine whether prophylactic intravenous alanyl-glutamine dipeptide can ameliorate clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal toxicity induced by chemotherapy.
Methods  Forty-four patients with gastric or colorectal cancer developing WHO side-effect grading system of grade 2 or higher were randomized to either control group ( n  = 22) or Gln group ( n  = 22) during next cycle of chemotherapy. Patients were crossed over to the alternate treatment during chemotherapy cycle 2. In the control group, the patients received the same chemotherapy regimens as screening cycle and in the Gln group, the patients received chemotherapy and alanyl-glutamine. Prophylactic intravenous 20 g of alanyl-glutamine dipeptide was given for 5 days.
Results  Compared with the control group, the plasma glutamine level in the Gln group was significantly higher and the plasma endotoxin level was significantly lower. The scores of nausea/vomiting and diarrhoea decreased significantly.
Conclusion  Prophylactic intravenous alanyl-glutamine is effective in preventing intestinal permeability disruption induced by chemotherapy and clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal toxicity.     

Clinical trial: cyclophosphamide pulse therapy – a promising therapeutic alternative in refractory Crohn's disease

Background  In severe steroid-refractory Crohn's disease (CD), established therapies fail in a relevant proportion of patients. Recent pilot studies indicated the efficacy of cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in these patients.
Aim  To provide further and substantial evidence for the rationale to apply cyclophosphamide pulse therapy as therapeutic option in severe courses of CD.
Methods  Fifteen patients with steroid-refractory ( n  = 13) or steroid-dependent ( n  = 2) CD received 2–6 (median 3) monthly pulses of 750 mg cyclophosphamide in an open-label fashion. Eleven patients were on concomitant immunosuppression (azathioprine/mercaptopurine n  = 9; methotrexate n  = 2).
Results  Thirteen of 15 patients (87%) had a clinical response (CDAI decrease >100). Ten patients (67%) went into remission (CDAI <150) after 8 weeks. Steroid-free remission was achieved in eight patients (54%). Two patients (13%) failed to respond. Median CDAI decreased from 420 (245–550) to 100 (26–538) at week 8. Remission lasted 16 months (median, range 4–40). In three patients, arthritis, erythema nodosum and episcleritis completely resolved. Cyclophosphamide pulse therapy administration was well tolerated in all subjects.
Conclusions  Cyclophosphamide pulse therapy is safe and highly effective for induction and maintenance of remission in steroid-refractory/-dependent CD. There is a strong need for additional experience to improve the setting of the encouraging cyclophosphamide treatment in CD.     

Oats in the treatment of childhood coeliac disease: a 2-year controlled trial and a long-term clinical follow-up study

BACKGROUND: The exclusion of oats from the diet in coeliac disease is controversial. AIM: To study the long-term safety of oats in the treatment of children with coeliac disease. METHODS: Altogether 32 children with coeliac disease were enrolled in a 2-year controlled trial. Twenty-three children in remission were randomized either to oats or gluten challenge; when small bowel histological relapse was evident after gluten challenge, a gluten-free diet including oats was started. Furthermore, nine newly detected coeliac patients adopted an oat-containing gluten-free diet. Small bowel mucosal morphology, CD3+, alphabeta+ and gammadelta+ intraepithelial lymphocytes, human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DR expression and coeliac serology were determined. After the trial, the children were allowed to eat oats freely; follow-up was extended up to 7 years. RESULTS: In coeliac children in remission, oats had no detrimental effect on intestinal histology or serology during the 2-year trial. In contrast, the gluten-challenge group relapsed after 3-12 months. Complete recovery from the disease was accomplished in all relapsed and newly detected patients on an oat-containing gluten-free diet. After the trial, 86% of the children preferred to consume oats and they all remained in remission. CONCLUSION: In most children with coeliac disease, long-term consumption of oats is well tolerated, and it does not result in small bowel mucosal deterioration or immune activation.