YL-1型针微创穿刺引流治疗急性硬膜外血肿的临床分析

目的探讨YL-1型针微创穿刺引流治疗急性硬膜外血肿的临床疗效。方法急性硬膜外血肿19例,采用CT引导定位,以血肿中心为靶点,YL-1型颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针经头皮穿刺冲洗、粉碎、引流血肿,并联合尿激酶(1×104~2×104U/次)溶解血肿。结果本组19例全部治愈,术后持续引流时间平均3.6(3~5)d,无一例需要输血,未出现术中大出血或术后血肿复发。无一例死亡,亦未发生颅内感染、张力性气颅等并发症。拔针前复查CT证实血肿清除90%~100%,占位效应消失或明显减轻。住院时间平均9.6(6~15)d。出院时日常生活量表(activity of daily living,ADL)分级:Ⅰ级17例,Ⅱ级2例。13例随访3~6月,平均(4.5±1.5)月,GOS分级均为Ⅰ级。结论 YL-1型针微创穿刺引流术治疗急性硬膜外血肿,疗效确切、微创、节省医疗费用,手术时准确选择适应证、把握手术时机非常重要。     

54例急性硬膜外血肿微创治疗的临床分析

目的：探讨在急性中小量硬膜外血肿病例中微创治疗的临床应用效果观察。方法回顾性分析本院2006年1月至2012年1月间,采用微创钻孔引流技术治疗急性、亚急性硬膜外血肿,54例患者的临床资料。结果本组微创治疗患者术后3~5天血肿引流干净42例,血肿少量残留9例,引流后原血肿区出现迟发型血肿增加,改为开颅手术3例,无死亡病例。随访2~18个月,恢复良好,无血肿复发、功能区损伤及继发性癫痫发生。结论微创钻孔引流术治疗急性中小量硬膜外血肿疗效确切,具有创伤小、安全性高、操作简便、术后恢复快、费用低等优点。严格掌握手术适应征、把握手术时机,在基层医院中可推广应用。     

微创血肿穿刺引流术治疗高血压脑出血的临床体会

目的总结微创血肿穿刺引流术治疗高血压脑出血的临床体会。方法对54例高血压脑出血患者实施微创血肿穿刺引流术,回顾性分析血肿清除时间、术后并发症发生率及治疗效果。结果本组血肿清除的时间为(4.7±1.3)d,术后3例出现肺部感染,2例出现体温升高,1例出现消化道出血,并发症发生率为11.11%,均经对症治疗后痊愈。术后随访6~12个月,近期治疗效果:痊愈22例;显效15例,好转9例,无变化7例,恶化1例。远期治疗效果:I级16例,Ⅱ级20例,Ⅲ级11例,Ⅳ级6例,V级1例。无死亡病例。结论微创血肿穿刺引流术治疗高血压脑出血,创伤小、血肿清除时间短、术后并发症少,可促进患者术后康复。     

高血压性脑出血的微创穿刺治疗

目的探讨微创穿刺引流术治疗高血压性脑出血的疗效。方法根据CT定位确定穿刺点、穿刺方向及穿刺针长度,电钻将YL-1型一次性颅内血肿穿刺针送入血肿靶点,抽吸血肿后,血肿腔内分次注入尿激酶溶解引流出残存血肿,动态复查CT了解血肿清除情况并结合病人临床症状择期拔针。结果死亡33例,病死率18.3%(33/180)。随访64例,3~6个月后按日常生活能力(activity of dailylife,ADL)分级评定,ADL1级12例,ADL2级20例,ADL3级24例,ADL4级6例,ADL5级2例。结论微创穿刺引流术治疗高血压性脑出血简便、快捷、创伤小、疗效好。     

急性外伤性硬膜外血肿的微创穿刺治疗

目的探讨微创穿刺引流术治疗急性外伤性硬膜外血肿的疗效。方法2009年6月-2012年6月采用YL-1型一次性颅内血肿穿刺针行微创穿刺引流术治疗外伤性硬膜外血肿68例。根据CT定位确定穿刺点、穿刺方向及穿刺针长度,以电钻将YL-1型一次性颅内血肿穿刺针送人血肿靶点,抽吸血肿后,血肿腔内分次注入尿激酶（一般用生理盐水2—5ml溶人20000～50000U尿激酶）溶解引流出残存血肿,术后复查CT,血肿基本清除、中线结构移位恢复后拔针。结果68例均穿刺成功。经CT确诊2d完全清除32例,3d22例,5d10例;2例并发新鲜出血中转开颅手术;2例并发脑疝术前采用此方法急救后改骨瓣开颅手术治愈。头痛立即缓解18例,肢体麻木无力立即消失3例,其他病例临床症状3～5d逐渐好转。术后住院7～15d,平均12d。68例随访3—6个月：完全失语1例,智力轻度减退4例（合并脑挫裂伤）,无死亡病例。结论微创穿刺引流术治疗急性外伤性硬膜外血肿操作简便、快捷、创伤小、疗效好。     

微创穿刺冲洗引流治疗慢性硬脑膜下血肿69例

目的观察探讨微创穿刺冲洗引流治疗慢性硬脑膜下血肿(CSDH)的疗效。方法本组69例CSDH均经头颅CT和MRI检查确诊,采用YL-1型一次性使用颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针进行血肿微创穿刺,冲洗引流,血肿量约60~200 ml,引流时间3~5 d。结果69例穿刺经一次性冲洗引流后治愈,无术后并发症。结论CSDH行微创穿刺冲洗引流,创伤小,效果好,简便廉验,可作为CSDH的有效治疗首选方法之一。掌握手术操作技术是取得良好疗效的关键。     

微创穿刺引流术治疗高血压脑出血的护理体会

目的探讨微创穿刺引流术治疗高血压脑出血的护理体会。方法对52例接受微创穿刺引流术的高血压脑出血患者,实施术前心理、术中配合、术后病情监测及康复指导等围术期护理措施。结果 52例患者中47例血肿清除量满意,顺利拔除引流管。引流时间3~7 d,平均4.60 d。3例引流第3天病情加重,遂转开颅手术。2例因病情恶化自动出院。出院时完全恢复生活自理11例(21.15%),部分生活自理19例(36.54%),重度致残、完全需要帮助18例(34.62%),死亡4例(7.69%)。结论微创穿刺引流术治疗高血压脑出血,创伤小,能降低致残率和致死率。做好围术期护理,可提高患者生存质量,降低病死率。     

小骨窗开颅术与血肿穿刺引流治疗高血压脑出血的比较

目的比较小骨窗开颅术和颅骨钻孔血肿穿刺引流术的临床效果。方法2000年1月~2005年1月,我院将320例高血压脑出血分为小骨窗开颅组(n=178)和颅骨钻孔血肿穿刺引流组(n=142),比较2组术后疗效和残死率。结果引流组手术时间(41.5±26.0)m in明显短于开颅组的(126.1±34.0)m in(t=-24.482,P=0.000)。术后7 d复查CT,血肿完全清除率开颅组(78.1%,139/178)明显高于引流组(59.9%,85/142)(2χ=12.501,P=0.000),待患者出院时颅内血肿均基本消除。术后1年恢复率(ADLⅠ~Ⅲ级)引流组(73.9%,105/142)与开颅组(78.1%,139/178)无显著性差异(2χ=0.101,P=0.750)。结论小骨窗开颅术和颅骨钻孔血肿穿刺引流术的临床早期治疗效果理想,开颅术血肿清除率高于引流术,引流术手术时间较短,利于深部血肿的清除。     

方体定位置软管引流治疗基底节小量脑出血30例分析

目的观察导致神经功能缺损的基底节小量出血的微创治疗效果。方法对30例伴有明显偏瘫等神经功能缺损的基底节出血(10~30 m L)患者(观察组),在出血24~72 h内,行CT导向下的方体定位置软管引流术,术后以尿激酶2万~5万单位血肿腔注入,2次/d,并早期行高压氧、针刺及康复治疗。对照组28例行常规非手术方法治疗,比较2组治疗效果。结果观察组血肿3~5 d基本消失(残余量3 m L)21例,大部分消失9例,无再出血病例。平均住院时间25.00 d。出院3个月随访,恢复良好(日常生活活动能力分级为1~2级)25例(83.33%)。对照组血肿消失时间20~40 d,平均29 d。平均住院时31 d。出院3个月随访,恢复良好15例(53.57%)。2组差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论方体定位置软管引流治疗基底节小量脑出血,创伤小,恢复时间短,可有效提高患者神经功能缺损恢复,改善预后,效果良好。     

硬膜外血肿穿颅清除术24例临床体会

目的总结穿颅清除术治疗急性外伤性硬膜外血肿的临床体会。方法回顾性分析24例急性外伤性硬膜外血肿实施选择性穿颅清除术的临床资料,采用弦距定位法确定穿刺点,选用颅内血肿粉碎穿刺针进行穿刺、抽吸、冲洗、粉碎、液化及引流。结果本组平均治疗时间3.4(2~5)d,无一例再出血或死亡,亦无中转开颅手术,CT复查示血肿清除率达85%~95%,随访3~6个月,本组GOS评分均为良好。结论选择性穿颅清除术治疗急性外伤性硬膜外血肿方法简易、有效、安全、经济,值得推广。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.