P21WAF1/CLP1在甲状腺癌组织的表达及临床意义

[目的]探讨p21WAF/CLP与p53基因在甲状腺癌中的表达与病理类型和分化程度的关系。[方法］应用免疫组化技术检测甲状腺癌组织中的抑癌基因p2lWAF/CLPl及p53基因的表达。统计学采用x2检验。[结果]甲状腺腺瘤(TT),甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)、滤泡状癌(FTC)、未分化癌(UDC)组织p21蛋白阳性率分别为66.7％、62 5％、58.3％、50.0％,各组之间无显著差别(P＞0.05);高分化癌(WDC)、低分化癌(PDC)、UDC组织p21蛋白阳性率分别为67.7％、46.2％、50.0％,各组之间无显著差别(P＞0.05);PTC、FTC、UDC组织p53蛋白阳性率分别为31.3％、25.0％、64.3％,UDC与PTC、FTC之间存在显著差别(P＜0 05);WDC、PDC、UDC组织p53蛋白阳性率分别为l6.1％、61.5％、64.3％,WDC的阳性率明显低于PDC、UDC(P＜0.05);p53蛋白阳性的癌组织p21蛋白阳性率为40.9％(9/22),p53蛋白阴性的癌组织p21蛋白阳性率为69.4％(25/36),两者之间存在显者差异(P＜0 05)。[结论］甲状腺癌中p21WAF/CLP的表达与其病理类型和分化程度无关,而p53基因的表达与甲状腺癌病理类型和分化程度有关,p2WAFl/CLPl作为一新的抑癌基因,其表达相当程度上依赖于p53蛋白。     

动脉化疗栓塞对膀胱癌p53表达的影响及临床意义

目的探讨术前动脉化疗栓塞对膀胱癌组织p53蛋白表达的影响及临床意义。方法对50例化疗栓塞前后的膀胱癌肿瘤组织,应用免疫组织化学方法测定p53蛋白的表达,并分析p53蛋白与膀胱癌病理分级、临床分期以及预后的关系。结果化疗栓塞前高分级、浸润性膀胱癌p53蛋白阳性表达率高于低分级、非浸润性膀胱癌,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);化疗栓塞后p53降低程度随着肿瘤的病理分级、临床分期的升高而增加,化疗栓塞前后p53中高度阳性表达率分别为64.0%、30.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);化疗栓塞前后高分级和浸润性膀胱癌组织中p53蛋白中高度阳性表达水平差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。经随访19.8月,总生存率为88.0%,复发率为18.0%(9/50),术后生存率与p53蛋白阳性表达强度间差异在化疗栓塞前无统计学意义(P>0.05),但在化疗栓塞后有统计学意义(P<0.05),而复发率与化疗栓塞前后p53蛋白阳性表达强度间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 p53表达可作为膀胱癌恶性程度判断的预后估计的指标,术前动脉化疗栓塞可以明显降低膀胱癌p53表达,调节膀胱癌的分化程度,降低复发率,提高生存率。     

乳腺癌中DNA修复基因MGMT和抑癌基因p53表达的相关性

[目的]探讨乳腺癌组织中,修复基因MGMT与抑癌基因p53蛋白表达的相关性。[方法]应用免疫组化方法同时检测40例乳腺癌和10例良性乳腺疾病组织中MGMT和p53蛋白表达。[结果]良性乳腺疾病组织MGMT蛋白表达均为阳性,p53蛋白表达均为阴性。乳腺癌22.5%丧失表达MGMT蛋白,55.0%p53蛋白表达阳性。乳腺癌组织MGMT阴性表达患者5年生存率(33.3%)明显低于MGMT阳性(80.6%)表达患者(P<0.05)。[结论]p53基因表达对MGMT基因表达起负性调节作用。MGMT蛋白表达丧失可作为判断乳腺癌患者预后的指标之一。     

CDKN2A基因座在膀胱癌中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨CDKN2A基因座两种编码产物p16INK4A和p14ARF在膀胱癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法:采用免疫组织化学技术SP法观察13例正常膀胱组织和52例膀胱尿路上皮癌组织中p16INK4A和p14ARF的表达情况。结果:p16INK4A在正常组织、膀胱癌中阳性表达率分别为84.62%(11/13)、40.38%(21/52),两组间差异显著(P<0.01)。p14ARF在正常膀胱组织、膀胱癌中阳性表达率分别为92.31%(12/13)、23.08%(12/52),两组间差异显著(P<0.01)。p16INK4A和p14ARF的阳性表达率与肿瘤病理分级、临床分期呈负相关(P<0.05);两者在膀胱癌中的表达没有相关性(P>0.05),但他们均与患者的预后正相关(P<0.05)。结论:p16INK4A和p14ARF在膀胱癌中的表达异常与膀胱癌的发生发展密切相关,但它们所起的生物学作用不尽相同,联合检测两者的表达可能为膀胱癌的早期诊断及预后判断提供帮助。     

p21~(WAF1/CIP1)在甲状腺癌组织的表达及临床意义

[目的]探讨 p21WAF1/CIP1与 p53基因在甲状腺癌中的表达与病理类型和分化程度的关系。[方法]应用免疫组化技术检测甲状腺癌组织中的抑癌基因 p21WAF1/CIP1及 p53基因的表达。统计学采用 χ2 检验。[结果]甲状腺腺瘤(TT) ,甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)、滤泡状癌(FTC)、未分化癌(UDC)组织 p21蛋白阳性率分别为66 7%、62 5 %、58 3 %、50 0% ,各组之间无显著差别(P>0 05) ;高分化癌(WDC)、低分化癌(PDC)、UDC组织p21蛋白阳性率分别为67 7 %、46 2 %、50 0 % ,各组之间无显著差别(P>0 05) ;PTC、FTC、UDC组织 p53蛋白阳性率分别为31 3%、25 0 %、64 3 % ,UDC与PTC、FTC之间存在显著差别(P<0 05) ;WDC、PDC、UDC组织 p53蛋白阳性率分别为16 1 %、61 5 %、64 3 % ,WDC的阳性率明显低于PDC、UDC(P<0 05) ;p53蛋白阳性的癌组织 p21蛋白阳性率为40 9%(9/22) ,p53蛋白阴性的癌组织 p21蛋白阳性率为69 4%(25/36) ,两者之间存在显者差异(P<0 05)。[结论]甲状腺癌中 p21WAF1/CIP1的表达与其病理类型和分化程度无关 ,而 p53基因的表达与甲状腺癌病理类型和分化程度有关 ,p21WAF1/CIP1作为一新的抑癌基因 ,其表达相当程度上依赖于 p53蛋白。     

直肠癌survivin表达及其与p53,bax表达关系

[目的]探讨survivin在直肠癌的表达以及与p53,bax表达的关系。[方法]应用免疫组织化学SP法,检测60例直肠癌组织survivin,p53和bax表达以及相应癌旁正常直肠黏膜组织survivin表达。[结果]直肠癌组织survivin的表达(63.33%)显著高于正常直肠黏膜组织(0)(P<0.01),其表达与年龄、性别、大体病理类型、浸润深度、分化程度、Dukes分期无显著性相关,p53表达阳性直肠癌组织中survivin表达明显高于阴性组(P<0.05)。[结论]Survivin过度表达在直肠癌的发生发展过程中起重要作用,survivin表达与p53表达密切相关。     

食管鳞状细胞癌中nm23-H1和p53蛋白表达及其相互关系

目的:探讨食管鳞癌组织中p53和nm23-H1蛋白的表达与癌组织分化浸润转移的关系,以及探讨两者之间的相关性,并进一步分析癌组织中p53和nm23-H1蛋白表达对食管癌患者的预后意义。方法:采用免疫组织化学(S-P法)方法对100例人食管鳞癌组织中的p53和nm23-H1蛋白的表达情况进行检测。结果:100例食管鳞癌组织中,nm23-H1阳性表达者70例(阳性率为70%),p53阳性表达者64例(阳性率为64%)。nm23-H1蛋白表达与食管癌淋巴结转移有关(P<0.025),与食管鳞状细胞癌的分化程度、肿瘤部位、浸润深度、病变长度以及患者性别、年龄无关(P>0.05)。p53蛋白表达与食管鳞状细胞癌的分化程度、浸润深度有关(P<0.05),与食管癌淋巴结转移、肿瘤部位、病变长度、患者性别、年龄无关(P>0.05)。高分化鳞癌组织中p53明显低表达(29.2%);低分化鳞状细胞癌组织中p53表达明显增高(71.4%)。食管外膜受累者p53表达较高(56%);仅发生食管粘膜和(或)粘膜下浸润组的癌组织中未发现有p53蛋白的表达。食管癌组织中nm23-H1蛋白低(高)表达与p53高(低)表达之间有明显相关性(P<0.01)。nm23-H1和p53蛋白表达亦与食管癌的TNM分期密切相关(P<0.05)。食管癌TNM分期越晚,其癌组织中nm23-H1蛋白表达越低,p53蛋白表达越高。结论:nm23-H1基因低表达与p53基因高表达可能在食管鳞状细胞癌浸润转移过程中发挥重要作用。nm23-H1可以作为食管鳞状细胞癌患者预后的基因标记,其蛋白表达产物的检测可以用于患者预后的判断,并为患者治疗方案的制定提供参考。     

膀胱癌细胞凋亡及p53基因表达的意义

目的探讨膀胱癌细胞凋亡及p53基因表达的意义。方法采用免疫组织化学方法及TUNEL法,检测11例正常膀胱黏膜和83例膀胱移行细胞癌中p53基因的表达及细胞凋亡指数。结果83例膀胱移行细胞癌中p53阳性50.6%,凋亡指数(AI)=1.4335±0.3863。p53阳性表达与膀胱癌病理分级及临床分期呈正相关(γ=0.492,P<0.01;γ=0.341,P<0.01);凋亡指数(AI)与膀胱癌病理分级及临床分期呈正相关(γ=0.642,P=0.000<0.01;γ=0.455,P=0.000<0.01);AI与p53表达无相关性。AI、p53表达与患者5年生存率有关。结论临床联合运用临床分期及病理分级并检测p53可用于判断膀胱移行细胞癌的预后。     

膀胱移行细胞癌中p53突变、bcl-2和PCNA表达的临床意义

目的　　探讨膀胱癌中bcl-2、p53、PCNA表达与细胞增殖、凋亡和临床病理学参数之间的关系。方法　　SABC 免疫组化分折62例(T1GI —G339 例,T2-T4aG3　NOM023例)甲醛固定和石蜡包埋的膀胱癌标本bcl-2、p53 和PCNA蛋白的免疫反应性。平均随访37个月,24例复发。增殖指数(PI)表示肿瘤细胞中PCNA阳性细胞百分比。TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡,凋亡指数(AI)表示肿瘤细胞中凋亡细胞的百分比。结果　　62例膀胱癌中,50例(80.0%)发生p53突变,与G1(72.7%)和G2(78.5%)相比较G3(91.3%)更多见(P<0.05);pT2期(95.7%)p53突变率较pTa-1期(74.3%)高(P<0.叭)。14例(22.5%)发现有bel-2表达,bcl-2表达阳性率G3明显高于G1和G2(P<0.05),与分期无关(P>0.05)。Bcl-2表达与p53突变无关。在膀胱癌中,PI 为17.2%～41.8%(平均为22.4%),AI为1.9%-3.5%(平均为2.9%)。统计分析显示PI与肿瘤分级、分期关系密切,AI与肿瘤的分级有明显关系。结论　　结果表明,p53突变与浸润性行为呈正相关。在膀胱癌中p53和PCNA过表达可能能提供有价值的预后信息。随着肿瘤的进展,肿瘤细胞过度增殖可能伴有频繁的凋亡,但增殖指数的增加明显强于凋亡指数的增加。     

鼻腔NK/T细胞淋巴瘤中p53相关蛋白和潜伏膜蛋白1的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨鼠双微体2(mdm2)、p53、p21基因和潜伏膜蛋白1(LMP-1)在鼻腔NK/T细胞淋巴瘤(NKTL)中的表达及相互作用关系,以及其与NKTL临床分期和预后的关系.方法 收集62例NKTL患者的临床病理资料,并进行随访.取62例NKTL组织构建组织芯片,采用免疫组化SP法检测mdm2、pS3、p21及LMP-1蛋白的表达情况;应用原位杂交法检测EBER1/2的表达.结果 mdm2、p53、p21和LMP-1蛋白在NKTL中的阳性表达率分别为61.3%、79.0%、58.1%和48.4%,EBER1/2的阳性表达率为90.3%.随着肿瘤临床分期的进展,mdm2、p53和p21蛋白的阳性表达率逐渐升高,并与临床分期相关(均P<0.05).mdm2、p53和p21蛋白的表达呈正相关(P<0.05),其阴性表达组患者的预后均好于阳性表达组(均P<0.05).LMP-1蛋白的表达与临床分期和预后无关(P>0.05).p53蛋白的表达水平是NKTL的独立预后因素.结论 mdm2、p53、p21的蛋白表达与NKTL的发生和发展密切相关,可作为评估NKTL生物学行为的良好指标.p53蛋白的表达水平是NKTL的独立预后因素.     

INK4系列抑癌基因纯合子缺失、甲基化与白血病预后的实验研究

 目的　研究INK4系列抑癌基因纯合子缺失、甲基化与白血病预后的关系。方法　采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）研究p16基因家族在白血病中纯合子缺失,应用甲基化敏感限制内切酶HpaⅡ结合PCR技术研究白血病患者p16、p15、p18、p19 基因甲基化状况,用单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析其基因失活与急性白血病（AL）预后的关系。结果　基因表达组治疗有效27例（84.38 %）,基因失活组治疗有效11例（28.95 %）,基因表达组治疗有效率明显高于基因失活组（P＜0.001）。单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示p16、p15 基因失活化疗有效率明显低于基因表达组。结论　p16、p15基因失活可作为AL病程进展、复发、预后的指标之一。     

Expression of p16, p27, p53, p73 and Nup88 proteins in matched primary and metastatic melanoma cells

Cutaneous melanoma is a tumor with high metastatic potential, but the mechanisms leading to progression are still not fully understood. In this study, we examined whether p16, p27, p53, p73 and Nup88 proteins were involved in the progression from primary to metastatic melanomas by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting in eleven melanoma cell lines from five matched primary and metastatic melanomas. We demonstrated that the primary and metastatic melanomas expressed differently p16, p27, p73 and Nup88 proteins. When expressed in the primary melanoma cells p16 and p27 were lost or reduced in almost all the metastatic melanoma cell lines. In contrast, p73 and Nup88 were expressed in most of the tested melanoma cell lines and were increased in the metastatic melanomas. p53 was expressed at the same level in both the primary and metastatic melanoma cells. These data suggest that a reduced expression of p16 and p27 and an enhanced expression of p73 and Nup88 might play an important role in the progression of melanoma from primary tumor to metastasis.     

Alterations of the p53, p21, p16, p15 and RAS genes in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We investigated the alterations of the p53, p21, p16, p15 and RAS genes in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and T-ALL cell lines by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing. Mutations of the p53 gene were found in three of 57 (5%) patients at diagnosis, one of 14 (7%) patients at relapse and in 12 of 18 (67%) cell lines. In these 12 cell lines, four had more than two mutations of the p53 gene. The p53 mutations were found in four of five cell lines whose original fresh leukemic cells were simultaneously examined original fresh leukemic cells. However, only one of the four fresh leukemic cells had the same mutation. All patients with p53 mutations in the course of disease died. Mutations of the p21 gene were not identified in 71 fresh samples and in 18 cell lines. N-RAS mutations were found in two of 57 (4%) fresh T-ALL patients at diagnosis, and four of 18 cell lines (22%), whereas no mutations were detected in any samples at relapse. Alterations of the p16 gene were found in 18 of 47 (38%) patients at diagnosis and in seven of 14 (50%) at relapse. These differences were not statistically significant. There were no differences in the frequency of alteration of the p16 and p15 genes between event-free patients and the remaining patients. Furthermore, we found the methylation of p16 gene in three of seven patients lacking homozygous deletions, suggesting higher frequency of p16 inactivation than previous reports in T-ALL. Interestingly, we found that one allele is inactivated by methylation and another allele had nonsense mutation in one cell line (KOPT-KI), resulting in loss of protein expression of p16. This type of p16 inactivation has not been so far reported in leukemia. We conclude that, (1) p53 mutations are infrequent at diagnosis but tend to be associated with poor clinical outcome; (2) RAS and p21 mutations may not be involved in the pathogenesis of T-ALL; (3) not only frequent alterations of p16 and p15 genes but also methylation of p16 gene are involved in initiating the leukemogenesis of T-ALLs, and (4) these 5 genes are independently involved in T-ALL.     

Aberrant Expression of pRb, p16, p14ARF, MDM2, p21 and p53 in Squamous Cell Carcinomas of Lung

Expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins in both the RB and p53 pathways was investigated in 50 cases of squamaous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung using immunohistochemical techniques.Abnormality of pRb and p16 expression was seen at the frequencies of 16% and 78%, respectively, and appeared to be in a reciprocal relationship. On the other hand, strong and diffuse p53 immunoreactivity was seen in 60% of SCCs. MDM2 and p14ARF expression. Moreover, strong p53 expression Moreover, strong p53 expression was not correlated with the expression of p21. In comparing clinicopathological status with immunohistochemical results, lack of p16 immunoreactivity was observed in the elderly group (over 65 years) as compared with the younger group (less than 65 years) Strong p53 expression was frequently observed in higher stages of SCC, with the developing tumor located in the central field of the lung. Similarly, the frequency of p14ARF expression was high in centrally developed SCC, but low in SCC developed in the periphery. These results suggest that disruption of the RB and p53 pathways is a frequent event in SCC, and that abnormal expression of p16 and p53 plays a more critical role than that of pRB, p14ARF and MDM2 in the development of SCC of the lung.     

p29ING4 and p28ING5 bind to p53 and p300, and enhance p53 activity

We identified and characterized two new ING family genes, p29ING4 and p28ING5,coding for two proteins of 249 and 240 amino acids, respectively. Both p29ING4 and p28ING5 proteins have a plant homeodomain finger motif also found in other ING proteins, and which is common in proteins involved in chromatin remodeling. p29ING4 or p28ING5 overexpression resulted in a diminished colony-forming efficiency, a decreased cell population in S phase, and the induction of apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner. Both p29ING4 and p28ING5 activate the p21/waf1 promoter, and induce p21/WAF1 expression. p29ING4 and p28ING5 enhance p53 acetylation at Lys-382 residues, and physically interact with p300, a member of histone acetyl transferase complexes, and p53 in vivo. These results indicate that p29ING4 and p28ING5 may be significant modulators of p53 function.     

A Comparative Study of Glioma Cell Lines for p16, p15, p53 and p21 Gene Alterations

A total of 10 glioma cell lines were examined for alterations of the p16, p15, p53 and p21 genes, which are tumor suppressor genes or candidates with direct or indirect CDK-inhibitory functions. Genetic alterations (deletions or mutations) were frequently seen in the p16, p15 and p53 genes in these cell lines, but not in the p21 gene. When the states of the p16, p15 and p53 genes were compared among cell lines, all the cell lines showed abnormalities in at least 1 gene, often in 2 or 3 genes coincidentally, suggesting that dysfunction of these genes is closely related to glioma cell growth. Although alteration of all 3 genes was most frequent, there were cell lines having either p16/p15 or p53 or p16 and p53 gene alterations, suggesting that the time order of these genetic alterations was variable depending on the cell line. Among cell lines examined, one with homozygous p53 gene deletion seemed of particular practical value, since such a cell line might be useful in various studies, including investigation of the functions of various mutant p53 genes in the absence of heteromeric protein formation. On examination of the primary tumor tissues, the same alterations of the p16/p15 and p53 genes as detected in the cell lines were demonstrated in all 6 cases examined: p16/p15 gene deletion in 1, p16 gene mutation in 1 and p53 gene mutations in 5 cases. This suggested that the p16/p15 and the p53 gene alterations and their combinations in at least some glioma cell lines reflected those in the primary glioma tissues.     

Aberrant expression of pRb, p16, p14ARF, MDM2, p21 and p53 in squamous cell carcinomas of lung.

Expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins in both the RB and p53 pathways was investigated in 50 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung using immunohistochemical techniques. Abnormality of pRb and p16 expression was seen at the frequencies of 16% and 78%, respectively, and appeared to be in a reciprocal relationship. On the other hand, strong and diffuse p53 immunoreactivity was seen in 60% of SCCs. MDM2 and p14ARF expressions were each observed in about half of the cases of SCC and were not significantly associated with strong p53 immunoreactivity. Statistical analysis revealed that p14ARF expression was significantly correlated with both p16 and MDM2 expression. Moreover, strong p53 expression was not correlated with the expression of p21. In comparing clinicopathological status with the immunohistochemical results, lack of p16 immunoreactivity was observed in the elderly group (over 65 years) as compared with the younger group (less than 65 years). Strong p53 expression was frequently observed in higher stages of SCC, with the developing tumor located in the central field of the lung. Similarly, the frequency of p14ARF expression was high in centrally developed SCC, but low in SCC developed in the periphery. These results suggest that disruption of the RB and p53 pathways is a frequent event in SCC, and that abnormal expression of p16 and p53 plays a more critical role than that of pRB, p14ARF and MDM2 in the development of SCC of the lung.     

p185、ras p21、p53、p21、Rb蛋白在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的研究与细胞周期G1→S调控点相关的p185、rasp21、p53、p21、Rb蛋白在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达及相互间的关系,并探讨其临床应用价值.方法应用LSAB免疫组化法,检测21例正常子宫内膜、19例子宫内膜上皮内瘤样病变(EIN)及45例子宫内膜癌组织中p185、ras p21、p53、p21、Rb蛋白的表达.结果p185、ras p21、p53蛋白在正常子宫内膜、EIN至内膜癌组织中的表达率依次增高,p21、Rb蛋白表达率则依次降低;在子宫内膜癌组织中,p185蛋白表达与ras p21蛋白表达呈正相关(γ=0.363),与p53、p21表达呈负相关(γ=-0.448;γ=-0.303),ras p21,p53蛋白表达与p21蛋白表达均呈负相关(γ=-0.365;γ=-0.322),p21蛋白与Rb蛋白表达呈正相关(γ=0.441).p185蛋白的表达与子宫内膜癌病理分级有关,单因素分析其为1个预后保护性因素(P＜0.05);p53蛋白的表达与各临床病理因素均有关,其单因素及多因素分析均提示预后差(P＜0.05).结论与细胞周期G1→S调控相关的p185、ras p21、p53、p21、Rb蛋白均参与子宫内膜癌的发生、发展过程,且部分基因相互关联;p53可作为其独立的预后因素.     

pRB, p53, p16INK4a, senescence and malignant transformation

Recent works aimed at clarifying the respective roles of p16INKa and p14ARF (both located on the same INK4a locus on chromosome 9p21 in man) in malignant transformation come to the conclusion that p16INK4a is the true tumor suppressor gene in man. In mouse, it is the p19ARF knockout that suppresses the barrier protecting cells from malignant transformation. This situation is in agreement with p19ARF- and p16-mediated senescence induced by oncogenic mutated ras (Ras*) in mouse and man respectively. Other results have shown that senescence in human diploid fibroblasts is associated with heterochromatin occurrence that maintains in repressed state E2F1-induced gens required for G1 to S phases transition. Since RB protein is responsible for this chromatin modification, cells with any impaired RB pathway cannot enter into senescence.