我院急门诊处方点评及分析

对2013年1~12月的处方,每月随机抽取3天处方,共13854张,根据《处方管理办法》和《医院处方点评管理规范》标准进行点评,对不合理处方进行分析。我院急门诊处方平均用药3.2种,药品通用名使用率为100%,处方平均金额43.29元,抗菌药使用率37.53%,注射剂使用率30.68%,合格率93.15%。处方平均用药品种,通用名使用率,平均金额都符合标准,而合格率超过门诊医疗质量考核标准95%,抗菌药,注射剂的使用率都偏高。医院应提高临床医生对处方质量重要性的认识,加强合理用药的知识和法规的培训,加大监管力度,提高处方的质量和合理用药水平。     

我院门诊处方点评及结果分析

目的:通过对门诊处方用药情况分析,促进临床合理用药,保证医疗安全。方法:按照《处方管理办法》、《医院处方点评管理规范(试行)》、《医院抗生素分级管理目录》中的要求,抽查我院2014年和2015年门诊处方共7200张,对不规范处方、用药不适宜处方和基本指标情况进行归类,分析不合理处方存在问题。结果:平均每张处方用药品种数1.89,抗菌药物使用率为24.54%,注射剂使用率为47.54%,平均每张处方金额为82.90元,不合理处方为315张,处方合格率为95.63%。结论:在不断加强对处方质量书写和用药合理的监督中,门诊处方质量及合理用药情况有改善,但还存在一些问题仍需进一步加强管理。     

某院2013年6～11月份门诊处方点评与分析

目的调查海南省人民医院门诊处方用药情况,通过处方点评,分析不合理处方原因,为处方管理及干预提供依据,促进临床合理用药。方法随机抽取2013年6月至11月海南省人民医院门诊处方共720张,依据《处方管理办法》、《医院处方点评管理规范(试行)》、《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》、药品说明书及海南省人民医院处方点评制度等进行逐张审核,并对结果进行统计分析。结果每张处方平均药品品种数为2.12,平均处方金额为184.76元,抗菌药物使用率为27.50%,注射剂使用率为22.08%,国家基本药物使用率为31.07%,药品通用名使用率为97.83%。处方合格率92.64%,不合理处方主要表现为不规范处方和不适宜处方。结论海南省人民医院门诊仍存在不合格处方和不合理用药现象,应持续开展处方点评工作,加强医务人员各项规章制度及专业知识的培训,提高临床合理用药水平。     

2011年门诊处方点评及合理用药分析

目的:对新疆伊犁州奎屯医院门诊处方用药情况进行调查和点评,以提高医院合理用药水平。方法:对2011年1—12月处方106 519张进行质量控制,每月随机抽取100张门诊处方,根据《医院处方点评管理规范》标准进行点评,对用药情况进行综合分析。结果:我院门诊处方平均用药2.15种;药品通用名使用率为98.8%;抗菌药物平均使用率为25.07%;注射剂使用率为26.59%;基本药物使用率为100%;处方平均金额为147.26元。结论:处方平均用药品种数、药品通用名使用率、基本药物使用率、处方平均金额等方面符合合理用药标准;抗菌药物平均使用率、注射剂使用率等存在一定程度的不合理情况。医院应加大管理力度,采取切实有效措施促进合理用药。     

门急诊处方点评分析

目的规范处方管理,提高处方质量,促进合理用药。方法按科室分层等比抽取每月每个星期一处方100人次,按照《处方管理办法》、《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》、《医院处方点评管理规范（试行）》点评标准的有关规定,对所查处方进行点评,填写《处方评价表》,计算门诊处方用药指标。结果 2011年9月至2012年9月共抽查门诊处方5696张,合格处方5321张,合格率为93.42%,平均每张处方用药品种数为1.82种,抗菌药物使用率为18.98%,注射剂使用率为14.57%,基本药物占处方用药的44.14%,药品通用名占处方用药的100%,平均每张处方金额为79.94元。结论处方书写基本合格,但仍存在用药不合理、书写不规范的情况,应加大对《处方管理办法》的贯彻执行力度和门诊处方检查力度,使处方书写进一步规范化,提高临床合理用药。     

876例门诊不合理处方的点评与分析

目的:通过对门诊不合理处方的点评与分析,促进临床药物的合理应用。方法:采用随机方法抽取9 000张门诊处方,根据《处方管理办法》、《医院处方点评管理规范(试行)》、药品说明书及其他相关资料,进行点评与分析。结果:9 000张门诊处方合格率为90.30%,单张处方平均开具药品1.98种,处方平均金额65.36元,抗菌药物使用率为34.39%,注射剂使用率为28.66%,基本药物使用率为60.71%,药品通用名使用率为99.12%。其中,不合理处方876例(占9.73%),包括处方书写不规范和处方用药不规范;抗菌药物使用不合理的处方有108张,占不合理处方总数的12.33%。结论:通过对不合理处方的点评与分析,可针对发现的问题及时采取相应的措施,以更好地保障临床用药的合理、安全、有效。     

门急诊处方点评结果及模式分析

目的：提高医院处方质量,探索处方点评工作的新模式,促进临床合理用药。方法：抽取2011年7月—2012年6月安徽医科大学附属省立医院每月100例门、急诊处方,根据《处方管理办法》、《医院处方点评管理规范（试行）》以及《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》等进行点评、统计和分析,前6个月为手工完成,后6个月为应用处方点评软件进行点评,对比2种点评模式。结果：我院门、急诊处方平均用药2.3种;系统模板修改后药品通用名使用率为100%;抗菌药物平均使用率为21.9%;注射剂平均使用率为23.7%;基本药物平均使用率为27.3%;处方平均金额为264.4元;所有抽取的处方中不合理处方327例,其中不规范处方101例,占不合理处方的30.9%,不适宜处方223例,占不合理处方的66.2%,超常处方3例,占不合理处方的0.9%;对比手工与应用软件进行处方点评,可以看出2种模式各有利弊,但是处方点评软件的应用更符合信息化发展的需求。结论：处方点评工作的开展,使我院处方规范性、合理性有较大提高;处方点评软件的应用提高了处方点评工作效率,同时适应了医院信息化的发展。     

我院门急诊处方点评及用药分析

目的加强门急诊处方管理,提高处方质量,促进合理用药,保证患者用药安全。方法随机抽取我院2009年1-12月门急诊处方12000张,按照《处方管理办法》的规定进行处方点评并统计分析。结果全年共抽查处方12000张,不合格处方率为7.9%,药品通用名使用率为93.3%,抗菌药使用率为29.6%,注射剂使用率为28.2%,平均每张处方药品种数为2.9。结论处方点评可以提高医生和药师的用药水平,保证用药安全,提高医疗服务水平。     

开封市妇幼保健院门诊处方点评与合理用药分析

目的:根据《处方管理办法》中处方评价表,点评门诊处方规范性,提高合理用药水平。方法:随机抽取开封市妇幼保健院2011—2013年第4季度门诊处方,共计1 800张,按照《医院处方点评管理规范(试行)》进行处方点评,并作评价与分析。结果:该院2011年第4季度、2012年第4季度、2013年第4季度每张处方平均用药数分别为2.42种、2.38种、2.32种,抗菌药物使用率分别为45.50%、35.83%、27.33%;注射剂使用率分别为40.17%、31.17%、26.33%;基本药物使用率分别为61.58%、65.59%、72.25%;药品通用名使用率分别为99.70%、99.75%、99.86%;处方平均金额分别为86.77元、76.35元,64.50元;药占比分别为45.71%、32.62%、28.63%;处方合理率分别为92.17%、93.33%、95.67%。结论:通过门诊处方点评,处方质量明显改善,合理用药水平得到提高,从而保障医疗安全。     

门急诊处方点评与合理用药的持续质量改进

目的：评价我院门急诊处方书写质量,了解处方存在的问题,规范医疗行为,确保医疗安全,提高合理用药水平。方法：采用回顾性分析方法,随机抽取我院2010-2013年开具的门急诊处方9 687张,按照《医院处方点评管理规范（试行）》进行点评、统计和分析。结果：2013年平均每张处方用药品种数2.2种,平均每张处方金额为102.9元,抗菌药物使用率29.5%,注射剂使用率27.0%。不合理处方比例为0.7%,与2010年、2011年、2012年比较,2013年不合理处方比例显著降低。结论：实施处方点评对本院规范处方书写和合理用药起到了显著的促进作用,但力度及深度仍有待提高。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.