Delayed development of the scrotum in exstrophy.

Early attempts at orchiopexy should be avoided in children with exstrophy, since the testes will often descend spontaneously by puberty. In many cases the scrotum will grow much larger and will become pendulous by puberty. In a patient with a rudimentary scrotum orchiopexy will only result in fixing the testes in an abnormally high position owing to the lack of a sac into which to place them. If the scrotum develops later the testicles will probably be unable to descend further. Scrotal skin should not be used for urethroplasty operations in children with exstrophy and special techniques should be applied if it is necessary to repair hernias in these patients. In the child with partially descended testes but with only a small patch of wrinkled scrotum efforts may be undertaken to increase scrotal size by topical hormone treatment (or by injections) before the onset of puberty to help fertility and emotional development.     

重建阴囊对睾丸生精功能影响的临床观察及实验研究

目的　探讨重建阴囊对睾丸生精功能的影响。方法　对 2例阴囊皮肤撕脱伤后采用髂腹股沟皮瓣重建阴囊进行长达 4年的随访 ,并分别作了精液常规检查、睾丸活检、性功能及性激素水平测定。为排除临床上可能存在的睾丸及精索挫伤造成的生精功能障碍 ,以育龄家兔为实验动物 ,手术剥脱其阴囊 ,采用下腹部皮瓣重建 ,观察其睾丸的生精功能情况。结果　临床病例随访显示 ,在重建阴囊早期 ,对睾丸的生精功能影响不大 ,但随着时间延长 ,精子数及活动率明显降低。皮瓣重建家兔阴囊 2个月后 ,其睾丸的生精功能明显下降 ,与育龄雌兔交配 ,无生育能力。结论　对阴囊皮肤撕脱伤采用较厚的皮瓣重建应慎重。     

钬激光治疗阴囊Paget病的临床疗效观察

目的探讨钬激光治疗阴囊Paget病的疗效。方法 17例患者,年龄56~86岁,平均71岁,术前均行皮肤活检证实,分期为A期,进行钬激光治疗。结果手术时间20~60 min,术后均Ⅰ期愈合。3例术后局部复发,再次行钬激光治疗,术后随访1~2年未见复发。其余14例随访1~3年无复发。结论钬激光治疗可以成为治疗阴囊Paget病A期患者的主要方法。     

阴囊、阴茎Paget病的整形外科治疗

目的:探讨阴囊、阴茎Paget病的临床特征及整形外科治疗方法。方法:分析1997~2007年收治的11例阴囊、阴茎Paget病,术前均经临床诊断和病理检查,手术采用扩大切除病变,然后用局部随意皮瓣、岛状皮瓣转移或辅以游离皮片移植等整形方法修复病变切除后遗留的缺损。结果:1例因感染皮瓣部分裂开而延迟愈合,其余10例伤口均愈合良好,11例均得到术后1~4年随访,1例2年后复发再次手术治疗,1例4年后死于淋巴瘤合并肺部感染。本组患者阴囊、阴茎基本上保存了原来的形态及收缩性,形态和功能均较满意。结论:在根除病变的同时采用整形外科方法既能修复阴囊、阴茎Paget病的皮损,又能完好地恢复其外形及功能。     

Two cases of traumatic denudation of the penile and scrotal skin

Two cases of denudation injuries of the penis and the scrotum are reviewed. In the first case a total skin erosion of the penis and scrotum has happened. In the second injury, the major part of the skin was lost. The reconstructive operations are shown in a series of photographs. Replacement of the total skin deficiency was performed by placing a split-thickness graft on the penis, while reconstruction of the scrotum was carried out by using a thigh pedicle flap. In the second case partial loss of the skin could be replaced by mobilizing the free skin edges.     

EXTRAMAMMARY PAGET's DISEASE OF THE PENIS AND SCROTUM: EXCISION, RECONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF OCCULT MALIGNANCY

PURPOSE: We describe treatment and reconstruction in patients after surgery for extramammary Paget's disease of the penis and scrotum. We also investigated whether this disease causes an increased risk of undiagnosed visceral malignancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the databases at our institution from 1996 to 2000 and identified 6 men 67 to 87 years old (mean age 76). In addition, we reviewed the literature on the clinical and pathological features of this disease. RESULTS: In our 6 patients scrotal involvement was present in 83% and penile extramammary Paget's disease was present in 33%. Each man underwent wide local excision and large skin defects were immediately reconstructed with split-thickness skin grafts. In 1 case extramammary Paget's disease had spread to the superficial inguinal nodes. At a mean followup of 29 months there has been no local recurrence and internal malignancy has not been diagnosed. Our literature review revealed 13 patients with penoscrotal extramammary Paget's disease and visceral malignancy, including 12 (92%) with malignancy of the genitourinary system. CONCLUSIONS: Extramammary Paget's disease of the penis and scrotum is a rare disease that can be managed by excision and immediate reconstruction with skin grafting or a local skin flap. Disease may spread to the regional lymph nodes. Although genitourinary cancer may accompany penoscrotal extramammary Paget's disease, an extensive search for cancer of the thorax or abdomen may be unnecessary because only 1 reported case of colon cancer has been associated with penile or scrotal extramammary Paget's disease.     

应用局部皮瓣治疗会阴区瘢痕挛缩

目的：探讨各种原因引起的会阴区瘢痕挛缩的修复方法。方法：1991年1月－2000年1月共治疗会阴区瘢痕挛缩20例分别采用局部皮瓣转移术＋游离皮片移植，皮瓣移植术修复。如会阴周围有可供利用的正常皮肤，最好首先采用扩张术，将正常皮肤扩张后形成局部皮瓣加游离皮片移植修复。功能重要区域如耻骨联合，阴囊部可采用轴型皮瓣修复。结果：20例会阴区瘢痕，其中一次手术修复18例，近期效果满意。10例患者获得随访仍有部分功能障碍，需再次手术修复。结论：会阴区瘢痕挛缩的治疗，功能重要区域采用轴型皮瓣修复，其他区域以局部皮瓣加游离皮片移植修复为佳。     

Scrotal reconstruction using thigh pedicle flaps

A technique is described for reconstructing the scrotum in patients who have sustained massive loss of the skin overlying the scrotum and perineum. Scrotal reconstruction with superior and laterally based thigh flaps was done in 3 patients and all 3 had an acceptable cosmetic result. The procedure has the advantage of simplicity, early closure of the wound, excellent cosmetic appearance and maintenance of testicular function.     

Reparation of sequelae of penile-scrotal and perineal gangrene. Apropos of 4 cases

The authors report different techniques for surgical reconstruction of the sequelae of penile, scrotal and perineal gangrene. The repair of skin defects and the reconstruction of the scrotum requested several interventions. Where the scrotal skin loss was limited to a 1/2 of scrotum, the testis could be covered by mobilising the surrounding rim. When the disease was confined to the penis or inguinal region, skin cover has been provided by free grafts. More elaborate techniques of skin cover were necessary when the disease was extended to the whole scrotum: a fasciocutaneous flap from the thigh was used for reconstruction of the scrotum. The scrotal myocutaneous flap was used to cover skin and anterior urethral loss of tissue.     

Scrotoplasty for repair of prepenile scrotum

Our surgical technique of scrotoplasty for repair of prepenile scrotum performed at our Department is described. Inverted omega skin incision was made around the scrotal skin and base of the penis. Scrotal flaps were prepared and these were brought beneath the penis. These scrotal flaps were sutured in two layers, subcutaneous tissue with 3-0 or 2-0 chromic catgut and skin with 4-0 or 3-0 prolene. Twenty four patients with prepenile scrotum were operated on with this technique and cosmetic results were excellent. When complicated with hypospadias, scrotoplasty was performed as the third stage operation, following chordectomy and urethroplasty.     

会阴型尿道下裂的矫形和尿道重建

目的 探讨采用分期手术治疗会阴型尿道下裂,行阴茎、阴囊矫形、重建缺损尿道的临床效果.方法 22例会阴型尿道下裂采用分期手术：一期手术将阴茎海绵体完全伸直,阴茎包皮内板和背侧皮肤预置于阴茎腹侧和阴囊裂缝凹陷处;二期手术重建阴茎尿道采用半环状阴茎皮岛＋半环状膀胱黏膜丛行侧面缝合形成阴茎尿道,阴囊尿道采用一期预置的组织丛行卷曲侧侧缝合重建阴囊尿道,在两尿道的接合点端端吻合,同时施行阴囊矫形.结果 22例会阴型尿道下裂矫形后几乎接近正常状态,重建阴茎尿道长度为4～9 cm,平均7 cm.手术的成功率为68%（15/22）,尿瘘发生率为32%（7/22）,5例（5/22）发生阴茎阴囊尿道交界处狭窄,经尿道扩张治疗后痊愈.结论 会阴型尿道下裂行分期手术治疗可以修复超过10 cm长的缺损尿道,而且完成手术以后外形形态较好.     

阴囊坏疽的阴囊重建

目的探讨阴囊坏疽的诊断、治疗及阴囊重建方法.方法 1992年1月～2004年9月,对15例阴囊坏疽进行临床资料分析,年龄23～80岁.创面细菌培养阳性14例,无菌生长1例,其中血培养阳性1例.均行抗感染、外科清创及引流等治疗.2例行高压氧治疗.清创术后根据情况采用皮瓣转移、植皮、直接缝合等方法行阴茎阴囊修复重建,其中2例高龄患者行睾丸去势术.结果住院时间21～34 d,平均26 d.所有患者术后创面均Ⅰ期愈合.获随访1～3年,平均1.5年.13例保留睾丸者阴囊外观满意,性功能正常,无睾丸萎缩发生.下肢、阴囊及腹股沟区无不适.结论阴囊坏疽确诊后应早期广泛清创并联合应用抗生素治疗,加强局部引流,有条件者可行高压氧治疗,根据具体情况重建阴囊.     

Elephantiasis of the penis and scrotum. A review of 350 cases

Three hundred fifty patients with elephantiasis of the penis and scrotum were surgically treated by excision of all elephantoid skin and subcutaneous tissues. Before attempting to excise the extensive elephantoid tissues, the spermatic cord and testes with their coverings were taken out by two small lateral incisions, which made the operation easier and less time-consuming and minimized the complications. The skin of the scrotal neck was found to be the best for reconstruction of the scrotum to accommodate the two testes. The fascial penis is an ideal bed for intermediate split-thickness skin grafts. There was mechanical improvement in the physical disability, restoration of potency and sexual habits, and reduction of mental anguish.     

阴茎高压电烧伤的修复

目的 探讨阴茎高压电烧伤的修复方法。方法 153例高压电烧伤患者伴阴茎烧伤6例，其中全阴茎坏死3例、部分阴茎坏死1例、阴茎皮肤部分坏死1例、阴茎皮肤全部坏死1例。采用阴茎坏死皮肤直接切除缝合修复1例、皮片移植2例、阴囊皮瓣转移3例。结果 除2例患者阴茎缺如外，其余3例患者阴茎及1例后期再造阴茎的外观、功能满意。结论 阴茎高压电烧伤后采用阴囊皮瓣修复阴茎皮肤坏死，全阴茎坏死后选用腹部皮瓣行阴茎再造，均为较好的修复方法。     

应用会阴不同部位皮肤再造尿道远期微环境对比研究

目的:观察应用不同部位皮肤再造尿道的远期微环境差异及与正常尿道的差别,探讨哪些部位来源的皮肤适合用于再造尿道。方法:应用尿道镜、尿道造影及术中直视下观察应用阴囊、阴茎、包皮等不同部位皮肤再造尿道的远期外观。应用光镜观察应用不同部位皮肤再造尿道内壁结构、正常皮肤(包括阴囊、阴茎、包皮等部位皮肤)结构、正常尿道黏膜结构,并对比其差异。结果:应用不同部位皮肤再造尿道的远期外观均可以接近正常尿道黏膜,但结构与同源皮肤完全相同。应用不同部位皮肤再造尿道的皮肤附属器检出率与同源皮肤相近,不同部位皮肤附属器检出率递增顺序依次为:包皮内外板、阴茎体、阴囊中隔、阴囊。结论:应用皮肤再造尿道的远期结构仍为同源皮肤。从微环境角度来说,会阴皮肤用于再造尿道的选择顺序依次为:包皮内外板、阴茎体、阴囊中隔、阴囊。     

成人阴茎段尿道缺损的修复

目的 总结成人阴茎段尿道缺损的于术修复方法及阴囊中缝区皮瓣的临床应用。方法 2000年1月～2005年11月，对不同原因的阴茎段尿道缺损患者26例，年龄18～40岁。应用局部阴茎皮瓣再造缺损尿道，其中先天性阴茎型尿道下裂16例；外伤性阴茎中段尿道缺损6例。远段尿道缺损4例。外伤1～4年，曾行尿道造瘘术，反复尿道外口开大。应用以阴囊前、后动脉为蒂的阴囊中隔岛状皮瓣进行刚茎腹侧再造尿道表面创面的覆盖，皮瓣范围在阴囊中缝区宽2．5cm，长5．5cm内。结果 术后除4例患者并发感染而漏尿，术后2～4周内自行愈合外，其余患者伤口均Ⅰ期愈合。术后随访7个月～4年，阴茎无弯曲，排尿无异常。结论 应用阴茎局部皮瓣再造尿道及阴囊中缝区带蒂岛状皮瓣覆盖创面，是修复青春期后阴茎段尿道缺损一种良好的方法，下术操作简便，皮瓣血运可靠，修复后阴茎外形及功能均良好。     

Scrotal skin replacement for extramammary Paget's disease--a technique.

We describe a new method of "silk hat skin replacement" for extramammary Paget's disease in the scrotum. This method takes only a short time, and a scrotal raphe can be reconstructed.     

皮片游离移植修复阴囊撕脱伤对精子生成影响的实验研究及临床观察

目的 探讨皮片游离移植修复全阴囊皮肤撕脱伤对睾丸生精功能的影响.方法 以育龄期健康新西兰大白兔作为实验动物,雄性42只,雌性24只.将雄兔随机分为实验组(24只)及对照组(18只).将实验组动物双侧阴囊皮肤全层切除,采用腹部中厚皮片游离移植修复缺损.对照组未作处理.对照组及实验组造模后3周末、8周末时按随机数字表法各取6只动物采用温度计埋藏法测量睾丸表面温度,温度测量后取睾丸组织活检,常规HE染色.8周末将两组未采集活检的雄兔各12只分别与雌兔配对喂养半个月,观察对应母兔的生育情况.临床上对3例阴囊皮肤撕脱伤患者采用撕脱阴囊反取皮回植修复,并对其性生活情况及精液质量进行随访观察.结果 模型建立后3周末、8周末实验组的睾丸表面温度[(36.15±0.24)℃、(36.77±0.42)℃]与对照组的睾丸表面温度[(36.12±0.68)℃]接近,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);对照组HE染色曲细精管内见各级生精细胞,排列有序,管腔内见较多的成熟精子;实验组模型建立后第3周末的HE染色见曲细精管内生精细胞明显减少,排列紊乱,管腔未见精子,第8周末曲细精管内生精细胞增多,排列相对规整,部分管腔可见成熟的精子;配对喂养对照组雌兔受孕率12/12,平均生崽数(6.0±1.3)只;实验组雌兔受孕率8/12,平均生崽数(4.1±3.2)只,两组受孕率比较差异无统计学意义.临床3例患者游离植皮修复之阴囊在术后1～2个月可见早期皮片挛缩征象,但1年后均出现松弛而下垂,阴囊外形较满意,修复2年后患者的精液质量均恢复至正常.结论皮片游离移植修复全阴囊皮肤缺损对睾丸的精子发生干扰较小,可保留青壮年患者生育能力.     

Topical anesthesia with eutetic mixture of local anesthetics cream in vasectomy: 2 randomized trials.

Two paired randomized trials testing topical anesthesia with a eutetic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA cream*) in vasectomy were performed. In 1 trial EMLA cream was applied on 1 side of the scrotum, while infiltration anesthesia into the skin and subcutaneous tissue with mepivacaine was used on the contralateral side. All but 1 of the 13 patients (p less than 0.05) preferred infiltration anesthesia because of pain as the incision reached the subcutaneous tissue. In the other trial 29 patients received EMLA cream on 1 side of the scrotum before bilateral mepivacaine infiltration. There was significantly less pain on the sides with the anesthetic cream (p less than 0.001). Many patients would pay the price of the cream. In conclusion, EMLA cream cannot replace but it can supplement infiltration anesthesia during vasectomy.     

Clinical study on acute scrotum]

Between April 1986 and July 1990, we experienced 13 cases of acute scrotum with surgical exploration. Six of the patients had torsion of the spermatic cord; three had torsion of an appendix of the epididymis, one had torsion of a testicular appendix, one had testicular rupture, one had acute epididymitis and one was normal. Their ages ranged from 3 months to 55 years (mean: 17.7 years), and the patients with torsion of the spermatic cord ranged from 5 to 25 years in age (mean: 16.3 years). No specific symptoms, signs, or laboratory findings were noted in patients with torsion of the spermatic cord. In the majority of cases, scrotal swelling and redness of the scrotal skin were present, and we could not distinguish parts of the scrotal contents. From 2 to 92 hours had passed before the patients presented, and patients who first attended other clinics tended to be treated in an inappropriate manner. Orchidopexy was performed in all patients with torsion of the spermatic cord. At present, only one testis which was treated after a delay of 92 hours has proven to be atrophic. Early consultation of a urological clinic and early surgical exploration are important in the treatment of the acute scrotum.