IgA肾病患者血清IgA1与系膜细胞共培养上清诱导足细胞凋亡

目的 探讨IgA肾病(IgAN)患者血清IgA1与系膜细胞共培养上清对足细胞凋亡的影响。 方法 用Jacalin 亲和层析柱和Sephacryl S-200 分子筛纯化蛋白。单体IgA1（mIgA1）热聚合为聚合体IgA1（aIgA1）。实验分为患者上清组、健康上清组和对照组，系膜细胞分别与IgAN患者的aIgA1、健康对照的aIgA1和5%胎牛血清共培养，收集上清，与同步化的足细胞作用。流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况。实时定量PCR 检测凋亡相关基因Bcl-2、Bax、Fas和Fas-L表达情况。 结果 患者上清可诱导足细胞凋亡，其凋亡率显著高于健康上清组和对照组[（28.5±5.9）%比（22.5±5.8）%、（20.5±4.5）%， 均P < 0.05]。患者上清可诱导足细胞Fas mRNA 升高，为对照组的1.89倍（P < 0.05）， 而Bcl-2 mRNA下调为对照组的72%（P < 0.05）。患者上清组的AngⅡ和TGF-β1水平均高于健康上清组[（13.2±3.4） ng/L比（8.2±2.3） ng/L，P < 0.05；（15.4±3.4） ng/L比（10.8±3.2） ng/L，P < 0.05]。 结论 IgAN患者血清IgA1与系膜细胞共培养上清可诱导足细胞凋亡，可能参与IgAN的进展。     

巢蛋白在足突广泛融合的肾小球中表达下调及与蛋白尿程度的相关性

目的 观察中间丝蛋白类的巢蛋白（nestin）在足突广泛融合的肾小球中的表达及其与足突病变动态过程和蛋白尿产生的关系。 方法 免疫组化法检测nestin在人正常肾组织及微小病变肾组织中的表达。构建氨基核苷嘌呤霉素肾病大鼠模型，应用免疫组化、荧光实时定量PCR、Western印迹法检测注射嘌呤霉素后第1、4、10、20天大鼠肾小球中nestin的分布与表达；电镜观察肾脏足细胞改变，测定尿蛋白量（24 h）。分析nestin的变化与蛋白尿的相关性。 结果 免疫组化显示nestin在人类微小病变肾小球中的表达较正常组织显著下调（0.93±0.08 比 1.65±0.12，P < 0.05）。在嘌呤霉素损伤足细胞早期，肾小球nestin的表达曾有一过性增加（mRNA和蛋白水平分别为对照组的1.23倍和1.48倍，P < 0.05），随后持续下降。nestin的mRNA水平在嘌呤霉素注射后第4天时降至对照组的35.8%；第10天时为对照组的12.1%（均P < 0.01）；病变好转后开始上升，恢复为对照组的65.8%（P < 0.05）。Western印迹检测nestin蛋白改变也有类似的趋势，嘌呤霉素注射后第4 天，nestin蛋白水平有所下降，为对照组的77.0%（P < 0.05）；至大量蛋白尿的第10天，nestin蛋白水平仅为对照组的58.0%（P < 0.05）；而随着病变的恢复，嘌呤霉素注射后第20天时nestin蛋白量恢复为对照的83.4%。Pearson相关分析结果显示，注射嘌呤霉素后nestin mRNA（r = －0.667，P < 0.05）及蛋白（r = －0.621，P < 0.05）表达与尿蛋白量(24 h)均呈负相关。 结论 在以足突广泛融合为特征的肾脏病变中，肾小球中间丝蛋白nestin表达显著减少，并与蛋白尿程度呈负相关，提示nestin可能参与了足细胞形态和功能的维持。     

大剂量螺内酯对自发性高血压大鼠肾脏纤维化的影响

目的 观察大剂量螺内酯对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）肾脏纤维化的影响。 方法 8周龄的雄性SHR 24只随机分为低剂量和大剂量螺内酯干预组[分别为20和100 mg&#8226;kg-1&#8226;d-1螺内酯灌胃]和高血压对照组，同时设同源正常对照组京都大鼠（WKY）8只。干预8周，检测收缩压、尿蛋白、血白蛋白、钾、钠、Scr和肾组织及血浆醛固酮水平。肾组织切片分别行HE和Masson染色，以评价肾小球损伤及肾小球内胶原沉积情况。免疫组化SABC法检测肾组织TGF-β1和醛固酮受体蛋白表达。RT-PCR检测肾组织TGF-β1和醛固酮受体mRNA水平。 结果 与高血压组大鼠相比，低剂量螺内酯干预后，尿蛋白减少（P < 0.05），血白蛋白升高（P < 0.05），血浆和肾组织醛固酮水平降低，但差异无统计学意义；大剂量螺内酯干预后，血压没有显著改变，尿蛋白显著升高[（27.3±4.5）比（24.5±3.2） mg/d， P < 0.05]，血白蛋白显著减少[（20.2±4.2）比（22.7±3.5） g/L, P < 0.05]，血浆和肾组织醛固酮水平显著升高[肾组织（28.3±1.5）比（22.2±0.6） ng/g， P < 0.05]。与高血压组比较，低剂量螺内酯干预后，蛋白管型增多、管周炎性细胞浸润均减少（P < 0.05）；大剂量螺内酯干预后，蛋白管型、小管扩张加重，管周炎性细胞浸润明显增多（P < 0.05），肾小球内胶原形成亦明显增多（P < 0.05）。与高血压组大鼠比较，低剂量螺内酯干预后，肾组织醛固酮受体mRNA和蛋白表达均无显著改变，TGF-β1 mRNA和蛋白的表达显著减少（P < 0.05）；大剂量螺内酯干预后，肾组织醛固酮受体及TGF-β1 mRNA和蛋白的表达均显著升高(P < 0.05)。 结论 大剂量螺内酯可以加重高血压肾脏纤维化，可能是通过上调醛固酮及其受体表达实现的。     

1,25(OH)2D3抑制嘌呤霉素氨基核苷酸肾病大鼠足细胞凋亡

目的 观察1，25（OH）2D3对嘌呤霉素氨基核苷酸（PAN）肾病大鼠足细胞凋亡的影响。 方法 72只雄性SD大鼠随机分为健康对照组（NC）、PAN组和1，25（OH）2D3治疗组 [1，25（OH）2D3 0.2 μg·kg-1·d-1灌胃]。一次性尾静脉注射PAN 100 mg/kg体质量建立足细胞损伤的PAN肾病动物模型。于3、7、14、21 d分批处死动物，分别检测不同时间点尿蛋白量（24 h）和肾功能。光镜和透射电镜观察肾组织学改变。TUNEL法检测足细胞凋亡。RT-PCR、免疫荧光、免疫组化分别检测nephrin、TGF-β1 mRNA和蛋白的表达。Western印迹检测磷酸化（p）-Smad2/3的表达。 结果 （1）PAN组各时间点BUN、Scr、尿蛋白量（24 h）[7 d时，（20.26±4.87） mg比（1.01±0.41） mg，P < 0.01]均高于同期的NC组，而肾小球足细胞显著减少[14 d时，(10.9±4.2) 个/肾小球切面比(31.9±6.2)个/肾小球切面，P ＜ 0.01]，且足突增宽融合。1，25（OH）2D3治疗组各时间点尿蛋白量（24 h）[7 d时（9.95±3.82） mg]和BUN、Scr显著低于PAN组（P < 0.05），且肾脏病理改变减轻。（2）PAN组7 d时nephrin mRNA和蛋白的表达显著降低，nephrin由正常的沿毛细血管襻线状分布向颗粒状、团快状改变，足细胞凋亡数显著增加[14 d时，（37.4±7.9）个/肾小球切面]。与PAN组相比，1，25（OH）2D3治疗组各时间段nephrin mRNA和蛋白的表达显著增加，且保持着正常的沿毛细血管襻线状分布，足细胞凋亡数显著减少[14 d时，(21.9±6.2) 个/肾小球切面，P < 0.01]。（3）PAN组TGF-β1 mRNA和蛋白的表达以及p-Smad2/3蛋白的表达均高于NC组（P < 0.01），1，25（OH）2D3治疗组TGF-β1 mRNA和蛋白的表达以及p-Smad2/3蛋白的表达低于PAN组（P < 0.01）。 结论 1，25（OH）2D3能有效地抑制PAN诱导的足细胞凋亡，减少尿蛋白，其对足细胞损伤的保护作用可能与抑制TGF-β1信号通路有关。     

敲低CD2相关蛋白的表达对足细胞黏附和胞质伸展功能的影响

目的 观察敲低足细胞CD2相关蛋白（CD2AP）表达对细胞黏附和胞质伸展功能的影响，并探讨其机制。 方法 用RPMI 1640培养基33℃下培养小鼠未分化足细胞系，转染针对CD2AP的小分子干扰RNA（siRNA），设无特异靶位点的scrambing 序列即control siRNA转染组作对照。48 h后将转染的足细胞制备成单细胞悬液，接种于预铺有Ⅳ型胶原蛋白的96孔板内，33℃下培养90 min后检测足细胞的贴壁率和细胞的伸展面积；流式细胞仪检测抑制CD2AP后足细胞的凋亡率以及在不同氨基核苷嘌呤霉素（PAN）刺激下足细胞的凋亡率；激光共聚焦显微镜下检测F肌动蛋白（F-actin）的分布变化；Western印迹和免疫共沉淀检测nephrin蛋白的表达及其磷酸化水平。 结果 转染CD2AP siRNA足细胞的黏附率为41.72%±6.07%，显著低于对照组64.46%±8.53%（P < 0.05）；细胞伸展的面积>200 μm2的比例（55.86％）亦显著低于对照组（73.61％）。转染CD2AP siRNA后48 h足细胞的凋亡率高于对照组[（5.73±0.61）％比（3.26±0.45）％，P < 0.05]。100 mg/L的PAN能明显诱导足细胞的凋亡，减少足细胞的黏附率（P < 0.05）。敲低CD2AP的表达后足细胞F-actin的分布发生明显的变化，nephrin蛋白表达和磷酸化水平下降（P < 0.05）。 结论 敲低CD2AP的表达使足细胞易于凋亡，影响细胞的黏附功能。足细胞骨架蛋白的紊乱和nephrin信号通路的抑制可能是足细胞黏附和伸展功能下降的机制。     

调节性及辅助性T细胞在人类IgA肾病中的表达及意义

目的 探讨CD4+CD25high调节性T细胞（Treg）及辅助性T细胞亚群（Th1、Th2）比例失衡在IgA肾病（IgAN）免疫发病机制中的作用。 方法 用流式细胞仪检测IgAN患者外周血Treg及Th1、Th2的比例。以胞内染色技术检测叉头框蛋白3（FOXP3）的表达。Treg及Th1、Th2的比例与IgAN各项临床病理指标的相关性分析采用Spearman或Pearson相关分析法。 结果 IgAN患者外周血中Treg比例明显高于健康人[（2.14±0.82）％比（1.59±0.53）％，P ＜ 0.05]，与血IgA水平呈正相关（r = 0.397，P ＜ 0.05），与eGFR呈负相关（r = -0.376，P ＜ 0.05）。IgAN患者外周血中Th2细胞比例显著高于健康对照组[（2.57±0.72）％比（1.81±1.10）％，P ＜ 0.05]，与血IgA水平呈正相关（r = 0.468，P ＜ 0.05）。IgAN患者Th1/Th2比值显著低于健康对照组（5.75±1.89比12.73±9.79，P ＜ 0.05），但与临床各指标间没有相关性。 结论 IgAN患者体内存在T细胞亚群表达紊乱。Treg在外周血中的增多以及以Th2为优势的Th1/Th2失衡可能在IgAN的发病中起重要作用。     

柴芩肾安方对IgA肾病大鼠肾小球足细胞nephrin表达的影响

目的：探讨柴芩肾安方对IgA肾病（IgAN）大鼠肾小球足细胞nephrin表达的影响。方法：通过切除单侧肾并反复静脉注射葡萄球菌肠毒素B（SEB）复制大鼠IgAN模型,分为正常组、切肾组、IgAN组、柴芩肾安方组和氯沙坦组。第12周末,检测各组大鼠24h尿蛋白量（Upr）,观察肾小球形态学和超微结构变化,并采用免疫组化和实时定量PCR法检测肾小球足细胞nephrin蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果：与正常组相比,IgAN组大鼠Upr显著升高（P〈0.01）,肾小球系膜增生,足突融合明显,足细胞nephrin蛋白及mRNA表达均明显下调（P〈0.01）。经柴芩肾安方治疗后上述指标均明显改善,与IgAN组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。结论：柴芩肾安方能减轻IgAN大鼠蛋白尿及肾小球病变,这可能与其恢复肾小球足细胞nephrin表达有关。     

腹膜透析患者红细胞生成素低反应的影响因素及其预测价值

目的 分析影响腹膜透析患者红细胞生成素（EPO）治疗反应的因素，并建立回归模型。 方法 114例腹膜透析患者根据每周EPO剂量分为低反应组、正常反应组和高反应组。收集患者临床资料，检测营养及炎性反应指标，进行直线相关和Ordinal等级回归分析。 结果 与高反应组及正常反应组比较， EPO低反应组血红蛋白[（78.11±13.42）比（106.28±23.83）、（96.31±12.33） g/L]、血清白蛋白[（33.98±4.78）比（39.72±4.26）、（35.76±4.88） g/L]水平下降，C反应蛋白（CRP）[（26.08±21.66） 比（5.46±1.75）、（11.82±5.63） mg/L]、血清铁蛋白[（371.08±89.38）比（289.39±76.84）、（323.07±62.46） μg/L]水平升高，差异均有统计学意义 (均P < 0.01)。相关回归分析显示，CRP、血清白蛋白及铁蛋白是EPO治疗反应的显著影响因素(P < 0.05)。根据这些因素建立数学模型，血清白蛋白<30 g/L对EPO治疗低反应的影响最大，高血清铁蛋白、高CRP的影响次之。 结论 血清白蛋白、CRP和铁蛋白水平与EPO治疗反应相关。炎性反应状态和营养不良是导致EPO低反应的主要原因。     

2型糖尿病患者不同蛋白尿期肾小球滤过率的变化及影响因素

目的 研究2型糖尿病（DM）患者不同蛋白尿期的肾小球滤过率并探讨其影响因素。 方法 根据尿白蛋白量（24 h）把630例2型糖尿病住院患者分成正常白蛋白尿组（A组）、微量白蛋白尿组（B组）及大量白蛋白尿组（C组），用放射性核素(99m Tc-DTPA)肾动态显像测定肾小球滤过率(GFR), 同时测定其体质量指数、血压、血糖、糖化血红蛋白、肾功能、血脂及尿白蛋白量（24 h）。 结果 （1）A组GFR值平均为（99.8±26.3） ml/min；B组为（96.1±31.2） ml/min；C组为（69.7±29.8） ml/min。C组的GFR显著低于A组和B组（P < 0.01）。（2）3组患者的GFR均与年龄呈负相关（A组r = -0.533，B组r = -0.612，C组r = -0.412，均P < 0.01）。（3）有高血压史者的GFR平均值均低于同组无高血压史者（P均< 0.05）。（4）控制年龄后的偏相关分析结果显示，在B组及C组，GFR与尿白蛋白量（24 h）呈负相关（r = -0.283 及-0.240，均P < 0.05）。多元逐步回归分析结果显示，尿白蛋白量（24 h）是影响异常蛋白尿组患者GFR的主要因素。 结论 放射性核素肾动态显像法测定GFR，同时联合尿白蛋白量检测，能更全面准确地评估糖尿病肾病的进展。应积极控制蛋白尿，尤其在微量白蛋白尿期。     

长期腹膜透析患者的特征

目的 评价长期腹膜透析患者的特征。 方法 选取1994年在本中心开始透析且持续透析1年以上的患者。按照透析时间，将患者分为两组：A组（长期透析组）为持续透析5年以上；B组（短期透析组）为在5年之内由于转血液透析或死亡而退出的患者。比较两组患者的一般情况、生化指标、透析处方及充分性。 结果 符合要求的患者，A组有68例，B组98例。平均随访时间A组为（84.80± 19.42）月；B组为（27.25± 12.31）月。A组患者年龄较轻；合并糖尿病（A组3/68比B组18/98，P < 0.05）和冠心病（A组 6/68比B组22/98，P< 0.05）较少；开始透析时血清白蛋白较高[A组（35.56± 4.74） g/L比B组（33.69± 5.45） g/L，P < 0.01]。两组间血糖、血脂、血红蛋白和钙磷指标差异无统计学意义。开始透析时A组的残肾GFR、残肾Kt/V和残肾Ccr较B组高（P < 0.05），但尿量在两组间差异无统计学意义。A组尿量和残肾GFR的下降速度较B组慢。随访过程中，A组腹膜炎的发生率显著低于B组 （1/81.22月比1/29.03月，P < 0.01），这种差异在转血液透析的患者中尤其明显。 结论 与短期透析患者相比，长期腹膜透析患者具有相对年轻、并发糖尿病和冠心病的发生率较少、开始透析时营养状态较好、残肾功能较好、脉压差较小、透析后残肾功能下降速度慢及腹膜炎发生率相对少的特点。     

Podocyte foot process effacement is not correlated with the level of proteinuria in human glomerulopathies

BACKGROUND: Nephrotic syndromes result from increased glomerular permeability to proteins and are structurally believed to be associated with podocyte foot process effacement. Despite increasing knowledge of the molecular composition of the glomerular filtration barrier, the relationship between proteinuria and foot process effacement is unclear. METHODS: We conducted a morphologic study on the relationship between podocyte foot process effacement and proteinuria. Electron microscope pictures of glomerular capillaries were randomly taken from 27 cases in various stages of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), from six cases of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) with high proteinuria and from seven control kidneys. From each picture, the mean width of the foot processes (FPW) was quantitated. RESULTS: In normal kidney the mean FPW was 580 +/- 40 nm. In biopsies from patients with MCNS without treatment, foot processes were diffusely effaced, reflected by a FPW of 1600 +/- 440 nm. In biopsies from patients with MCNS relapsing under prednisolone treatment, foot processes were significantly less effaced than in untreated MCNS (FPW 920 +/- 200 nm). In biopsies displaying IgAN, effacement was significantly more segmental than in untreated MCNS (FPW 800 +/- 170 nm). Proteinuria did not differ significantly among the groups. Neither in MCNS nor in IgAN was the extent of foot process effacement correlated with the level of proteinuria. CONCLUSION: Podocyte foot process effacement is not correlated with proteinuria. The differences in podocyte effacement between MCNS, MCNS relapsing under prednisolone treatment, and IgAN may point to different mechanisms of podocyte injury in these diseases.     

The effect of acteoside on puromycin nephropathy and podocyte injury model

Objective To explore the effect of acteoside (one of the ingredients of Total Glycosides Extracted from Rehmannia capsules) on treatment of proteinuria and protection of podocytes. Methods In this study, puromycin nephropathy rat model was successfully established. After detecting the degree of proteinuria, the expression of podocyte injury markers and the degree of podocyte foot process fusion were investigated by electron microscope. In addition, puromycin treated podocyte injury model was also successfully established in vitro. Podocyte viability, migration, cytoskeleton and injury marker were detected. Results In vivo study showed that acteoside could effectively reduce proteinuria (P＜0.05), restore the expression of podocyte injury markers such as nephrin and synaptopodin (all P＜0.05), and alleviate the degree of podocyte foot process fusion. In vitro study showed that acteoside could effectively restored podocyte viability (P＜0.05), reduce abnormal migration ability (P＜0.05), protecte cytoskeleton and restore the expression of podocyte injury marker nephrin (P＜0.05). Conclusions This study confirms that acteoside can reduce the degree of proteinuria in puromycin nephropathy rat model in vivo and alleviate the degree of podocyte injury in vitro as well as enrich the molecular mechanism of Total Glycosides Extracted from Rehmannia capsules in treatment of proteinuria.     

Intra-renal and urinary mRNA expression of podocyte-associated molecules for the estimation of glomerular podocyte loss

Background: Podocyte loss plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, but counting the number of glomerular podocyte in renal biopsy specimen is a labor-intensive task. We study whether intra-renal and urinary messenger RNA expression of podocyte-associated molecules could be used to estimate glomerular podocyte number in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Method: We studied 21 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven diabetic nephropathy. The intra-renal and urinary mRNA expression of nephrin, podocin, and synaptopodin were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Podocyte number was determined in micro-dissected glomerulus. The degree of histological scarring was quantified by morphometric analysis. Results: Glomerular podocyte number correlated with intra-renal expression of nephrin (r = 0.510, p = 0.044), podocin (r = 0.605, p = 0.013), and synaptopodin (r = 0.480, p = 0.060). Glomerular podocyte number also significantly correlated with urinary expression of synaptopodin (r = 0.595, p = 0.019) but not other targets. Baseline renal function correlated with intra-renal expression of nephrin (r = 0.617, p = 0.005), synaptopodin (r = 0.474, p = 0.040), and podocin (r = 0.443, p = 0.057). The degree of tubulointerstitial scarring also inversely correlated with intra-renal expression of nephrin (r = ?0.462, p = 0.047), podocin (r = ?0.458, p = 0.049), and synaptopodin (r = ?0.500, p = 0.029) but not with urinary gene expression. Conclusion: Intra-renal expression of podocyte-associated molecules correlated with glomerular podocyte number, renal function, and tubulointerstitial scarring. The results suggest that intra-renal, but not urinary expression of podocyte-associated molecules, might be used to assess the degree of podocyte loss in diabetic nephropathy.     

TNF-α-mediated podocyte injury via the apoptotic death receptor pathway in a mouse model of IgA nephropathy

BackgroundIgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerular disease worldwide and it is characterized by mesangial IgA deposits. Proteinuria is a common clinical feature of IgAN, which has a critical connection to podocyte injury and has been used as a clinical prognostic factor for IgAN. Evidence has shown that TNF-α released from mesangial cells may lead to podocyte apoptosis.MethodsForty male BALB/c mouse were randomly divided into the control group and IgAN group. A mice model of IgAN was developed by oral administration of bovine serum albumin (BSA) combined with Staphylococcus Enterotoxin B (SEB) tail vein injection. Urinary protein concentrations, renal function, renal morphological, IgA deposition, apoptosis situation, and the mRNA and protein expression of nephrin, podocin, TNF-α, TNFR1, caspase-8 and caspase-3, were detected after 12 weeks.ResultsBSA and SEB can successfully establish an IgAN mouse model, and the main pathological changes are the IgA immune complex deposition in the mesangial area. The gene and protein expression levels of nephrin and podocin were found to be downregulated, and death receptor pathway-related indicators were upregulated, and they were involved in TNF-α-activated podocyte injury and apoptosis in IgAN mice.ConclusionTNF-α may play an important role in the pathogenesis of podocyte apoptosis in IgAN, and its effects may be mediated through the apoptotic death receptor pathway.     

Structural alterations to the podocyte are related to proteinuria in type 2 diabetic patients.

BACKGROUND: The podocyte is believed to play a key role in maintaining the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier, and damage or loss has been linked to the development of albuminuria. METHODS: Renal biopsies from 16 type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy and 28 non-diabetic controls were analysed using light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: Podocyte number per glomerulus was significantly lower in the type 2 patients compared with controls [mean (95% confidence interval) 464 (382-546) vs 589 (543-635), P = 0.004]. Mean glomerular volume was significantly increased in diabetic patients compared with controls [5.5 (4.9-6.1) vs 3.1 (2.7-3.5) x 10(6) microm(3), P<0.001], thus the diabetic patients demonstrated an even greater proportional reduction in podocyte density per glomerulus [88 (68-108) vs 201 (182-220)/10(6) microm(3), P<0.001]. Podocyte foot process width on both the filtration surface (FPWgbm) and mesangial surface (FPWmes) was significantly increased compared with controls [796 (708-884) vs 556 (460-908) nm, P = 0.001; 1108 (821-1394) vs 760 (555-1078) nm, P = 0.029, respectively]. There was a significant negative correlation between proteinuria and both podocyte number and podocyte density per glomerulus (r = -0.63, P = 0.009; r = -0.58, P = 0.018, respectively). There was a significant positive correlation between proteinuria and both FPWgbm and FPWmes (r = 0.64, P = 0.008, for both). CONCLUSION: Podocyte loss occurs in type 2 diabetic nephropathy and is related to increasing proteinuria. Whether the accompanying glomerular enlargement and widening of foot processes are a cause of podocyte loss is uncertain. Longitudinal studies are required to determine the sequence of events leading to podocyte loss in diabetic nephropathy.     

胡桃夹综合征并发IgA肾病临床分析

目的 了解胡桃夹综合征并发IgA肾病的临床特点及提高其相应诊治水平。 方法 回顾分析14例胡桃夹综合征并发IgA肾病患者（病例组）及同期36例单纯胡桃夹综合征患者（对照组）的临床资料。所有胡桃夹综合征病例均由彩色多普勒超声和磁共振血管成像（MRA）诊断;IgA肾病均由病理证实。记录两组实验室、影像学资料并进行t检验分析。 结果 两组患者性别、年龄、血压差异无统计学意义。病例组Scr值高于对照组[（81.2±21.3） μmol/L比（61.2±11.8） μmol/L,P < 0.01],尿蛋白量较多[（1.1±0.6） g/d比（0.3±0.2） g/d,P < 0.01],血尿更明显（尿红细胞计分2.3±0.9比1.5±1.3,P < 0.05）。彩色多普勒超声显示两组左肾静脉狭窄处及近肾门处血流速度和内径差异无统计学意义;磁共振血管成像提示两组患者肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉之间的夹角差异无统计学意义。 结论 对持续存在血尿和蛋白尿、异常红细胞比例较高的胡桃夹综合征患者应考虑存在并发慢性肾炎特别是IgA肾病的可能,应及早行肾活检明确诊断。     

复方积雪草2号对IgA肾病大鼠肾组织电镜形态及Nephrin表达的影响

目的：观察复方积雪草2号对IgA肾病（IgAN）大鼠肾组织病理电镜及Nephrin表达的影响。方法：复合免疫法制造IgAN大鼠模型,分设正常对照、模型、模型＋缬沙坦、模型＋复方积雪草2号高剂量、模型＋复方积雪草2号中剂量、模型＋复方积雪草2号低剂量6组。观察各组大鼠肾脏病理及肾组织Nephrin表达的变化。结果：（1）造模各组大鼠尿蛋白、镜下红细胞增多;免疫荧光镜下造模各组肾小球系膜区有不同程度IgA荧光,提示造模成功;（2）电镜下模型组系膜细胞增生,基质明显增多、有足突融合;而各治疗组足突融合情况均较模型组明显改善（P〈0.05）;（3）免疫组化法检测Nephrin显示模型组几乎没有阳性表达;RT-PCR显示模型组NephrinmRNA表达明显弱于正常组和其他各治疗组（P〈0.01）。结论：（1）Nephrin的下降可能是IgAN足细胞损伤、产生蛋白尿的病理机制之一;（2）Nephrin可能是复方积雪草2号、缬沙坦发挥肾小球足细胞保护作用的分子靶点之一。     

Targeted downregulation of extracellular nephrin in human IgA nephropathy

BACKGROUND: The identification of nephrin and CD2AP, podocyte proteins which modulate the properties of glomerular barrier selectivity, has made it possible to unravel the mechanisms undergoing foot process effacement and proteinuria. Here we explored the role of nephrin and CD2AP together with the integrity of the slit diaphragm in the pathogenesis of proteinuria in patients with acquired glomerular diseases. METHODS: Nephrin mRNA and protein expression were systematically evaluated in 28 renal biopsy samples from adult patients with primary glomerular disease and proteinuria by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry using antibodies directed against extra- and intracellular nephrin and compared with biopsy samples from normal controls. CD2AP protein expression by immunohistochemistry was also assessed. Morphometrical analysis of the filtration slit was performed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Nephrin mRNA and expression of the extracellular nephrin were markedly reduced in IgA nephropathy. No changes were found in patients with minimal change nephrosis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The staining of intracellular nephrin and CD2AP did not change among patients. A comparable frequency of the filtration slits was observed in all patient groups, except in minimal change disease patients, due to extensive foot process effacement. The percentage of slit diaphragms with a filamentous image was markedly reduced in IgA nephropathy, but was comparable to controls in minimal change disease. Slit pore width showed a tendency to decrease both in patients with minimal change disease and IgA nephropathy. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the ultrastructure of the filtration slit diaphragm is altered in patients with IgA nephropathy as a consequence of targeted downregulation of extracellular nephrin. Further studies are needed to evaluate the pathophysiological meaning of nephrin abnormality in IgA nephropathy and how these changes can be modulated by antiproteinuric therapy.