对出生人口性别比偏高治理工作的再认识——以浙江省为例

我国出生人口性别比升高始于20世纪80年代,至今已长达20多年。“六普”显示,全国出生人口性别比为118．06,显著高于正常值上限107。出生人口性别比持续、普遍、显著偏高,巳成为当前我国人口发展中的一个突出问题。 浙江省出生人口性别比升高先于全国,在19．90年“四普”时就高达118．09,为当时全国之最。     

山西省人口出生性别比分析

目的：了解山西省出生性别比变动情况，为做好人口与计划生育工作提供依据。方法：对山西省出生性别比进行城市、镇、乡及地区比较，并对有关数据进行相关分析。结果：山西省出生性别比2000年比1990年上升3．35个百分点，无论城市、镇、乡出生性别比均高于正常范围。1990年城市、镇高于农村；2000年农村高于城市；1990年与2000年镇均为最高。1孩出生性别比为104．73，在正常范围内，2孩及以上出生性别比远远高出正常范围，且随孩次增加而增加。结论：山西省出生性别比偏高程度低于全国平均水平，出生性别比偏高的关键是2孩及以上出生性别比偏高。     

中国人口性别比失衡态势、问题与治理

<正>自20世纪80年代开始的中国出生人口性别比持续偏高现象备受人们关注。人口性别结构均衡是人口均衡发展的内在动力,准确认识由出生人口性别比长期偏高引致的社会性别失衡态势、问题与治理,事关人口长期均衡发展及其社会治理体系建设。本文根据第七次全国人口普查数据,结合历次人口普查、统计数据和相关研究数据,对中国出生人口性别比、总人口性别比、年龄别人口性别比以及城乡差异进行归纳,讨论性别失衡社会问题及其治理。     

为了更加美好的明天——专访海南省人口计生委党组书记、主任隋枝叶

自20世纪90年代以来,海南省出生人口性别比逐年升高,2000年第五次全国人口普查时高达135．6,为全国之最。面对出生人口性别比偏高问题,近年来,海南省委、省政府始终坚持统筹社会资源、综合治理的工作方针,在抓好各方面工作的同时,结合海南实际,在综合治理出生人口性别比工作中突出把握“四个坚持、四个强化”（即坚持重点约谈...     

标本兼治 统筹推进 综合治理出生人口性别比偏高问题

综合治理出生人口性别比偏高问题,切实促进社会性别平等,是全面做好人口工作的重要任务。2000～2010年间,在全国出生人口性别比持续攀升的背景下,湖北省2010年出生人口性别比比＂五普＂下降了4.01个单位值,综合治理出生人口性别比工作取得了明显成效。从本期开始,我们聚焦湖北省生出生人口性别比综合治理工作,邀请湖北省人...     

2009—2019年北京朝阳区出生人口性别比特征分析

目的 分析近十年特别是全面两孩政策实施后北京市朝阳区出生人口性别比变化趋势,以及不同特征群体出生性别比分布情况。方法 研究资料为2009—2019年北京市朝阳区分娩出生登记信息,共534 376条记录,研究纳入分析变量主要包括新生儿性别、分娩方式、母亲产次,还有新生儿父母双方年龄、民族、籍贯和户籍。为比较不同特征群体出生性别比,采用χ²检验分析出生性别比例构成情况。采用中断时间序列模型,以2015年7月至2019年12月期间月度出生性别比为分析单位,研究全面两孩政策与出生性别比关系。为研究婴儿父母籍贯及户籍所在地与出生性别比的关系,将婴儿父母籍贯与户籍所在省份分为高出生性别比地区和中低出生性别比地区,前者指第六次人口普查出生性别比≥120的省份,后者指<120的省份。结果 2009年出生性别比为113.0,2015年降至109.4,此后至2019年维持平稳,经中断时间序列分析未发现全面两孩政策显效后出生性别比的水平及趋势有所变化(P>0.05)。研究期间经产妇与初产妇(112.3 vs. 107.2)、剖宫产与阴道产(114.0 vs. 105.9)分...     

生育健康社会科学研究视角与出生人口性别比

最近，国家人口和计划生育委员会提出，要把治理出生人口性别比升高的问题作为当前和今后一段时期人口和计划生育工作的大事之一，为女孩的生存和发展创造良好的社会环境，从而促进出生人口性别比的平衡。同时，在一些出生性别比偏高的省份和地区，集中开展专项治理活动，共同关注和解决这个问题(新华社北京6月29日电讯)。本文试图从生育健康社会科学研究的视角，结合文献回顾，分析和研究中国出生人口性别比偏高的现状及干预措施。     

“四高”措施综合治理出生人口性别比

自上世纪90年代以来,江西省浮梁县充分认识到性别比失衡带来的严重危害,县委、县政府坚持把整治出生人口性别比偏高工作摆上重要位置,通过加强领导、强化宣传、规范制度、完善利导、严厉查处等有力措施,初步实现了出生人口性别比偏高的综合治理,使全县出生人口性别连续多年保持在110以内。     

无锡市2008-2012年出生人口性别比特征分析

目的 了解无锡市住院分娩新生儿出生人口性别比特征及其影响因素, 为长期研究奠定基础。方法 采用描述性研究方法, 收集无锡市2008-2012年所有产科医院分娩新生儿的登记信息, 分析出生人口性别比特征。结果 无锡市2008-2012年住院分娩新生儿的平均出生人口性别比达到112.42, 流动人口出生人口性别比高于本地人口, 平均出生人口性别比随产母年龄增加而增加(108.03~123.99)(趋势检验P<0.05), 尤其是>30岁以上年龄组(>117.87)。Logistic单因素回归分析显示:流动人口、产妇年龄≥30岁、产次≥2以及剖宫产可能是影响出生人口性别比增高的因素(P<0.001)。结论 无锡市出生人口性别比偏高, 需采取措施提高监测质量, 以提高出生人口素质。     

1998-2002年中国人口出生性别比

目的 研究1998-2002年我国高出生性别比的人群、地域特征,为降低我国的出生性别比提供线索.方法 利用第3次国家卫生服务调查的资料,计算不同人口社会学特征人群的出生性别比及其95%可信区间.结果 1998-2002年间我国出生性别比呈上升趋势,城市的出生性别比基本正常而农村普遍偏高,尤其是二、三类农村;中部地区的出生性别比明显高于东部和西部.出生性别比随着母亲受教育程度降低和产次的增加而增高,2孩以上的孩子随姐姐数的增多其出生性别比明显升高.结论 我国出生性别比的升高主要发生在农村2孩以上孩次的孩子中,是传统文化和农村经济落后、社会养老保险制度欠缺等现状共同影响的结果.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.