单倍体造血干细胞联合第三方脐血移植治疗慢性肉芽肿临床研究

目的探讨单倍体造血干细胞（haplo-HSC）联合第三方脐血（tpCB）移植治疗X连锁慢性肉芽肿（X-CGD）的临床疗效。方法 2014年4月至2018年3月我院收治26例男性X-CGD患儿，采用haplo-HSC联合tpCB移植治疗，移植中位年龄3.5岁，供者25例为父亲，1例为姑姑。HLA配型5/6相合9例，4/6相合12例，3/6相合5例。清髓性预处理方案选用白消安/环磷酰胺/氟达拉滨/抗胸腺球蛋白；预防急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）采用环孢素A和吗替麦考酚酯。于移植第1天分别输注单倍体骨髓造血干细胞和tpCB，移植第2天输注单倍体外周造血干细胞，回输单倍体总有核细胞中位数为14.6×10⁸/kg体重，CD34⁺细胞中位数为5.9×10⁶/kg体重，CD3⁺细胞中位数为2.1×10⁸/kg体重。结果中性粒细胞和血小板植入中位天数分别是移植后12 d和23 d。移植后30 d为供者型完全嵌合，其中25例为单倍体，1例为脐血。无1例发生原发性植入失败和植入功能不良，1例发生继发性植入失败。NADPH氧化酶活力于移植后1个月均恢复正常。Ⅰ~Ⅱ度aGVHD发生率达35%，Ⅲ~Ⅳ度达15%，1例出现慢性GVHD（cGVHD，皮肤局限性），予激素未进展。随访6~52个月，存活25例，其中24例为无病存活（23例不伴cGVHD，1例伴慢性局限型皮肤排异），NADPH氧化酶活性均恢复正常，1例发生继发性植入失败但仍存活；1例于移植后16个月死于病毒性间质性肺炎。5年的EFS率和OS率分别为81%±12%和89%±10%。结论 haplo-HSC联合tpCB是治疗儿童X-CGD的有效方法之一。     

非血缘脐血干细胞移植治疗恶性婴儿型石骨症1例报道

恶性婴儿型石骨症（osteopetrosis，OP）是一种因破骨细胞功能障碍导致成骨发育障碍性疾病，表现为骨质硬脆，易骨折。随着病情进展，颅骨骨质重造异常，颅神经受压可致听力和视觉下降，甚至出现脑积水，多在早期夭折。异基因造血干细胞移植是唯一治疗此病的措施。我们于2006年1月为1例OP患儿进行了非血缘脐血干细胞移植（CBT）治疗，     

儿童第二次非血缘供者造血干细胞移植2例

目的探索非血缘造血干细胞移植后复发病例进行第二次移植的可行性。方法患幼年型慢性粒单细胞性白血病(JMML)及重型β-地中海贫血的两例患儿接受非血缘供者造血干细胞移植后分别于移植后的10个月和1个月后原疾病复发,前者给予福达华加环磷酰胺预处理后输注原供者干细胞,降低预防移植物抗宿主病强度;后者给予含TBI预处理,移植另一非血缘供者外周血干细胞。结果两例患者第二次移植后均获得稳定植入,JMML患者并发急慢性移植物抗宿主病,完全缓解至+24月;地中海贫血患者已完全脱离输血状态至+23月。结论对于非血缘造血干细胞移植后复发的患儿,第二次非血缘供者造血干细胞移植是可行的。     

儿童慢性肉芽肿病的诊治进展

慢性肉芽肿病是一种因NADPH氧化酶功能障碍引起的原发性免疫缺陷病,在临床较为少见,病死率较高.典型的临床表现为儿童早期反复致命感染.慢性炎症持续存在导致局部形成肉芽肿,易引起局部梗阻.针对慢性肉芽肿病较特异的诊断方法包括:四氮唑蓝还原试验、二氢罗丹明流式细胞分析方法和基因序列分析等.目前造血干细胞移植是大多数慢性肉芽肿病治疗手段,但应选择合适的移植时机,以提高移植成功率并减少并发症.基因治疗慢性肉芽肿病长期的有效性和安全性还有待进一步深入研究.该文就近年来慢性肉芽肿病的发病机制、早期诊断技术和治疗等方面的研究进展作一综述.     

脐血造血干细胞移植研究进展

随着血液学和移植免疫学的快速发展,尤其是人类白细胞抗原(HLA)配型技术的不断发展,造血干细胞移植(hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,HSCT)技术逐渐成熟并广泛应用,成为治愈某些血液病的重要方法,并有望在今后的生物学治疗和基因治疗中发挥重要的作用.     

非血缘脐血移植后淋巴增殖性疾病一例

移植后淋巴增殖性疾病（posttransplantation lymphoproliferation disease,PTLD）是造血干细胞移植后少见的严重并发症之一,重者危及生命。我们于2005年9月为1例5岁急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）患儿行非血缘脐血移植（umbilical cord blood transplantation,UCBT）,移植后92d并发PTLD,使用CD加单抗治疗成功,报道如下。     

儿童脐血造血干细胞移植现状及动向

自1988年法国人Gluckman应用脐血移植成功治疗1例Fanconi贫血患儿以来，脐血移植陆续在世界各地开展起来。如果说该技术前期发展较慢的话，进入2l世纪后脐血移植已步入加速发展期，近几年脐血移植病例占总造血干细胞移植病例的比例快速增长。受脐血干细胞数量限制，脐血移植的治疗对象主要为儿童。与欧美等发达国家相比，我国的脐血移植开展晚，发展速度电较慢，导致目前与他们存在较大差距。鉴于我们的计划生育国策，儿童多数为独生子女，同胞供者移植可能性极小；骨髓库近几年才开始建立，距临床规模应用尚有时日；我国为第一人口大国，随着经济的发展，将有大量儿童病人需要并可能进行造血干细胞移植治疗。因此，大力开展我国的脐血移植治疗已责无旁贷地落到我们儿科工作者肩上。本文介绍脐血造血干细胞移植的基础知识、儿科应用现状、存在问题及发展动向，供同道们参考。     

脐血造血干细胞移植治疗重型β地中海贫血

目的观察脐血造血干细胞移植治疗重型β地中海贫血（简称β地贫）的疗效及副作用。方法β地贫纯合子患儿经总量马利兰１６ｍｇ／ｋｇ、环磷酰胺２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ和抗胸腺淋巴细胞球蛋白９０ｍｇ／ｋｇ组成的方案预处理后，输入人类白细胞抗原（ＨＬＡ）相合同胞供体脐血８０ｍｌ，患儿获得的有核细胞数为０．４×１０８／ｋｇ、ＣＤ＋３４细胞为０．４５×１０６／ｋｇ。结果术后２２天中性粒细胞绝对值（ＡＮＣ）＞０．５×１０９／Ｌ，６３天血小板＞２０×１０９／Ｌ；聚合酶链反向点杂交检测患儿为β４１４２杂合子。ＤＮＡ指纹图为嵌合体。术后４１天起脱离红细胞输注，血红蛋白维持在１０５ｇ／Ｌ以上，１１０天骨髓象正常。现已脱地贫状态存活２０２天。结论国内首例脐血移植治疗重型β地贫患儿，已移植成功。     

X连锁慢性肉芽肿病及其基因突变

慢性肉芽肿病(CGD)是一种少见的遗传性疾病，分为X连锁CGD(X—CGD)和常染色体隐性遗传CGD。还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶的膜结合成分即细胞色素b558分为α和β亚单位。X-CGD是编码β亚单位gp91-phox的基因突变所引起。X—CGD的基因突变常为大片段碱基对的缺失、小片段碱基对的缺失或插入、错义突变和无义突变等。目前已有300多种gr91—phox的基因突变被登记收入国际X—CGD数据库。该文着重介绍关于内含子及拼接位点的突变。     

Correction of chronic granulomatous disease after second unrelated-donor umbilical cord blood transplantation

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is curative for chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), but many patients lack a suitably matched related donor. We report successful outcomes after mismatched, unrelated-donor umbilical cord blood transplantation (uUCBT) in two boys with X-linked CGD. Both patients experienced autologous recovery after first transplants, required second transplants to achieve durable donor engraftment, and are alive 27 and 15 months post-transplant. Both had invasive fungal disease and received granulocyte transfusions. In conclusion, uUCBT is effective in children with CGD, but immunosuppression in the conditioning regimen may need to be increased to decrease the risk of graft rejection.     

Successful unrelated cord blood transplantation for chronic granulomatous disease: a case report and review of the literature

Abstract:  CGD is a rare inherited immunodeficiency disorder that is caused by disability of oxidative killing. We presented a two-yr-old boy with CGD who was suffering from multiple systemic abscesses. He received the first BMT from his HLA-haploidentical mother after conditioning with Flu, melphalan, and ATG. Although the maximum of 42% donor chimerism was achieved, it disappeared 73 days after the BMT. Then, we performed 5/6-matched unrelated cord blood re-transplantation after conditioning with Flu, Bu, and TBI (2 Gy). Engraftment and complete donor chimerism were achieved on days 18 and 19, respectively. The patient is now free from infection and maintains complete donor chimerism without GVHD 36 months after the cord blood re-transplantation. We postulate that the unrelated CBT has a potential to be an alternative strategy and might be beneficial for patients with CGD who do not have an HLA-identical donor.     

无关血缘脐血移植治疗儿童恶性和非恶性疾病的临床研究

目的 探讨无关血缘脐血移植治疗儿童恶性和非恶性疾病的临床疗效.方法 24例进行非血缘脐血移植的患儿,包括急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)8例,急性髓系白血病(AML)4例,幼年慢性粒单细胞白血病(JMML)3例,慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)2例,骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS-RA)2例,急性混合型白血病、石骨症、X连锁肾上腺脑白质营养不良、Ⅵ型黏多糖和慢性肉芽肿各1例.HLA高分辨全相合6例,5个位点相合10例,4个位点相合5例,3个位点相合3例.预处理选用白消安(Bu)/环磷酰胺(CTX)/抗胸腺球蛋白(ATG)或全身放疗(TBI)/CTX/ATG为主方案.6例ALL采用TBI/CTX/ATG,其中2例加鬼臼乙叉苷(VP16),18例采用Bu/CTX/ATG,其中3例JMML加马法兰,1例ALL和1例AML加VP16,3例非恶性疾病加塞替哌.于0 d回输脐血有核细胞中位数为5.26(2.26～13.3)×107/kg,CD34细胞中位数为2.86(0.79～9.8)×105/kg.预防急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)采用环孢素A和甲基泼尼松龙(MP)或骁悉,出现Ⅲ～Ⅳ度aGVHD者,加用CD25单抗.结果 脐血干细胞粒系植入率为91.7%(22/24),1例ALL未植入,1例CML于+130 d排斥;血小板植入率为83.3%(20/24),中性粒细胞≥0.5×109/L中位天数+15(+13～+28)d;血小板≥20×109/L中位天数+38(+25～+100)d.7例出现Ⅰ～Ⅱ度aGVHD;1例出现Ⅲ度aGVHD,给予MP均控制;2例出现Ⅳ度aGVHD,给予MP及CD25单抗后未控制.随访中位时间28(9～96)个月,均未发生慢性GVHD(cGVHD).现存活14例血型均转为供者型;死亡10例,其中原发病复发2例(急变期CML和婴儿型ALL各1例),Ⅳ度aGVHD合并感染2例,6例感染(CMV间质性肺炎4例,霉菌性肺炎2例).结论 无关血缘脐血是快速的造血干细胞来源之一,为恶性疾病患儿争取了治疗时间;因其cGVHD发生率低,对非恶性疾病患儿的治疗更具优势.     

Successful treatment of Wolman disease by unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation

Wolman disease is a rapidly fatal lysosomal storage disease caused by the complete absence of lysosomal acid lipase activity. We report the cure of an infant with Wolman disease following transplantation of unrelated HLA-mismatched umbilical cord blood-derived stem cells. Umbilical cord blood was chosen as the stem-cell source because of its immediate availability and reduced tendency to cause graft-versus-host disease. The transplantation resulted in restoration of normal acid lipase levels before the onset of permanent end-organ damage. Four years after transplantation, the patient is thriving and has normal levels of acid lipase in peripheral blood cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a successful unrelated cord blood transplant in a patient with Wolman disease. Umbilical cord stem cells transplantation can restore acid lipase levels in Wolman disease, and if performed early, can cure the disease.     

脐血造血细胞含量与白血病脐血移植疗效分析

目的分析4711份库存脐血造血细胞含量及探讨脐血造血细胞含量与白血病脐血移植疗效的关系。方法分析4711例库存脐血总有核细胞数(TNC)和CD34+细胞数分布情况,探讨不同的造血细胞输入量、供受者HLA不相合数、受者性别、年龄、体重和疾病类型间植入率和生存率的差异。结果 4711例库存脐血TNC和CD34+细胞中位数分别为1.14×109/kg和4.06×106/kg,按3.7×107/kg有效TNC输入量计算,93.2%脐血可供体重50 kg以下受者移植。89例白血病患者移植后植入75例,植入率为84.3%。中性粒细胞绝对值≥0.5×109/L、血小板≥20×109/L和≥50×109/L的时间分别为移植后17、34和46 d。75例植入病例中,长期无病存活47例,死亡26例,2例复发;急性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)Ⅰ～Ⅱ度、Ⅲ～Ⅳ度和慢性GVHD发生率分别为54.7%、20.0%、9.3%。影响移植植入率的因素包括受者年龄、TNC和CD34+细胞输入量;影响生存率的因素包括受者年龄、体重和输入CD34+细胞数。结论在无法找到HLA全相合骨髓供者时,可选择脐血作为替代骨髓的造血干细胞来源治疗儿童与成人白血病,TNC和CD34+细胞数仍是选择脐血移植物的参考指标。     

Unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation and unrelated bone marrow transplantation in children with hematological disease: A meta-analysis

Abstract:  UCB has been used as an alternative source of HSC. Both unrelated donor BM and UCB are available as potential options for transplantation. However, there have been limited comparisons of the outcomes of unrelated donor UCBT vs. UBMT in the unrelated setting. Our aim is to observe the therapeutic efficacy of UCBT and UBMT for treatment of pediatric hematological diseases. We electronically searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, and critically appraised all relevant articles (1989.1–2008.5). Comparative studies were carried out on clinical therapeutic effect of UCBT and UBMT with research on stem cells engraftment, complications, earlier mortality, and survival rate. We performed a meta-analysis using review manager 5.0 software (RevMan, The Nordic Cochrane Center, The Cochrane Collaboration) and adopted funnel plot regression to assess the publication bias. We obtained 324 records. Seven trials totaling 1453 patients have been assessed. Pooled comparisons of studies of UCBT and UBMT in children found that the incidence of engraftment failure and earlier transplantation-related mortality were higher with UCBT because of its delay of hematological recovery [OR = 4.96, 95% CI (3.25, 7.59), p < 0.00001 and OR = 2.36, 95% CI (1.79, 3.11), p < 0.00001 respectively], but CMV infection didn't increase obviously. There was no difference in long disease-free survival rate [OR = 0.85, 95% CI (0.65, 1.01), p = 0.06] between UCBT and UBMT due to the decrease of GVHD in UCBT [OR = 0.45, 95% CI (0.34, 0.60), p < 0.0001]. Our meta-analysis confirmed that UCBT in children is also an effective way to treat children with hematological disease and has equivalent survival outcomes compared with UBMT.     

Successful unrelated bone marrow transplantation in a child with chronic granulomatous disease complicated by pulmonary and cerebral granuloma formation

We report on a 6-year-old boy with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) complicated by chronic inflammatory reactions with formation of large pulmonary granuloma as well as intracerebral lesions. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from an unrelated donor led to stable reconstitution, to rapid resolution of pulmonary granuloma, and to rapid resolution of intracerebral lesions.