便携式电脑验光仪筛查屈光不正的可行性探讨

目的 探讨便携式电脑验光仪的准确性及用其筛查屈光不正的可行性.设计诊断试验.研究对象2008年6月至9月南通大学附属医院眼科就诊的屈光不正患者65例（130眼）.方法 对所有病例分别行SHIN-NIPPON SRH-2000便携式电脑验光仪验光及视网膜检影.主要指标屈光值（球镜度数、柱镜度数及轴向）的差异性检验、相关分析及受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析.结果 以视网膜检影为金标准,电脑验光的球镜度数轻度偏正,其中睫状肌麻痹后电脑验光与检影的差值为（＋0.33±0.56）D,呈高度正相关（r=0.98,P〈0.01）,差异有统计学意义（t=6.87,P〈0.01） 电脑验光的柱镜度数轻度偏负,其中睫状肌麻痹后电脑验光与检影的差值为（-0.23±0.45）D,呈中度正相关（r=0.81,P〈0.01）,差异有统计学意义（t=-5.85,P〈0.01）.电脑验光在睫状肌麻痹前后比较无统计学差异（球镜度数t=1.31,P=0.26 柱镜度数t=-0.28,P=0.78）.电脑验光对散光的检出率高,但主要是≤0.75D的低度散光,且与视网膜检影的轴向差值多数≤150.以视网膜检影的等效球镜为参考指标,电脑验光的ROC曲线下面积〉0.95（睫状肌麻痹后为0.984,睫状肌麻痹前为0.979）.结论 便携式电脑验光仪筛查屈光不正的准确性与视网膜检影一致,可用在群体眼病流行病学调查中筛查屈光不正.     

不同睫状肌麻痹剂对儿童调节力及屈光状态的影响

目的 找出美多丽P滴眼液、罗米滴眼液最大睫状肌麻痹时间,对比美多丽P滴眼液、罗米滴眼液、1%阿托品眼膏最大睫状肌麻痹时的剩余调节力,并分析3种药物对屈光不正检测的影响.为眼科临床上合理应用睫状肌麻痹剂提供一定的实验依据.方法 对4～16岁儿童75例、147只眼进行检查,均未曾配戴眼镜,未曾屈光治疗,其裸眼或矫正视力均可达1.0,并除外其他眼病及影响调节的全身病.按3种药物分3组,对其睫状肌麻痹前后不同时间点分别进行手持自动电脑验光仪客观验光,视网膜检影验光,在综合验光仪上主观验光,在其上用移近法测量调节力及剩余调节力.结果 (1)最大睫状肌麻痹时间罗米为60min,美多丽P为30min,次日均可以正常阅读.(2)最大睫状肌麻痹时平均剩余调节力:1%阿托品组(2.0440±0.95484)D,罗米组(2.2214±0.6952)D,美多丽P组(2.6656±0.9999)D.两独立样本t检验前两组无显著差异,美多丽P组与前两组差异显著,尤其近视时剩余调节力偏大.(3)三组剩余调节力均与屈光状态及年龄无关.(4)1%阿托品、罗米、美多丽P三组中每组药物最大睫状肌麻痹后,综合验光仪验光、视网膜检影结果无差别,都能达到主、客观验光结果的一致性.结论 罗米滴眼液、美多丽P滴眼液在临床上可以作为近视及远视验光的有效睫状肌麻痹剂.     

Suresight手持验光仪在儿童屈光检查的应用

目的探讨Suresight手持自动验光仪应用于儿童验光的准确性及其特点,为儿童屈光普查和流行病学调查寻找简便可行的验光方法.方法对89例患者(178眼),分别用Suresight手持验光仪进行自然状况下和使用阿托品后验光及散瞳检影验光.结果儿童屈光不正种类以远视性屈光不正为主(82.0%).Suresight手持验光仪与散瞳检影验光相比较,球镜度数:使用阿托品后手持验光仪与散瞳检影法检出的结果呈高度正相关(r=0.890);自然状况下手持验光仪与散瞳检影法检出的结果亦有相关性(r=0.591.).柱镜度数:使用阿托品散瞳后手持验光仪与检影法检出的结果呈高度正相关(r=0.950),自然状况下手持验光仪与散瞳检影法检出的结果亦呈高度正相关(r=0.910).手持验光仪比检影验光法散光的检出率高,但主要是≤0.75D的低度散光.柱镜轴向:手持验光仪在睫状肌麻痹状态下与视网膜检影法测定结果比较,轴向差值≤10°者占81.3%,自然状况下与视网膜检影法比较,轴向差值≤10°者占82.7%.结论Suresight手持验光仪对屈光普查和流行病学调查有较好的使用价值.     

PR-2000型自动验光仪在儿童屈光筛查中的价值

目的探讨PR-2000型自动验光仪应用于儿童屈光检查中的准确性及特点。方法对260例（520眼）屈光不正患者,用PR-2000型自动验光仪,分别在非睫状肌麻痹状态和睫状肌麻痹状态下验光,并分别与视网膜检影法的验光结果进行比较。结果球镜度数：非睫状肌麻痹状态下和使用阿托品后,PR-2000型自动验光仪验出的结果与阿托品散瞳检影法验出的结果均呈高度正相关（r=0．922,r=0．946）。柱镜度数：非睫状肌麻痹状态下和使用阿托品后,PR-2000型自动验光仪验出的结果与阿托品散瞳检影法验出的结果呈高度正相关（r=0．888,r=0．890）。对于≤0．75D的低度散光,自动验光仪比检影验光法的检出率高。结论PR-2000自动验光仪用于婴幼儿屈光筛查较为可靠实用,也可用于大面积屈光普查和流行病学调查。     

睫状肌麻痹下电脑验光和检影验光的对比研究

目的：比较电脑验光和检影验光,了解电脑验光能否取代检影验光,方法：随机选择门诊睫状肌麻痹下的屈光不正患者的301例602眼（1例除外）全部进行远近眼力,外眼和眼底检查,均无眼前节炎症,白内障、眼底病和其他眼疾,使用日本生产的7100型自动验光仪先作电脑验光、再作检影验光。然后选其中双眼均为复性近视散光和复性远视散光者进行对比。结果：两种验光测得的散光轴轴向相同或极相近似,经统计学处理,差异无显著性,P＞0．05。在复性近视散光眼,散光轴轴向的屈光度,电脑验光比检影验光平均每眼高－1．00D,经统计处理,差异有非常显著性意义,P＜0．01,在复性远视散光组,散光轴轴向的屈光度,电脑验光比检影验光平均每眼低＋1．00D,经统计学处理,差异有非常显著性,P＜0．01。结论：电脑验光检测复性近视散光和复性远视散光患者的散光轴轴向,接近于检影验光的结果,但其所测得的屈光度误差的精确度却超过了0．12－0．25D,故电脑验光还不能取代检影验光,因电脑验光简便,快速、可为检影验光提供参考,并可用于屈光不正的群体普查工作。     

手持自动验光仪在儿童屈光不正调查中的应用

目的 :了解手持自动验光仪的准确性及其在儿童屈光不正调查中的应用价值。方法 :对 5 884名 5～ 15岁儿童滴用 1%盐酸环戊通滴眼液麻痹睫状肌后 ,分别由验光师和眼科医师独立地进行视网膜检影和NikonRetinomaxK Plus 手持自动验光仪屈光检查。结果 :视网膜检影和自动验光仪验光的结果间相关系数均在 0 .95或以上。在 95 %的测量中 ,这两种检查结果差异在 0 .75D以内。自动验光仪验光的结果比视网膜检影结果稍小一些。结论 :NikonRetinomaxK Plus 手持自动验光仪与视网膜检影检出的屈光结果具有相当高的一致性 ,其在儿童屈光不正调查中是一种很有用的屈光检查器械     

睫状肌麻痹前后综合验光仪与常规验光比较分析

目的 对比分析睫状肌麻痹前后综合验光仪主觉验光和常规主觉插片屈光度的差异变化,探讨科学规范的验光方法.方法 选取2009年8月行屈光检查的近视患者108例,年龄17～28岁,睫状肌麻痹前后用电脑验光仪或检影镜进行客观验光,然后在此基础上进行综合验光仪主觉验光和常规主觉插片.将检测结果用统计软件SPSS11.0进行统计学分析.结果 综合验光仪主觉验光球镜和柱镜度数在睫状肌麻痹前后变化不大,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).而常规验光球镜度数睫状肌麻痹前后差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).柱镜度数散瞳前后差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 对于成人屈光不正患者,规范科学的综合验光仪主觉验光无需散瞳松弛睫状肌即可获得准确的屈光不正度数,是一种简便准确可靠的验光方法.     

6-48月龄婴幼儿Spot屈光度异常结果分析

目的：分析6-48月龄婴幼儿Spot屈光异常情况,为婴幼儿屈光不正矫正及弱视早期防治提供依据。

方法：对6-48月龄婴幼儿使用Spot双目视力筛查仪进行自然状况下验光,根据Spot屈光筛查仪4岁以下儿童转诊标准,收集屈光异常婴幼儿临床资料; 使用睫状肌麻痹剂视网膜检影验光,并对验光结果进行统计分析。

结果：根据转诊标准共收集Spot屈光度异常婴幼儿168例336眼。其中远视及散光异常占比高,分别为38.4%和28.6%,而近视占比低(12.2%)。168例Spot屈光度异常婴幼儿中,屈光参差(≥1.00 D)共90例,其中散光性屈光参差41例(45.6%)、远视性屈光参差33例(36.7%),近视性屈光参差16例(17.8%)占比最少。共109例Spot屈光度异常婴幼儿完成睫状肌麻痹剂视网膜检影验光。对其Spot屈光度与睫状肌麻痹后检影验光结果差异及相关性分析结果显示,两者散光度差异为0.34±0.64 D(P<0.001),远视度差异为-2.10±1.27 D(P<0.001),近视度差异为-0.43±0.91 D(P=0.023); 虽然二者结果存在统计学差异,但二者散光度、远视度及近视度均呈正相关(r=0.694、0.762、0.909)。

结论：6-48月龄婴幼儿Spot屈光异常主要以散光、远视异常和屈光参差为主,近视异常较少; 对Spot筛查异常者应进一步睫状肌麻痹剂视网膜检影验光,给予配镜矫正,有效防止婴幼儿屈光性弱视。     

电脑验光仪验光结果的临床分析

目的 探讨自动电脑验光结果的准确性。方法 应用ＮＩＤＥＫ ＡＲ－８２０型电脑验光仪对１０６例２１０眼分成两个对照组进行睫状肌麻痹后电脑验光与网膜检影、睫状肌麻痹前后电脑验光的对照分析。结果 睫状肌麻痹后电脑验光与视网膜检影的符合率分别为ｒ＝０．９８９７（球镜值）和ｒ＝０．８６５３（柱镜值）,呈正相关。柱镜轴差异与柱镜值大小成反比,柱镜值≥０．７５Ｄ以上差异均值ｘ＾－＝６．００。睫状肌麻痹前后电脑验     

电脑验光在儿童远视性屈光不正中的应用

目的探讨自动电脑验光仪在远视性屈光儿童中的应用价值.方法172例远视性屈光(+8.50D以下)儿童,分两组进行阿托品散瞳后电脑验光和视网膜检影比较及散瞳前后电脑验光对比检查、分析.结果散瞳后电脑验光和视网膜检影球镜值和柱镜值均差异无显著性(t=1.1069和t=1.811,P＞0.05);柱镜轴与柱镜值大小无明显相关.散瞳前后电脑验光的球镜值差异显著性(t=19.864,P＜0.05),柱镜值差异无显著性(t=1.942,P＞0.05);柱镜轴差异与柱镜值大小成反比.结论儿童验光准确性的基础在于静态屈光,对于+8.50 D以下的远视眼,电脑验光结合视网膜检影和主观试镜、复验能得到准确的屈光值.     

Cycloplegic refractive errors in children: comparison of a standard and a hand-held refractor

The present study compares the refraction of normal children and young adults measured with a standard refractor and a hand-held refractor. Refractive errors were estimated for each refractor under cycloplegia: sphere, cylinder and cylinder axis were compared. No significant difference was found between the two methods. We performed this study before starting a screening campaign in preschool children to evaluate if the pediatrician and paramedical staff may rely on the hand-held refractors.     

Screening for refractive errors in children: accuracy of the hand held refractor Retinomax to screen for astigmatism

AIMS: To assess the reliability of the hand held automated refractor Retinomax in measuring astigmatism in non-cycloplegic conditions. To assess the accuracy of Retinomax in diagnosing abnormal astigmatism in non-cycloplegic refractive screening of children between 9 and 36 months. METHODS: Among 1205 children undergoing a non-cycloplegic refractive screening with Retinomax, 299 (25%) had repeated non-cycloplegic measurements, 302 (25%) were refracted under cycloplegia using the same refractor, and 88 (7%) using retinoscopy or an automated on table refractor. The reproducibility of non-cycloplegic cylinder measurement was assessed by comparing the cylindrical power and axis values in the 299 repeated measurements without cycloplegia. The influence of the quick mode on cylinder measurement was analysed by comparing the cylinder and axis value in 93 repeated measurements without cycloplegia where normal mode was used in one measurement and quick mode in the other. Predictive values of the refractive screening were calculated for three different thresholds of manifest astigmatism (> or = 1.5, > or = 1.75, and > or = 2 D) considering as a true positive case an astigmatism > or = 2 D under cycloplegic condition (measured by retinoscopy, on table, or hand held refractor). RESULTS: The 95% limits of agreement between two repeated manifest cylinder measurements with Retinomax attained levels slightly less than plus or minus 1 D. The 95% limits of agreement for the axis were plus or minus 46 degrees. The comparison of non-cycloplegic measurements in the quick and normal mode showed no significant difference and 95% limits of agreement plus or minus 0.75 D. The mean difference between non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic cylinder values measured by Retinomax reached 0.17 D and was statistically significant. Manifest thresholds of > or = 1.5 D, > or = 1.75 D, > or = 2 D cylinder value diagnosed 2 D of astigmatism under cyclplegia respectively with 71-84%, 59-80%, 51-54% of sensitivity (right eye-left eye) and 90-92%, 95%, 98% of specificity. CONCLUSION: Without cycloplegia, Retinomax is able to measure cylinder power with the same reproducibility as cycloplegic retinoscopy. No significant difference was found in the cylinder values obtained with the quick and the normal modes. Therefore, the quick mode of measurement is recommended as it is more feasible in children. No difference, which is significant from a screening point of view, exists between the non-cycloplegic and the cycloplegic cylinder value (< 0.25 D). Retinomax diagnoses abnormal astigmatism (> or = 2 D) in a non-cycloplegic refractive screening at preschool ages with 51-84% sensitivity rates and 98-90% specificity rates, depending on the chosen threshold of manifest astigmatism. If 2 D of manifest astigmatism is chosen as a positive test, the positive predictive value of the screening reaches 81-84% and the negative predictive value 91-90% (right eye-left eye).     

盐酸环喷托酯对儿童睫状肌麻痹效果的观察

目的:探讨盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液对屈光不正儿童验光睫状肌麻痹的效果。方法:对6～12岁屈光不正儿童60例120眼随机分为3组,分别用盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液、复方托吡卡胺滴眼液及阿托品眼膏滴眼。在用药前及用药后不同时间点对3组患者分别在电脑验光仪上进行客观验光并测量瞳孔直径,在综合验光仪上进行主观验光并用移近法测量调节力和剩余调节力。结果:盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液最大睫状肌麻痹时间是60min,在最大睫状肌麻痹状态下盐酸环喷托酯组剩余调节力较复方托吡卡胺组小(P<0.05),与阿托品组相近(P>0.05)。结论:用盐酸环喷托酯代替阿托品对6～12岁屈光不正非斜视儿童进行散瞳验光是可行的。     

Screening for abnormal levels of hyperopia in children: a non-cycloplegic method with a hand held refractor

AIMS—High hyperopia constitutes the majority of refractive errors in large scale visual screening at preschool ages. The authors aimed to assess the validity of the Retinomax hand held refractor to detect high hyperopia in a refractive screening performed without cycloplegia and carried out on children aged 9-36 months. They considered +1.5 D of manifest hyperopia to be the threshold value and abnormal absolute hyperopia to be above +3.5 D.
METHODS—Of the 897 children screened without cycloplegia, 220 were refracted with cycloplegia. The validity of several thresholds of manifest hyperopia was estimated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves using cycloplegic measures as a reference. The reproducibility of Retinomax measurements was assessed. Normal and quick mode measurements were compared using the Wilcoxon test.
RESULTS—The manifest threshold of +1.5 D offered the best combination of sensitivity (70.2%), specificity (94.6%), positive predictive value (78.6%), and negative predictive value (91.9%) to disclose abnormal absolute hyperopia. A good agreement was obtained between the various measurements using Retinomax on the same subject. In the results of this survey, there is no evidence that accommodation is minimised in the normal mode of measurement compared with the quick mode.
CONCLUSION—The Retinomax hand held infrared autorefractor is a suitable instrument to diagnose abnormal hyperopia (manifest hyperopia >+1.5 D) in non-cycloplegic refractive screening at preschool ages. It is suggested as the quick mode of measurement as it is more feasible in children (success rate 98.5%).

Keywords: non-cycloplegic refractive screening; hyperopia; hand held infrared automated refractor; Retinomax     

Use of the HARK autorefractor in children

PURPOSE: We investigated the reliability, accuracy, and repeatability of an autorefractor with the capability of over-refracting and measuring visual acuity for use in children in a prospective study. METHODS: Before and after cycloplegia, 68 children (mean +/- SD age, 10 +/- 3 years, range 5-16 years) underwent autorefraction twice with the HARK 599 Autorefractor (Humphrey Instruments Inc., San Leandro, CA), subjective over-refraction through the HARK autorefractor, and subjective refraction using a phoro-optometer. After cycloplegia, retinoscopy was performed. Results are reported for one eye (left) of each child. RESULTS: For 68 eyes of 68 children, before and after cycloplegia, correlation coefficients (R) for autorefraction reproducibility exceeded 0.95 for all comparisons of sphere and cylinder. R for spherical values for autorefraction vs. over-refraction was 0.93 and vs. subjective refraction 0.83 before cycloplegia and 0.94 and 0.97 after cycloplegia. Comparing values before and after cycloplegia, autorefraction, over-refraction, and subjective refraction, the data correlated > 0.81 for sphere and 0.75 to 0.87 for cylinder. Cycloplegic retinoscopy compared with autorefraction, over-refraction, and subjective refraction had R > 0.86 for sphere and cylinder for all comparisons except one. Cycloplegia increased the proportion of spherical equivalent values within 0.625 D of the subjective refraction from 41 of 68 eyes (61%) for auto- and over-refraction to 64 (94%) and 51 (75%) of the 68 eyes, respectively. A visual acuity of 20/30 or better was produced in 50 of 68 (73%) eyes with automated refraction before and after cycloplegia and in 62 (92%) with subjective refraction before cycloplegia and subjective refraction and retinoscopy after cycloplegia. Subjective over-refraction did not significantly improve the visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS:In children, HARK autorefraction improved in accuracy, when compared to subjective refraction, and the level of visual acuity improved after cycloplegia. Over-refraction through the instrument did not improve the results before or after cycloplegia.     

Automated refraction. A comparative study of automated refraction with the Nidek AR-1000 autorefractor and retinoscopy

A prospective study was performed on 46 eyes to compare results of different methods of objective refraction, namely automated refraction with the Nidek AR-1000 autorefractometer and retinoscopy in cycloplegia. We found that automated refraction in cyclopentolate cycloplegia gave results that differed little from results of retinoscopy in atropine cycloplegia both with respect to sphere and cylinder. Axis determination was even better with automated refraction. Dry automated refraction gave inaccurate results for the spheric component presumably because of suboptimal control of accommodation in this group of young patients. We recommend automated refraction in cyclopentolate cycloplegia as an easy, rapid, accurate and convenient method for obtaining an objective refraction where accommodative disorders are suspected.     

Seasonal variation in myopia progression and ocular elongation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate possible seasonal variations in myopia progression and ocular elongation in school children. METHODS: Seventy-one children who were enrolled in a clinical trial of bifocals were examined every 6 months for 30 months. Three 6-month intervals ("winters") included none of the summer vacation from school, and two intervals ("summers") included all of the summer vacation. Myopia was evaluated, after cycloplegia with 2 drops of 1% tropicamide, by automated refractor, and changes in axial length and in vitreous chamber depth were measured by A-scan ultrasonography. Data from left and right eyes were averaged because there was no evidence of a significant eye-visit interaction. Analysis of variance with a planned contrast was used to evaluate differences between the observed rates of change over the two summers compared with expected rates assuming no seasonal effect. RESULTS: For 37 children in single-vision lenses, myopia progression rates over the two summers averaged 0.15 D compared with 0.32 D over the three winters. For 34 children in bifocal glasses, summer rates averaged 0.07 D compared with 0.30 D for winters. Analysis of variance showed that seasonal effects on myopia progression were significant (p < 0.025) for both groups for the first summer and approached significance for the second summer. Increases in vitreous chamber depth were also slower during the summer, significantly so (p < 0.01) for both summers in the single-vision group and for the second summer only in the bifocal group. Changes in axial length were somewhat slower in the summer, but the effect of season reached statistical significance in that variable only for the second summer in the bifocal group (p = 0.031). CONCLUSION: Myopia progression rates were slower during the 6-month periods that included all of the summer vacation than would be expected assuming no seasonal effect. Ocular growth was also slower in the summer; but that trend, in most cases, was statistically significant only for changes in vitreous chamber depth and not for axial length.     

盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液和复方托品卡胺睫状肌麻痹效果比较

目的:了解盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液和复方托品卡胺滴眼液在散瞳验光中麻痹睫状肌的临床效果,客观地对其评价以指导临床工作。 方法:随机抽取2010-12/2011-03期间的60例120眼屈光不正（近视和远视各占50%）患者,年龄12～40岁,利用国产复方托品卡胺滴眼液滴眼散瞳先后对其进行散瞳4次, 45min以后,对其进行检影验光,并利用综合验光仪测定其残余调节量,第2d用盐酸环喷托酯眼液进行复验。 结果:远视组盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液和复方托品卡胺两者验光结果差异较大（P＜0.01）;近视组两者验光差异较小（P＜0.05）,但是仍然具有统计学差异。 结论:临床上对于屈光不正患者的屈光检查,复方托品卡胺滴眼液是一种有效的睫状肌麻痹剂,但因注意到其麻痹睫状肌及放松调节的有限性,特别在远视患者应灵活结合其他放松调节如盐酸环喷托酯眼液的方法获取最终的配镜处方。     

小学生近视筛查中常用指标的准确性比较

目的 比较几种常用小学生近视筛查方法（裸眼远视力、小瞳孔电脑验光、轴率比、散瞳验光）评估近视的准确性,提出适合于群体近视筛查的视觉指标。设计 以人群为基础的横断面研究。研究对象 以河北省肃宁县学区小学生为研究对象,发放《散瞳验光知情同意书》,签字同意并排除眼病后共计232例学生,年龄6～12岁,男性123例,女性109例。方法 采用标准对数视力表测量裸眼远视力（UCDVA）,低于1.0为视力不良;采用电脑验光仪（日产RM-8000）进行小瞳孔验光,≤-0.50 D为近视阳性界值;相干光生物测量仪（IOL Master）测量眼轴及角膜曲率,计算轴率比（眼轴/平均角膜曲率半径,AL/CR）,>3为可疑近视。采用1%盐酸环喷脱酯点眼行睫状肌麻痹,瞳孔充分散大后行电脑验光,以等效球镜≤-0.50 D为近视诊断标准,并与散瞳验光结果比较,分析各方法在群体近视筛查中的灵敏度、特异度和Youden指数,评估其诊断近视的准确性。主要指标 UCDVA、小瞳孔下屈光度、AL/CR与散瞳后屈光度相比对诊断近视的灵敏度、特异度、Youden指数。结果  裸眼远视力筛查近视的灵敏度为86.8%,特异度为59.3%,Youden指数为0.46;小瞳孔验光筛查近视的灵敏度为94.3%,特异度为66.6%,Youden指数为0.61。 轴率比筛查近视的灵敏度为90.6%,特异度为81.3%,Youden指数为0.72。结论 在散瞳验光难以实施的大规模小学生近视筛查中,轴率比是一个相对客观、准确的评估指标。（眼科, 2012, 21: 327-330）