北京地区儿童急性上呼吸道感染病毒病原学调查

目的:了解北京地区儿童急性上呼吸道感染病毒病原学现况,探讨不同年龄组、不同月份病毒检出情况,为预防策略制定、临床诊断、治疗提供病原学依据.方法:采用多重RT-PCR法,对365份咽拭子样本同时检测腺病毒,偏肺病毒,冠状病毒229E,1、2、3型副流感病毒;甲、乙型流感病毒,甲、乙型呼吸道合胞病毒,甲型鼻病毒,冠状病毒OC43共12种常见呼吸道病毒.结果:365份样本中有阳性检出结果的有246份,阳性率为63.08%,其中有2种以上病毒混合感染65份,占17.80%;6个月以下患儿以甲型呼吸道合胞病毒检出阳性率最高;6个月以上至14岁患儿中以甲型流感病毒检出阳性率最高;2006年10月及2007年4月腺病毒检出率最高,11月份与2月份以呼吸道合胞病毒检出率最高,12月与1月份以流感病毒检出率最高;在阳性检出样本中流感病毒占52.85%、呼吸道合胞病毒占26.42%、腺病毒占18.70%.结论:流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒为北京地区儿童急性上呼吸道病毒感染主要致病原.随年龄不同、流行季节中月份不同而有一定的流行规律.     

2009年长春地区婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的病原学监测分析

目的研究2009年长春婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的病原学特点。方法 2009年1-12月在长春市儿童医院共采集腹泻患儿的粪便标本419份,对其进行轮状病毒、杯状病毒、肠道腺病毒和星状病毒的检测分析。结果 419份标本中,采用ELISA法检测出轮状病毒184例,阳性率为43.91%(其中G基因型分型151例,以G3型为主,占64.24%);P基因型分型118例(其中以P8型为主,占92.37%);G/P优势组合型以G3P8为主,占48.75%(78/160)。采用RT-PCR法检测杯状病毒阳性67份,阳性率为15.99%;肠道腺病毒阳性8份,阳性率为1.91%;星状病毒阳性8份,阳性率为1.91%。结论轮状病毒是2009年长春地区婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的主要病原体,主要血清型为G3P8型;杯状病毒、星状病毒和肠道腺病毒也是重要的病原体。     

山东省济宁市病毒性腹泻样本诺如病毒分子流行病学与基因特征分析

目的 了解山东省济宁市诺如病毒的分子流行病学特征及诺如病毒的优势基因型,为诺如病毒感染防控提供科学依据。方法 按照《山东省病毒性腹泻监测方案》,2018年1月-2020年12月从山东省济宁市每县(市、区)每月采集3～5份病毒性腹泻标本,进行流行病学调查,采用Real time RT-PCR方法检测诺如病毒GI/GⅡ组,对阳性样本进行基因型别鉴定。结果 共采集粪便标本1 230份,诺如病毒阳性165份(其中GⅠ8份、GⅡ157份),检出率为13.41%(165/1 230)。每年除2月份外,其他月份均检出诺如病毒,以6月、7月检出率高。基因型分别为GⅡ.4型25份,占32.05%;GⅡ.2型18份,占23.08%;GⅡ.6型14份,占17.95%;GⅡ.3型13份,占16.67%。3年间优势毒株不同,2018年为GⅡ.3型9份,占69.23%;2019年为GⅡ.2型14份,占43.75%;2020年为GⅡ.4型17份,占53.13%。结论 山东省济宁市诺如病毒感染6月和7月流行强度较强,以GⅡ组为主,基因型存在多样性,处于动态变化中,以GⅡ.2[P16]型和GⅡ.4[P31]型为主要型别...     

2011年郴州市手足口病病原学及EV71型分离株基因特性研究

目的了解2011年郴州市手足口病病原学特征及EV71型分离株基因特性,为郴州地区手足口病防治工作提供依据。方法收集郴州市手足口病临床诊断病例的咽拭子或肛拭子、粪便标本,采用实时荧光PCR法检测EV71、CA16和其他肠道病毒核酸。随机挑选55份EV71阳性的标本进行RD细胞分离,10株分离株用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增EV71的VP1片段,并作基因测序和序列分子系统发生树分析。结果 2011年郴州市共报告手足口病例5 128例,发病有两个高峰,分别是5-7月和11-12月。病原学检测提示,2011年检测手足口病标本574例,发病年龄以1～3岁儿童为主,男性是女性的2.04倍,检出阳性标本461份,其中EV71占30.15%,CA16占31.89%,EV71和CA16同时阳性占0.65%,其他肠道病毒占37.31%;三种型别病毒分布在病例发病时间、发病年龄和地域上有所不同(P<0.001);重症病例25例,18例检出EV71病毒核酸,死亡病例6例均为EV71病毒感染;采用实时荧光PCR法随机检测68份其他肠道病毒,其中23份CA6、8份CA10,CA6和CA10占其他EV的45.59%。10株EV71分离株基因测序均为C4a亚型,重症和普通病例EV71的VP1基因序列差异较小。结论手足口病的发病存在明显季节、地区、性别、年龄差异,EV71是2011年郴州市引起手足口病重症和死亡病例的主要毒株类型,要开展对EV71型病毒的深入研究,同时也要关注非EV71和非CA16病毒的流行趋势,以防范其快速传播。     

肺炎支原体与呼吸道合胞病毒在小儿肺炎中的感染情况分析

目的通过了解肺炎支原体与呼吸道合胞病毒在小儿肺炎中的感染情况分析,为临床治疗小儿肺炎疾病合理用药提供依据。方法采集2015年1月—2016年12月在医院住院的肺炎患儿的血清标本和鼻咽拭子标本,通过血清学检测肺炎支原体和直接免疫荧光法检测呼吸道含胞病毒,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果 3 726例小儿肺炎感染疾病中支原体感染占424例,合胞病毒占600例,合并感染73例。其中患儿感染肺炎支原体年龄高峰在1～3岁,11、12月份肺炎支原体检出阳性率较高;感染呼吸道含胞病毒年龄高峰在1～6月龄,12—2月份呼吸道含胞病毒检出阳性率较高。结论肺炎支原体与呼吸道合胞病毒是小儿肺炎常见的病原体感染,共占25. 52%,感染分布均存在年龄差异和均存在明显的季节差异。     

广西自治区2006-2007年诺如病毒腹泻暴发疫情特征分析

目的 分析广西诺如病毒腹泻疫情的流行特征及流行因素,为预防控制提供依据.方法 采用现场流行病学调查方法 及描述性分析方法 ,对2006年1月至2007年12月广西诺如病毒腹泻疫情报告及个案资料进行调查分析.结果 2006年1月至2007年12月,广西共报告9起(城市1起,农村地区8起)诺如病毒腹泻疫情,累计病例1174例,其中实验室诊断病例75例(6.39%),临床诊断病例1099例(93.61%),无死亡病例.疫情暴发地点主要为农村地区的学校、监狱、自然村屯,农村病例数构成(86.20%)高于城市(13.80%)(P<0.01);病例时间分布有明显季节性,2006年病例时间分布与2007年分布不一致,2006年病例全部集中在9、10和12月,2007年病例主要集中在4-6月,占总病例数的78.75%(452/574);病例年龄主要为10～19岁(39.52%)和20～29岁(28.88%),年龄构成差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),男女性别比为2.19∶1,职业分布主要为在校学生和服刑人员.病例症状较轻,病程一般为2～3 d,具有自限性.可能的传播途径包括经水和食物、人传人接触传播等多途径传播.共采集81份病例和10份密切接触者急性期粪便标本,检出诺如病毒RNA阳性72份和5份,检出率分别为88.89%和50.00%.结论 广西诺如病毒腹泻暴发疫情多在农村地区的中小学校发生,具有明显季节性,主要集中在秋季和初夏季节.应加强疫情监测,提高实验室检测能力,重点针对疫情好发地区,采取健康教育、加强饮用水卫生和饮食卫生等综合措施,减少诺如病毒腹泻暴发疫情的发生.     

2005～2009年章丘市流感样病例哨点监测资料分析

[目的]分析流感样病例的流行特点,为流感防控措施提供依据。[方法]对2005年10月至2009年12月章丘市流感哨点医院监测资料和2009年8~12月病原学检测资料进行分析。[结果]2005年10月至2009年12月,哨点医院各门诊累计报告流感样病例6 370例,占同期门诊就诊病人总数185 479例的3.43%。流感样病例所占比例,2005年10月至2009年3月4个监测年度流行季节分别为2.32%、2.87%、3.82%、2.93%,2009年5~12月为3.74%;儿科门诊为5.07%,儿科急诊为6.43%,内科门诊为0.17%,内科急诊(包括发热门诊)为8.11%;10月至次年3月分别为2.37%、2.81%、3.27%、3.98%、3.50%、2.70%,2009年5~12月分别为2.73%、3.14%、2.57%、1.18%、5.61%、6.66%7、.41%、5.29%。2009年8~12月采集流感样病人咽拭子228份,检出流感病毒78株,阳性率为34.21%,其中季节性流感病毒H3型50株,H1型1株,甲型未分型6株,B型2株,甲型H1N1型19株。[结论]章丘市2005~2009年流感流行季节哨点医院门诊就诊病人总数中流感样病例所占比例比较平稳,2009年8~12月季节性流感病毒H3型和甲型H1N1型流感病毒为优势病毒株。     

昆明地区儿童下呼吸道感染的病毒病原学分析

目的了解昆明地区儿童下呼吸道感染中病毒病原学构成,为临床急性呼吸道感染提供病毒病原学诊断依据。方法选2005年10月～2006年12月昆明市儿童医院住院治疗的急性呼吸道感染患儿1629例,取其鼻咽部分泌物做免疫荧光检测筛查7种呼吸道病毒抗原,并对结果进行统计分析。结果1629份标本中,阳性418例,阳性率为25.66%,其中合胞病毒阳性374例,占总阳性标本例数的89.47%;流感病毒A10例,占2.39%;副流感病毒Ⅲ型12例,占2.87%;副流感病毒Ⅱ型10例,占2.39%;腺病毒9例,占2.15%;副流感病毒Ⅰ型3例,占0.72%。结论昆明地区下呼吸道感染以合胞病毒为主要病原,婴幼儿(尤其<6月)病毒感染率较高,通过检测儿童呼吸道感染疾病的病毒病原,可对临床提供快速、准确的诊断依据,防止滥用抗生素。     

广西首次在门诊成人腹泻病例中发现星状病毒感染

目的 研究广两地区门诊成人腹泻病例中星状病毒的感染状况和型别分布.方法 2007年2月至2008年3月期间,收集广西南宁市某医院门诊成人腹泻患者粪便标本346份,应用RT一半巢式PCR检测星状病毒,对阳性标本进行测序验证和型别鉴定.结果 在检测的346份粪便标本中,RT-PCR检出6份阳性,经测序证实均为星状病毒,检出率为1.73%(6/346).病例全部集中在冬春季;发病年龄以17～29岁为主.6株毒株中有4株为HAstV-4型,占66.7%,另2株为HAstV-1型,占33.3%.结论 首次证实广西地区成人腹泻病例中存在星状病毒感染,流行型别主要是HAstV-4和HAstV-1型.     

600例传染病统计分析

1996年 1月至 1998年 12月经对我院 6 0 0例各类传染病的报告统计进行综合分析 ,认为近年来性病、肝炎的发病仍居高不下 ,肺结核也呈逐渐上升趋势。1996～ 1998年 3年中 ,性病报告81、76、41例 ,占同期传染病报告例数的38.0 %、33.0 %、2 5 .7% ;肝炎报告 5 0、6 1、43例 ,占 2 3.0 %、2 6 .7%、2 7.0 % ;肺结核报告 36、5 8、6 7例 ,占 16 .8%、2 5 .4%、作者单位 :36 2 0 0 0福建省泉州市中医院保健科42 .0 %。肺结核发病的特点 ,一是老年人报告例数比例较大 ,3年中 ,6 0岁以上老人报告 18、2 5、2 0例 ,占同期报告例数的 5 0 .0 %、43 .5…     

The association between age and the development of respiratory syncytial virus neutralising antibody responses following natural infection in infants

To determine the age at which infants mount significant neutralising antibody responses to both natural RSV infection and live vaccines that mimic natural infection, RSV-specific neutralising antibodies in the acute and convalescent phase sera of infants with RSV infection were assayed. Age-specific incidence estimates for hospitalisation with severe RSV disease were determined and compared to age-specific neutralising antibody response patterns. Disease incidence peaked at between 2 and 3.9 months of life. Following natural infection, relative to the mean acute phase antibody titre, the mean convalescent titre was lower in the 0–1.9 month age class, no different in the 2–3.9 month age class and greater in all age classes greater than 4 months. These data suggest effective vaccination with live vaccines that mimic natural infection may not be achieved before the age of 4 months. Maternal vaccination may be an alternative to direct infant vaccination in order to protect very young babies.     

严重急性呼吸综合征康复病例血清中和抗体三年追踪观察

目的了解严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）康复病例病后3年血清中和抗体水平及其变化规律,为SARS疫苗的研制和使用决策提供理论依据。方法对SARS康复病例进行随访,分别采集病后第5个月、第20个月和第35个月的血清,每份血清标本均采用间接酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）和微量中和试验二种方法进行血清SARS-CoV特异性抗体的检测。中和抗体效价采用Reed-Muench方法计算。3个时间点中和抗体效价的趋势分析采用对数转换后的数据进行重复测量方差分析。结果分别采集到病后第5个月、第20个月和第35个月的血清标本13份、17份和13份,采用ELISA法检测的抗体阳性率分别为100%、82．4%和84．6%,而采用中和试验法检测的中和抗体阳性率均为100%,中和抗体效价依次为1：43（1：16～1：203）、1：36（1：17～1：59）和1：21（1：10～1：39）,其差异具有统计学意义（F=60．419,P＜0．001）。病后第35个月时有30．8%（4/13）的病例血清中和抗体效价高于1：36,但另有30．8%（4/13）的病例血清中和抗体效价等于或略高于1：10（临界水平1：8）。结论SARS病例血清中和抗体至少可持续3年,但中和抗体效价随康复时间延长呈逐渐下降趋势;血清中和抗体效价个体差异较大,病后第35个月时部分病例的血清中和抗体效价已降至较低水平,何时完全消失尚需进一步追踪观察。     

91例成人麻疹血清流行病学研究

目的探讨浙江省成人麻疹病例增多的原因。方法对4起麻疹流行中的91例成人患者,采集急性期和恢复期双份血清,检测麻疹血凝抑制抗体,用酶联免疫吸附试验测定IgG、IgM抗体。结果91例患者被确认为麻疹病例,发病年龄高峰在15~30岁。同时以急性期、恢复期IgMI、gG抗体的分布为标识进行分类,推算出91例患者中,麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)原发性免疫失败或未免疫者为71例,占患者总数的78.0%;继发性免疫失败者为20人,占患者总数的22.0%。MV未免疫与原发性免疫失败病例中,有87.3%为未免疫或接种史不详。结论对不同人群应采取针对性的免疫措施与方案,以建立与完善人群的麻疹免疫屏障。     

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Puerto Rico, 1981-1982

In late 1981, the Western Hemisphere's pandemic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis spread to Puerto Rico. Over 6,000 cases of conjunctivitis were reported to the Puerto Rico Department of Health from November 1981 to March 1982. Enterovirus 70 was isolated from one of 19 eye-swab specimens tested, and 10 of 13 (77%) individuals with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis had neutralizing antibody titers to enterovirus 70 of greater than or equal to 1:4. These data suggest that enterovirus 70 was the etiologic agent of the acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreak in Puerto Rico. In a study of a lower middle socioeconomic sector with relatively intense transmission, 152 of 670 (23%) persons reported illness consistent with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. The highest attack rate was in the 5- to 14-year-old group (30%), and a disproportionate number of household index cases were in the predominantly school age group (5-19 years old). Twelve per cent (3/25) of asymptomatic household contacts of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis cases had sera with neutralizing antibody to enterovirus 70. Retrospective surveillance through ophthalmologists and neurologists identified one patient with a neurologic complication, a seventh nerve palsy temporally associated with recent enterovirus 70 infection. Household transmission was significantly associated with crowding and sharing of beds (p less than 0.05). This and other recent studies in Florida suggest that school age children play an important role in the transmission of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. This study also suggests that asymptomatic enterovirus 70 infection is uncommon, and that in Puerto Rico, neurologic complications associated with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis were quite rare.     

Quantitative analysis of neutralizing antibody response to human cytomegalovirus in natural infection

Naturally acquired immunity significantly reduces the risk of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in future pregnancies. An immune response comparable to that of natural infection has been used as a benchmark for CMV vaccine efficacy; however, the magnitude and persistence of the neutralizing antibody responses in naturally infected women are not completely understood. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed a panel of 375 female CMV convalescent sera ranging in age from 18 to 84 years, for its ability to block virus entry into epithelial cells and fibroblasts, as well as its binding potential to CMV particles. The geometric mean titer of the sera in this panel to neutralize 50% of the virus entry into epithelial cells was 7491, compared to 802 for entry into fibroblasts. The epithelial neutralizing titers were statistically indistinguishable among different age groups, and conformed to a normal distribution. There was a weak correlation between the levels of neutralization and the binding activities to viral particles. Our data confirmed that natural CMV infection in healthy women induces potent neutralizing antibodies against infection of both fibroblasts and epithelial cells. The serum neutralizing activities were maintained at high levels throughout the child bearing age. The corresponding titers may serve as a biomarker for CMV vaccine efficacy.     

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in monkeys of purified inactivated Vero-cell SARS vaccine

BACKGROUND: In 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) resulted in hundreds of infections and deaths globally. We aim to assess immunogenicity and protective efficacy of purified inactivated Vero-cell SARS vaccine in monkeys. METHODS: The cultures of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) BJ-01 strain infected Vero cells were inactivated with beta-propiolactone. Sequential procedures, including ultrafiltration, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography, were performed to obtain purified inactivated SARS vaccine. The purified SARS vaccine was analyzed with electron microscope, HPLC and Western blotting. We immunized three groups of cynomolgus macaques fascicularis with adjuvant-containing purified vaccine, purified vaccine and unpurified vaccine, respectively, and a fourth group served as a control. Antibody titers were measured by plaque reduction neutralization test. The vaccinated monkeys were challenged with SARS-CoV BJ-01 strain to observe protective efficacy. Additionally, three groups of rhesus monkeys were immunized with different doses of the purified inactivated SARS vaccine (0.5, 1 and 2mug/time/monkey) on days 0 and 7, and the monkeys were challenged with SARS-CoV GZ-01 strain. We assessed the safety of the SARS vaccine and observed whether the antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) occurred under low levels of neutralizing antibody in rhesus. FINDINGS: The purity of SARS vaccine was 97.6% by HPLC identification and reacted with convalescent sera of SARS patients. The purified SARS vaccine induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies and prevented the replication of SARS-CoV in monkeys. Under low levels of neutralizing antibody, no exacerbation of clinical symptoms was observed when the immunized monkeys were challenged with SARS-CoV. In this preliminary animal trial, no side effects were detected when monkeys were immunized with purified SARS vaccine either at normal or large doses. INTERPRETATION: The purified inactivated SARS vaccine could induce high levels of neutralizing antibody, and protect the monkeys from the challenge of SARS-CoV. The SARS vaccine prepared in the study appeared to be safe in monkeys.     

Precipitating antibody response to malarial S-antigens

The gel diffusion test has been used to detect antibodies to malarial S-antigens. Sera were obtained from entire Gambian village communities, from young children with acute P. falciparum malaria, from children convalescent from such infections and from immune adults. In community studies, small selections of S-antigens detected antibody frequently in sera from older persons but rarely in sera from young children. Larger panels of antigens detected antibodies in sera from half of 50 malarious children while homologous antibody responses were observed in 22% of 267 children followed at intervals during convalescence from malaria. In these latter cases, antibody tended to appear more swiftly when antigen was lost rapidly from the circulation, and observations made on individual responses indicated that antibody production was influenced by factors other than the intrinsic properties of the antigens. In adult sera antibodies usually occurred in association with IgG.     

Zika virus,a cause of fever in Central Java,Indonesia

In 1977 and 1978 selected in-patients at the Tegalyoso Hospital, Klaten, Indonesia who had recent onsets of acute fever were serologically studied for evidence of alphavirus and flavivirus infections. A brief clinical history was taken and a check list of signs and symptoms was completed on admission. Acute and convalescent phase sera from 30 patients who showed evidence that a flavivirus had caused their illnesses were tested for neutralizing antibodies to several flaviviruses which occur in South-east Asia. Paired sera from seven patients demonstrated a fourfold rise in antibody titre from acute to convalescent phase. The most common clinical manifestations observed in this series of patients included high fever, malaise, stomach ache, dizziness and anorexia. None of the seven patients had headache or rash despite the fact that headache and rash had been associated with two of the three previously studied. The onsets of illness clustered toward the end of the rainy season when populations of Aedes aegypti, a probable vector in Malaysia, were most abundant.     

An outbreak of nosocomial cholera in a 755-bed hospital

From 30 October to 7 December 1984, an outbreak of nosocomial cholera involving 11 cases of biotype El Tor, serotype Inaba, took place in a 755-bed hospital in southern Thailand. The outbreak occurred primarily among patients admitted with severe illness. Of the 11 cases, 7 were children and 4 were adults. Most cases had mild symptoms of cholera and no case died in this outbreak. The first 2 cases occurred sporadically with a subsequent cluster of cases showing an explosive pattern. A case-control study found that a history of receiving liquid tube-fed diet was significantly more common among cholera cases than their matched controls, but it could not be determined how the diet was contaminated with cholera. Cases were also significantly more likely than controls to be on oral antacid medication which could increase risk of infection by neutralizing gastric acidity. No additional cases occurred after extensive implementation of control measures.     

四川省首起家庭内暴发传染性非典型肺炎调查

目的 对四川省首起可疑传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)的家庭暴发病例进行流行病学调查，病原学、血清学检测，明确诊断。方法 对发生于2003年2月12日的首起家庭暴发病例进行流行病学调查，病原学和血清学检测。结果该起暴发发生于四川省广元市某厂，1家3口皆发病，有密切接触史，符合传染性非典型肺炎的临床诊断标准。患者鼻和咽拭子，上呼吸道分泌物标本，均未分离到流感病毒，禽流感病毒和肺炎衣原体。患者A恢复期血冠状病毒IgM和IgG抗体阳性，患者B恢复期血冠状病毒IgG抗体阳性，患者C急性期血冠状病毒和肺炎衣原体IgM抗体阳性。结论 该起暴发的流行病学、临床特征、血清学等均符合传染性非典型肺炎的诊断。为四川省首起传染性非典型肺炎疫情。