炎症性肠病患者所关注分级表的信度和效度研究

目的译制炎症性肠病（IBD）患者所关注分级表中文版（RFIPC）,对其信度和效度进行初步评价,为加深医护人员对患者感受的理解提供可测量的工具。方法翻译并修订RFIPC量表,使用中文版RFIPC量表对131例住院IBD患者进行测评,对测定结果进行信效度分析。结果中文版RFIPC量表总的Cronbach’s α系数为0．916,关注疾病状态、社会情感及性生活3个维度的Cronbaeh’s α系数分别为0．882、0．861、0．926,总的分半信度为0．673。内容效度各条目CVI值为0．900～1．000,平均CVI值为0．954。各维度得分与量表总分之间的Pearson相关性有统计学意义（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。因子分析得到3个公因子,可解释的总变异量为69．34％。结论中文版RFIPC是具有较好信度和效度的评定工具,可以用来评价我国IBD患者的疾病体验。     

简体中文版脊柱侧凸研究学会22项患者量表的信度和效度

目的：评价简体中文版脊柱侧凸研究学会22项（SRS-22）患者量表的信度和效度。方法：对英文版SRS-22量表进行简体中文翻译和文化调适。将简体中文版SRS-22及SF-36量表寄给87例青少年特发性脊柱侧凸术后的患者，对寄回了调查表的63例（72．4％）患者寄第二份调查表，56例（88．9％）患者寄回了第二份调查表。对SRS-22量表内部一致性信度及重测信度的评价分别采用Cronbach’s α系数和组内相关系数（ICC）。同期效度通过与SF-36各维度的比较获得，评价指标为Pearson’s相关系数（r）。结果：第一份SRS-22量表治疗满意度维度的Cronbach’s α系数为0．65，其他4个维度的Cronbach’s α系数均大于0．7；第二份SRS-22量表5个维度的ICC值分别为0．74、0．78、0．86、0．81、0．84。与SF-36量表各维度的相关性：3个维度间的相关性极高，11个维度间的相关性高，相关性中等的维度有21个。结论：简体中文版SRS-22量表拥有良好的信度及同期效度，可用于对中国内地青少年特发性脊柱侧凸术后患者的临床评估。     

中文版工作有效条件问卷-Ⅱ的建立

目的开发建立用于评价我国护理工作环境中护理管理者授权状况的中文版工作有效条件问卷-Ⅱ（CWEQ-Ⅱ）。方法在翻译原始CWEQ-Ⅱ的基础上，通过5名专家评定和对598名护士的调查，对问卷中存在的文化差异，问卷的效度、信度进行分析评价。结果中文版CWEQ-Ⅱ具有较好的表面效度和结构效度，内容效度为0．94；工作有效条件和各构成因子之间呈显著相关（r=0．566～0．857，均P〈0．01），6个构成要素之间也有很好的相关性（r=0．261～0．707，均P〈0．01）；问卷Cronbach＇S α为0．634～0．921，因子和内容之间的相关系数均〉0．40（均P〈0．01）。结论中文版CWEQ-Ⅱ具有较好的效度和信度，尽管存在文化上的差异，仍适用于中国护理工作环境中护理管理者授权状况的评估。     

SF-36量表应用于人工髋关节置换患者生命质量测定的效果评价

[目的]探讨SF-36量表用于测定人工髋关节置换手术患者生命质量的可能性。[方法]用SF-36量表测定90例人工髋关节置换手术患者，对结果进行信度、效度和反应度分析。[结果]通过因子分析发现，SF-36量表具有较好的结构效度。8个维度的重测信度较好均大于0．7，其中情感角色限制（RE）纬度最低为0．71。其内部一致性系数分别为，生理功能0．79、躯体疼痛0．77、健康总体自评0．80、社会功能0．74、心理健康0．88，除生理角色限制0．43，活力0．57及情感角色限制0．15外其余均大于0．7。髋关节置换病人在术前与术后的反应度比较上SF-36量表各纬度得分术后均高于术前（P〈0．01），说明量表的敏感性较高。[结论]SF-36用于测量中国人工髋关节置换手术患者的生命质量，具有较好的信度、效度和反应度。     

甲状腺恶性肿瘤临床评估量表的初步编制

目的编制甲状腺恶性肿瘤临床评估量表(CAS-T),检验CAS-T的效度和信度,评估甲状腺恶性肿瘤患者的临床状况。方法在小组讨论和专科咨询后,初步设计调查方向及条目,通过预调查-分析筛选条目-再调查-条目分析与修订-正式调查等环节,确定量表最终条目。选取308例患者施测,评定CAS-T的结构效度及信度;用癌症治疗功能性量表-头颈版(FACT-HN)施测,评定CAS-T的效标效度;于出院当天重测,评定CAS-T重测信度。结果 CAS-T共42个项目,包含情感状况、家庭状况、社交状况、身体功能状况、甲状腺专科模块5个维度,共解释总方差的79.603%;本量表与FACT-HN总得分及各因子得分均呈正相关(r=0.48~0.63,均P0.01);总量表的Cronbachα系数为0.87,5个维度的Cronbachα系数为0.51~0.75;总量表的重测信度为0.89,5个维度的重测信度为0.53~0.81。结论本研究编制的量表具有良好的效度和信度,可用于甲状腺恶性肿瘤患者的临床状况。     

中文版患者床边交班感知量表的信效度研究

目的翻译患者床边交班感知量表（PVNC-BR）,并初步评价其信度与效度。方法严格遵循翻译-回译-专家咨询步骤对量表进行跨文化调试,并通过对138例患者进行调查,检测中文版PVNC-BR的信效度。结果探索性因子分析共提取3个公因子,17个条目,累积贡献率为61．043％,各因子的负荷数为0．413～0．861;Cronbach’sα系数为0．821,各因子的Cronbach’sα系数为0．696～0．854;重测信度为0．879,各因子的重测信度为0．771～0．922。结论中文版PVNC—BR量表具有较好的信度、效度,符合心理学测量要求,可用于测评实施床边交班患者的感知评价。     

肾移植后患者生活质量评分专用量表的制订及相关因素分析

目的 制订针对国人的肾移植后生活质量评分专用量表（下称专用量表），为评价国人肾移植后生活质量提供量化工具；研究肾移植患者生活质量的影响因素，为提高护理质量提供参考。方法 选取肾移植术后6个月肾功能稳定的357例患者，应用终末期肾脏疾病移植患者症状调查表（ESRD-SCL）、健康状况问卷（SF-36）及自制的一般情况问卷进行调查。对条目池中的各条目做统计学测评，选择条目池中回答阳性率较高（〉20％）的条目，应用因子分析正交旋转进行统计分析，筛选因子载荷≥0．4的条目构成初步量表；然后时初步量表的信度、效度进行分析考评。结果 48个条目入选，分属认知能力（12个条目）、药物相关不良反应（9个条目）、心理及情绪（7个条目）、心肾等器官功能（9个条目）、体质（11个条目）。Cronbach’s α为0．74～0．87。条目形式采用等距等级条目，每个条目有5个选项，评分分别定义为0～4分（0=完全没有，1=轻微，2=比较严重，3=很严重，4=非常严重）。患者的认知能力与其文化程度、药物相关不良反应与性别、心理及情绪方面与文化程度、心肾等器官功能与年龄、体质与体重指数相关性最大（r=-0．21、-0．33、-0．32、0.22、0．30，均P〈0．05）。结论 该专用量表有良好的信度和效度，适用于了解我国肾移植术后患者的生活质量状况；肾移植患者的文化程度、性别、年龄、体重指数、移植后时间及有无糖尿病等对生活质量影响相对较大。     

IL-10、IL-18在重症急性胰腺炎肺损伤中的作用

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）中IL-10及IL-18的表达及其与SAP肺损伤的关系。方法将48只SD大鼠按随机数字表法均分为对照组和SAP组，动态定量测定肺湿重系数、腹水量、血清淀粉酶、血清IL-10及IL-18的变化和半定量RT—PCR检测肺组织中IL-10 mRNA及IL-18 mRNA的表达，并在光镜下观察胰腺及肺组织病理学改变。结果各时相SAP组肺湿重系数、腹水量、血清淀粉酶、血清IL-10及IL-18水平和肺组织中IL-10 mRNA及IL-18 mRNA的表达与对照组相比均明显增高（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。SAP组大鼠血清中IL-18水平和肺组织IL-18 mRNA表达水平均与肺湿重系数（r=0．68，P〈0．01；r=0．72，P〈0．01）及肺损伤病理评分（r=0．74，P〈0．01；r=0．79，P〈0．01）呈正相关，而血清中IL-10水平和肺组织IL-10 mRNA表达水平均与肺湿重系数（r=O．62，P〈0．01；r==0．69，P〈0．01）及肺损伤病理评分（r=-0．66，P〈0．01；r=-0．60，P〈0．01）呈负相关。结论IL-18参与了SAP并发肺损伤的病理过程，而IL-10对肺损伤有保护作用。     

骨质疏松症自我效能量表在上海社区居民的效度与信度分析

目的探讨骨质疏松症自我效能量表在上海社区居民中的信度和效度。方法应用骨质疏松症自我效能量表对2003名社区居民进行测查,分层随机抽样20例居民在初次测评1月后再次进行量表的评定。采用结构效度、内容效度及效标效度检测量表的效度。采用内部一致性信度克隆巴赫α系数、重测信度及分半信度三个指标检测量表的信度。结果探索性因子分析有两个公因子被提取,即运动自我效能和摄钙自我效能,累计方差百分比为81.9%,验证性因子分析模型与原假设一致,χ~2/df=3.835,CFI=0.977,GFI=0.941。内容效度各条目与分维度具有显著相关性。自我效能与预防行为间也存在联系;骨质疏松自我效能量表内部一致性信度系数为0.958,重测信度相关系数为0.931,分半信度系数为0.980。结论骨质疏松自我效能量表应用于上海社区居民具有良好的信度和效度。     

护理人员自主学习能力评价量表的研制

目的研制护理人员自主学习能力评价量表（下称量表）。方法确定量表维度，初步拟定量表条目，经过2轮专家咨询后形成预试量表．使用预试量表对253名护士进行调查，测量量表的信度和效度。结果经项目分析量表最后保留34项，其中自我动机信念14项，任务分析6项，自我监控与调节10项，自我评价4项。量表总体Cronbach’s α系数为0．944，各维度Cronbach’s α系数为0．701～0．887；总体分半信度为0．894，各维度分半信度为0．721～0．832；量表的内容效度指数为0．97．各维度内容效度指数为0．95～1．00；结构效度分析显示有自我动机信念、自我监控与调节、任务分析及自我评价4个主成分，区分效度显示量表具有较好的区分能力。结论量表具有较好的信度和效度，可以客观地评价护理人员自主学习能力。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.