正常人闪光视网膜电图的特征

目的:探讨闪光视网膜电图(flash electroretinogram,F-ERG)在正常人的变化规律,以获得正常参考值.方法:应用法国Metrovision公司生产的Vision Monitor视觉诱发系统检测正常人53例73眼.F-ERG的5个标准反应,包括暗适应25dB弱光刺激时的反应(来自于视杆细胞)、暗适应odB强光刺激时的反应、振荡电位、明适应白色标准闪光刺激时的反应(来自于视锥细胞)和明适应快速重复闪烁光刺激的反应.按照10岁为一年龄组分成4组:20～29岁,20眼;30～39岁,22眼;40～49岁,19眼;50～60岁,12眼.比较4个年龄组振荡电位总振幅和a波、b波的振幅及潜伏期.结果:F-ERG暗适应25dB弱光刺激时a波无明显反应,b波潜伏期为1102±113ms,振幅为226.7±492μV;暗适应odB强光刺激时a波潜伏期为263±12ms,振幅为.205.4±40.1μV,b波潜伏期为49.3±2.3ms,振幅为481.2±81.2μV;明适应白色标准闪光刺激时a波潜伏期为23.0±1.6ms,振幅为-23.4±9.1μV,b波潜伏期为38.8±1.8ms,振幅为77.4±21.2μV;明适应快速重复闪烁光刺激b波的振幅为122.1±27.51μV;震荡电位总振幅为112.6±28.2μV.随着年龄的增加,振荡电位总振幅和其余4个标准反应的b波振幅逐渐降低,a波振幅与年龄的增加无明显相关性,50～60岁年龄组a、b波的潜伏期较其他组延长,但各年龄组两两比较无显著统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:确定了正常人F-ERG的5个标准反应的正常值,并比较了振荡电位总振幅和a,b波振幅及潜伏期与年龄的关系,振荡电位总振幅和b波振幅随着年龄的增加逐渐降低,a波振幅与年龄的增加无明显相关性,50-60岁年龄组a,b波的潜伏期较其他组延长,但各年龄组两两比较无显著统计学差异(P＞0.05).     

正常人多焦视网膜电图的特征

目的:探讨正常人多焦视网膜电图(multicalelec-troretinogram,mERG)在视网膜的分布特征,以获得正常参考值。方法:应用法国Metrovision公司生产的VisionMonitor视觉诱发系统检测15例(24眼)正常人mERG,检测视野的水平视角±30°,垂直视角±23°,采用ERG-jet接触镜电极,于5min记录61个视网膜部位的反应。结果:黄斑中心凹N1波、P1波、N2波的振幅密度最大,分别为(47.26±19.51)nV/deg2,(118.22±45.08)nV/deg2,(127.55±38.83)nV/deg2,向周边振幅密度逐渐降低;N1波、P1波的颞侧振幅密度较鼻侧大;P1波、N2波的颞上区振幅密度较鼻下区大。黄斑中心凹P1波、N2波的潜伏期均较其他各区缩短。结论:mERG的各波振幅密度与视网膜感光细胞的分布基本一致,能准确、客观的反映视网膜各部位的功能。     

正常人多焦图形视网膜电图的特征

目的　检测正常人多焦图形视网膜电图 (m PERG)特征。方法　 2 0只正常眼 ,罗兰视觉电生理仪行m PERG检查 ,重复测试 5次。记录波形成分并进行统计学处理。结果　P1、N1波 :第 1至 5环间的振幅密度值逐渐下降(P <0 0 1) ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ,颞侧视网膜的峰时较鼻侧延长峰时差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ,4个象限间的振幅密度值差异有极显著性 (P <0 0 1) ,上下半部视网膜的振幅密度值和峰时差异均无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。N1波峰时 :颞上较鼻上、鼻下象限 ,颞下较鼻上、鼻下象限延长 (P <0 0 1)。结论　多焦视网膜电图能定位、定量地反映视网膜神经节细胞功能 ,为临床提供正常参考值     

正常人黄斑区局部视网膜电图

对正常人黄斑区2．5°、5°、7.5°范围进行了局部视网膜电图（LERG）测定。结果表明，年龄、刺激光范围、频率等因素对LERG振幅、潜伏期有影响。随着年龄增加，LERG潜伏期延长、振幅有下降趋势。局部刺激光范围扩大．LERG振幅增大、潜伏期缩短。LERG振幅还与刺激光频率有关，3Hz和30Hz时可以记录到LERG较大振幅反应．以3Hz时振幅最高。正常人LERG的测定有助于了解黄斑的生理学特点。     

视觉眼电图诊断指标研究

检测和分析了１００只正常眼的多项ＥＯＧ诊断指标，其中电位值参数四项，时间参数两项，比值参数四项。分析表明：电位值参数个体差异大，各作者报告正常范围相差较大，不易比较；时间参数以分为单位，精度太低，严重影响诊断价值；比值参数中，单项应用存在较大局限性，正常眼Ｑ值和Ｇ值频数分布均较集中，其正常内分别为９５％和９７％，建议联合诮Ｑ值和Ｇ值进行分析指导诊断。     

眼电图的正常值

用Nicolet公司的Compact Four电生理诊断仪对138只正常跟进行常规EOG检测。受检者年龄6～72岁,平均年龄36.5岁。检测Arden比值为2.04±0.34。经统计学处理,年龄与Arden比值呈负相关关系,而性别及眼别对Arden比值无明显影响。以生理发育过程为年龄分组的依据,建立了Arden比值的正常值。同时发现散瞳及屈光不正对EOG检测结果有一定影响。     

正常人多焦视网膜电图一、二阶函数核反应特征分析

目的:比较正常人多焦视网膜电图(multifocalelectroretinogram,mfERG)一、二阶函数核的波形及视网膜分布特点。方法:使用VERISScienceTM4.0系统,采用对比度为96%的103个六边形刺激模式,记录了17只正常人眼mfERG。结果:与一阶函数核相比较,mfERG二阶函数核波形较复杂、子波较多。其中一片反应一般有三个正向及负向波,而二片反应有四个正向及负向波。除潜伏期外,二阶函数核与一阶函数核振幅反应的视网膜分布特征基本一致,以中心凹处振幅密度反应最大,随离心度加大振幅逐渐降低;上方视网膜反应大于下方视网膜,颞侧视网膜反应大于鼻侧视网膜。但总能量明显小于一阶函数核。结论:正常人mfERG二阶函数核的视网膜分布特点与一阶函数核基本一致,二阶函数核对于某些疾病的诊断是否具有特异性,有待于进一步研究。     

正常人视网膜电图明视负波反应的研究

目的 建立国人正常人视网膜电图明视负波反应(Photopic negative response,PhNR)的振幅和潜伏期的正常值,探讨其PhNR振幅和潜伏期的变异程度和与年龄、性别、眼别的关系.方法 应用ROLAND生产的视觉电生理仪测量正常人150名(150只眼)在蓝-红和白-白两种刺激下的PhNR潜伏期和振幅.分别按间断年龄20岁进行分组和性别统计其正常值范围并进行比较,用Spss17.0对数据进行统计学处理.结果 蓝-红和白-白PhNR潜伏期在四个年龄组之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.348);而蓝-红PhNR振幅在四个年龄组之间差异有显著性(P =0.007),但白-白PhNR振幅在四个年龄组之间差异无统计学意义(P =0.077).在各年龄组PhNR潜伏期和振幅的变异系数中,＜20岁的PhNR潜伏期和振幅变异系数最小,20～ 40岁的PhNR潜伏期和振幅变异系数最大.在两种刺激下,PhNR潜伏期与年龄无直线相关关系(P =0.210,0.646);而PhNR振幅与年龄呈负的直线相关关系(P =0.007,0.006).PhNR潜伏期和振幅在左右眼之间的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),其在男女之间的差异也无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 在蓝-红和白-白两种刺激下PhNR潜伏期和振幅不受性别和眼别的影响;但PhNR振幅受年龄的影响,随着年龄的增长而下降.在进行PhNR检查时,应综合考虑上述因素的影响.     

正常儿童的视觉眼电图

对４９例（９５眼）５～１４岁儿童正常视力眼的视觉眼电图（ｖｉｓｕａｌｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｏｃｕｌｏｇｒａｍ,ＶＥＯＧ）进行分析,探讨了儿童ＶＥＯＧ测试的方法,分析了ＶＥＯＧ８项参数与眼别、性别、年龄的关系;初步确定了ＶＥＯＧ各项参数的正常值范围,以期为儿童视觉系统疾病的ＶＥＯＧ诊断提供一些参考数据。     

正常人对比敏感度的特征

目的:探讨正常人对比敏感度(contrast sensitivity,CS)的特征,以获得正常参考值.方法:应用法国Metrovision公司生产的Vision Monitor视觉诱发系统检查正常人40例(80眼)最佳矫正视力后暗视和明视下空间频率0.8,1.5,3,6,12,20cpd的对比敏感度,按年龄不同分成2组:A组(16～49岁)56眼、B组(50～65岁)24眼,对2组暗视和明视下各空间频率的对比敏感度结果进行比较.结果:正常人对比敏感度函数图形呈倒U形,在中频区(3cpd和6cpd)最高.随年龄的增长,暗视和明视下各空间频率的对比敏感度均逐渐下降;50岁以上年龄组对比敏感度较50岁以下年龄组显著下降(P＜0.05).50岁以下正常人暗视下较明视下在空间频率12,20cpd对比敏感度降低,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论:我们的研究基本上准确、客观的反映了正常人CS的特征,为临床研究提供了较可靠的正常值.     

The slow electrooculogram oscillation in malignant choroidal melanoma

Electrooculographic recordings were performed in a series of patients with malignant choroidal melanoma. The amplitudes of the light peaks were reduced in all cases compared with the recordings of the normal fellow eyes. The amount of reduction of the light peaks appeared to be dependent on localization of the tumor. The electrooculograms of eyes with tumors of the posterior pole were found to be reduced significantly. Eyes with malignant melanomas located in the peripheral fundus displayed minor reductions.     

正常人视觉诱发电位的特征

目的:探讨正常人视觉诱发电位(visualevokedpotential,VEP)的特征,以获得正常参考值。方法:应用法国Metrovision公司生产的VisionMonitor视觉诱发系统对正常人60例(73眼)在白色、红色和蓝色闪光刺激下进行闪光VEP检查,按年龄不同分成4组:A组(5～14岁)19眼,B组(15～29岁)17眼,C组(30～49岁)21眼,D组(50～65岁)16眼;对正常人62例(77眼)在15,30和60min视角黑白棋盘格翻转图形刺激下进行图形VEP检查。按年龄不同分成4组:A组(5～14岁)20眼,B组(15～29岁)20眼,C组(30～49岁)22眼,D组(50～65岁)15眼。结果:在白色、红色、蓝色闪光刺激下P2波的潜伏期分别为122.2±8.3,122.5±11.7,124.1±8.5ms;在白光刺激下D组P2波的潜伏期与其他各年龄组相比,均有差异(P<0.05)。其他各年龄组相互比较,均无显著意义。在红光和蓝光刺激下A组与D组比较,A组、D组与其他年龄组比较均延长,有显著意义(P<0.05),其他各年龄组相互比较,均无显著意义。在15',30'和60'视角黑白棋盘格翻转图形刺激下P100波的潜伏期分别为111.6±6.0,105.9±5.3,105.1±3.8ms。各年龄组图形VEP相比较均无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论:在白色、红色和蓝色闪光刺激下14岁以下年龄组和50岁以上年龄组闪光VEPP2波的潜伏期较其他组延长,图形VEPP100波的潜伏期各年龄组比较无显著差异。     

The electrooculogram: A refinement of the method

The measurement of the light rise of the corneoretinal potential in the clinical routine depends critically on the constancy of the eye movements made by the subject. To verify to what extent the variability of the Arden ratio can be explained by the variability of these eye movements, an infrared sclerai reflection technique was applied in order to monitor eye positon and electrooculogram simultaneously. The data obtained in 10 normal subjects show that not only is the variability reduced substantially by correction for the actual eye movement, but also the routine procedure gives a systematic underestimation of the ratio. Monitoring eye movements makes available the use of eye movements of arbitrary size (e.g., optokinetic nystagmus), allowing for application of the method in uncooperative subjects such as children.     

正常人中心视野视网膜光敏感度的定量分析

目的：为了解我国正常人群中央３０度视野视网膜光敏感度的定量值,并对研究青光眼的视野损害提供有益的经验。方法：应用北京市眼科研究所和航空航天部一０二所联合研制的ＱＺＳ－２型全自动静态视野分析仪,采用全阈值程序对４８例９６只正常眼进行中央３０度视野光敏度的测定。结果：９６只正常眼中央及鼻上、下,颞上、下视野的平均光敏度均随着年龄的增加而降低,其降低的幅度及变异均随着年龄的增加而增大,年龄（ｘ）与平均光     

Model parameters of the smooth pursuit eye movement system with electrooculogram

The visual pursuit test is a method that collects and analyzes the characteristics of pursuit eye movements and examines the function of the eye movement system. This paper analyzes the model parameters of the smooth pursuit eye movement system in order to explore a method for improving the analysis. The input-output relationship of the smooth pursuit system can be expressed by a quasilinear model. We compute the model parameters (gain, phase, spectral purity, cross covariance) by digital signal processing. Eye movement is recorded by electrooculogram. Both eyes are tested individually. The visual target moves at frequencies of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 Hz. Ranges are gain, 1.01 to 0.70; phase, -0.1 ° to -66 °; spectral purity, 0.97 to 0.70; and cross covariance, 0.99 to 0.26. We tested 40 normal subjects as well as patients with ataxia (8), vertigo (18), and ophthalmoplegia (9). The oculomotor system of normal subjects functions as a linear system in the performance of this test at 0.2 to 0.8 Hz. The spectral purity dropped to about 0.70 at 1.6 Hz. The variability of all measures increases greatly at 1.6 Hz, which indicates that this target motion exceeds the tracking ability of many normal subjects and that the oculomotor system of normal subjects functions as a nonlinear system in this condition. Statistical tests show no significant differences between sex, age, and the two eyes. The model parameters tentatively proved effective in clinical application.     

C-wave versus electrooculogram in diseases of the retinal pigment epithelium

The c-wave and the electrooculogram (EOG) are retinal potentials predominantly generated by the pigment epithelium. In most diseases both parameters show a parallel decrease in amplitude. However, in patients with dominant drusen, and cone dystrophies, and in clinically nonaffected members of families suffering from vitelliform macula degeneration, the EOG is close to normal whereas the c-wave shows a reduced amplitude. These findings suggest a higher sensitivity of the generators of the c-wave compared with those responsible for the EOG. Thus the direct current electroretinogram provides additional diagnostic information.     

Relation between size of optic disc and thickness of retinal nerve fibre layer in normal subjects

AIMS—To evaluate the relation between the optic disc size and the thickness of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) in normal Japanese subjects by means of scanning laser polarimetry.
METHODS—Scanning laser polarimetry was performed in 60 normal subjects. One eye of each subject was randomly selected for study. Using a scanning laser polarimeter, the integral of RNFL thickness was measured totally and regionally within a circular band located 1.75 disc diameters from the centre of the optic disc. The correlation between the optic disc size and the integral of RNFL thickness was examined.
RESULTS—The optic disc size showed a significant correlation with the integral of RNFL thickness (R = 0.497, p <0.001). A significant negative correlation was observed between the optic disc size and the ratio of inferior integral to total integral of RNFL thickness (R = −0.274, p = 0.034).
CONCLUSIONS—The cross sectional area occupied by the RNF, measured by scanning laser polarimetry increased significantly with an increase in optic disc size while the ratio of inferior to total cross sectional area decreased significantly. These facts should be considered when one evaluates the RNFL thickness in patients with progressive optic neuropathies such as glaucoma.

Keywords: scanning laser polarimeter; normal subjects; optic disc; retinal nerve fibre layer