MC3T3E1细胞分化过程中Cbfα1及相关基因的表达

目的 研究在小鼠前成骨细胞MC3T3E1诱导成骨过程中，总Cbfα1、Cbfα1两种亚型Cbfα1／P56、Cbfα1／P57及碱性磷酸酶、Ⅰ型胶原、骨钙素、骨涎蛋白和骨桥素在前成骨细胞成熟过程中的变化。明确Cbfα1、Cbfα1亚型及相关基因表达与成骨细胞分化的关系，探求与成骨细胞成熟更密切相关的Cbfα1亚型，为进一步的Cbfα1亚型研究提供基础。方法 MC3T3E1细胞在含β-甘油磷酸钠，抗坏血酸的培养基中培养22d，在细胞培养的不同时间（0，4，10，14，18，22d），用α-磷酸奈酚法测定碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性；VanGieSon苦味酸酸性复红染色法染色细胞Ⅰ型胶原；茜素红染色观察矿化结节形成；半定量RT-PCR检测总Cbfα1mRNA及Cbfα1／P56、Cbfα1／P57mRNA和Ⅰ型胶原、骨钙素、骨涎蛋白、骨桥索mRNA的表达；用Western-blot检测Cbfα1蛋白的表达。结果 MC3T3E1细胞在β-甘油磷酸钠存在的情况下，培养第18d开始出现矿化，第22dⅠ型胶原染色及茜素红染色均观察到明显矿化结节形成。随MC3T3E1细胞的分化，Cbfα1mRNA的表达量逐渐增高，Cbfα1／P57mRNA在第18和22d的表达量明显增高，Cbfα1／P56mRNA无变化。Cbfα1蛋白随MC3T3E1细胞的分化，表达量逐渐增高。同样，随MC3T3E1细胞分化，Ⅰ型胶原、骨钙素、骨桥素和骨涎蛋白mRNA的表达量逐渐增高。ALP活性0～10d逐渐增高，10d后逐渐下降。结论 在MC3T3E1细胞的分化过程中Ⅰ型胶原、骨钙素、骨涎蛋白、骨桥素mRNA随MC3T3E1细胞的分化表达逐渐增高。Cbfα1 mRNA及Cbfα1蛋白的表达随细胞的分化逐渐增高，与其他成骨特异性基因的变化趋势一致，并以Cbfα1／P57mRNA亚型为主。Cbfα1／P57亚型的表达与成骨分化的关系更密切，在进一步的与成骨细胞分化有关的Cbfα1亚型研究应以Cbfα1／P57亚型为主。     

体外诱导小鼠骨髓基质干细胞向成骨细胞分化相关基因表达的研究

目的体外培养小鼠骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)诱导分化为成骨细胞,定量分析其骨生成关键标志基因的表达水平。方法体外培养小鼠BMSCs 7、14、21 d,提取细胞总RNA,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测Ⅰ型胶原、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、骨桥蛋白(OPIN)和骨唾液酸蛋白(BSP)基因的表达水平。结果小鼠BMSCs体外稳定增殖和分化,Ⅰ型胶原培养14 d和21 d mRNA水平分别是培养7 d时的0．75±0．04倍和(0．34±0．03)倍;ALP、OPN和BSP基因表达水平随着培养时间延长而上升,其中培养21 d时的ALP、OPN和BSP mRNA水平分别是培养7 d时的(19．70±2．36)倍、(150．12±9．31)倍和(7．73±0．58)倍。结论荧光定量RT-PCR可以灵敏地检测成骨细胞关键标志基因表达水平,随着培养时间延长,Ⅰ型胶原的表达水平逐渐下降,而ALP、OPN和BSP的表达水平显著上升。     

17β-雌二醇和孕酮对人成骨细胞胰岛素受体底物家族的作用

目的观察17β-雌二醇和孕酮对人成骨细胞和人成骨肉瘤MG-63细胞胰岛素受体底物家族 (insulin receptor substrate IRS)表达的影响。探讨雌、孕激素对骨的作用机制。方法从正常骨折病人骨组织中分离正常人成骨细胞,经纯化和培养后,用Van Gieson行Ⅰ型胶原染色、钙钴法行碱性磷酸酶染色、茜素红行钙化结节染色进行成骨细胞鉴定。用半定量RT-PCR检测细胞IRS-1、- 2、-3 mRNA表达量。结果分离和培养的细胞具有正常人成骨细胞的形态,能分泌Ⅰ型胶原、碱性磷酸酶并形成钙化结节。17β-雌二醇和／或孕酮均不影响人成骨细胞和MG-63细胞IRS-1mRNA 的表达(P>0．05),可诱导人成骨细胞和MG-63细胞IRS-2 mRNA的表达上调(P<0．05),IRS- 3 mRNA的表达下调(P<0．05)。二者联合干预时作用明显加强(P<0．01)。结论 17β-雌二醇和孕酮均不影响IRS-1 mRNA的表达,但可使人成骨细胞和MC-63细胞IRS-2 mRNA的表达上调, IRS-3mRNA的表达下调,二者联合干预具有正性协同效应。不同的IRS家族成员对同一细胞具有效应的多样性。     

RNA干扰沉默CTGF表达对人成骨样MG63细胞I型胶原、ALP mRNA表达的影响

目的本研究将利用RNA干扰技术,阻断CTGF在人成骨样MG63细胞中的表达,观察CTGF降表达后对人成骨样MG63细胞Ⅰ型胶原、碱性磷酸酶 mRNA表达的影响。方法针对人CTGF mRNA440、875、910位点设计、合成3对21核苷酸siRNA（siRNA1、siRNA2、siRNA3）;在阳离子脂质体介导下转染人成骨样MG63细胞,以空白及非特异性siRNA作为对照,转染48h后收集细胞。采用Northern杂交研究CTGF mRNA表达水平的改变,半定量RT-PCR观察Ⅰ型胶原、ALP mRNA表达的改变,Western blotting观察CTGF蛋白表达的变化。MTT法测定RNA干扰后人成骨样MG63细胞活力的改变。结果空白对照组相比,转染siRNA1、siRNA3的MG63细胞CTGF mRNA和蛋白表达明显下调,转染siRNA2及非特异性siRNA的MG63细胞CTGF的表达无明显变化。转染siRNA1、siRNA3的MG63细胞Ⅰ型胶原、ALP mRNA表达明显下调,细胞活力明显降低。结论针对人CTGF mRNA设计、合成的siRNA可有效抑制人成骨样MG63细胞CTGF的转录和表达;CTGF表达下调可抑制MG63细胞表型标志物Ⅰ型胶原、ALP mRNA的表达,降低MG63细胞活力,这说明CTGF可能在维持骨代谢平衡中具有重要的作用。     

牛骨胶原肽对成骨细胞分化的影响

目的研究3 mg/ml牛骨胶原肽(Bovine collagen peptides,BCP)对人成骨细胞(Human osteoblast,HOB),小鼠前成骨细胞系MC3T3分化的影响。方法 Western blot检测MC3T3细胞中BCP对Runx2表达的影响;分离培养HOB,利用对硝基苯磷酸比色法检测3 mg/ml BCP对碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline phosphatase,ALP)含量的影响;骨钙素(osteocalcin,OC)ELISA法测定BCP对OC含量的影响;茜素红矿化染色检测BCP对HOB矿化,然后用5%高氯酸进行脱色,用吸光度法检测BCP对人成骨细胞矿化程度。结果 Western blot检测表明,14 d后BCP处理的MC3T3细胞中Runx2蛋白表达水平(0.178±0.201)与CN组(0.146±0.582,P0.05)比较,有增高趋势。ALP染色结果表明,BCP混合物处理组的ALP的染色面积(33859±8221)在第10d与CN组(19900±2796)相比,显著增加(P0.05),表明BCP混合物能促进人成骨细胞早期的ALP表达量。BCP混合物处理组的OC吸光度值(0.137±0.014)在第14d高于CN组(0.086±0.023,P0.05),表明BCP混合物能促进人成骨细胞晚期阶段的OC含量。茜素红矿化染色结果表明,3mg/ml BCP能显著促进HOB的矿化骨基质的形成。当使用5%的高氯酸脱色后,BCP处理组在490 nm处测吸光度值(0.579±0.093)显著高于CN组(0.193±0.021,P0.01),表明BCP混合物能促进人成骨细胞的矿化。结论 BCP在成骨细胞分化和矿化骨基质的形成中发挥了积极作用。综合上述结果,本文为BCP混合物在骨关节炎和骨质疏松症潜在的预防和治疗提供了分子机理。     

成人成骨细胞和MG-63细胞株孕激素受体的表达

目的 观察成人成骨细胞和MG-63细胞株孕激素受体(progesterone receptor，PR)亚型表达的情况。方法 用改良胶原酶消化法从正常成人松质骨中分离成骨细胞，观察细胞形态，钙钴法行碱性磷酸酶染色，Van Gieson法行Ⅰ型胶原染色，茜素红行矿化结节染色；半定量RT-PCR检测骨钙素和PR亚型mRNA表达；Western blot测定PR蛋白质表达。结果 所分离培养的细胞具有成骨细胞的形态特征，保持了其在体内的功能；人成骨细胞和MG-63细胞株均表达PRA、PRB mRNA和蛋白质。结论 人成骨细胞和MG-63细胞株可能受孕激素的影响。     

孕激素调节人成有细胞转化生长因子—β1、β2的表达

目的　研究孕激素对正常成人成骨细胞转化生长因子 (TGF) β1、TGF β2表达的调节作用 ,探讨孕激素治疗绝经后骨质疏松症 (OP)的作用机制。方法　鉴定成人成骨细胞 (hOB) ,测定碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)活性、骨钙素分泌 ,VanGieson氏苦味酸酸性复红染色法进行Ⅰ型胶原染色。hOB用孕酮干预。Northern杂交、ELISA分别检测hOBTGF β1、TGF β2mRNA和蛋白质分泌。结果　观察到hOB分泌的ALP活性为 (74 3± 4 7)mU/mg蛋白 ,培养上清液骨钙素含量为 (3 84± 0 3 9)ng/ml蛋白 ,Ⅰ型胶原染色呈红色。观察到孕酮增强hOBTGF β1、TGF β2mRNA表达呈剂量依赖性 (P <0 0 0 1) ;10 -9mol/L孕酮诱导 12～ 2 4h促进TGF β1、TGF β2mRNA表达 ,呈时间依从性。孕酮促进hOBTGF β1、TGF β2蛋白质分泌呈剂量依赖性 (P <0 0 0 1) ;10 -9mol/L孕酮诱导 12～ 2 4h促进TGF β1、TGF β2蛋白质分泌 ,呈时间依从性。结论　孕激素可能通过诱导成骨细胞TGF β1、TGF β2表达 ,促进成骨细胞增殖与分化 ,增强成骨功能及骨基质合成 ,促进骨形成     

TGF-β增强rhBMP-2诱导成骨中Ⅰ、Ⅱ型胶原mRNA及碱性磷酸酶的表达

目的：对TGF-β增强rhBMP-2诱导成骨中Collagen Ⅰ、ⅡmRNA及碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的表达进行研究。方法：BALB／c小鼠110只随机分2组，每组55只。rhBMP-2／TGF-β为实验组，rhBMP-2为对照组，于术后3～21d 8个时间点取材，用原位杂交方法对新生骨组织中的Ⅰ、Ⅱ型胶原mRNA进行检测；对ALP活性进行定量分析，观察2组在诱导成骨中CollageⅠ、ⅡmRNA及ALP的表达情况。结果：(1)Ⅱ型胶原mRNA的出现是和成软骨、软骨细胞的出现相伴随的；(2)做为成骨细胞成熟标志物的I型胶原mRNA、ALP在软骨形成期即有表达，随着成骨细胞的出现，骨组织的形成Ⅰ型胶原mRNA仍表现为高表达，而ALP的表达则呈下降趋势；(3)实验组CollagenⅠ、ⅡmRNA及ALP的表达早于对照组。结论：TGF-β增强了rhBMP-2诱导成骨中CollagenⅠ、ⅡmRNA及ALP的表达。     

股密葆含药血清对高浓度地塞米松干预后成骨细胞增殖分化作用的影响

目的：观察股密葆含药血清对高浓度地塞米松干预后成骨细胞增殖分化的影响.方法：用多次酶消化法分离出生24 h内新生SD大鼠颅盖骨成骨细胞,P1代细胞进行实验.将不同浓度地塞米松（0、10-8、10-7、10-6、10-5、10-4 mol/L）干预成骨细胞,1周后进行碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,ALP）染色,3周后进行矿化结节染色.根据上述实验结果,进一步选择10-5 mol/L地塞米松干预成骨细胞1周,继而改换空白鼠血清及高、中、低浓度股密葆含药血清培养基,培养1周后进行ALP染色,Western-blot检测Ⅰ型胶原及增殖细胞核抗原（proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA）表达,培养2周后进行矿化结节染色.结果：生理浓度地塞米松（10-8 moL/L）可促进成骨细胞ALP的表达及矿化结节产生,而高浓度地塞米松（10-7～10-4 mol/L）可抑制上述结果,股密葆含药血清可逆转高浓度地塞米松对成骨细胞ALP、矿化结节、Ⅰ型胶原及PCNA的抑制作用.结论：高浓度地塞米松可抑制成骨细胞增殖分化,而这种抑制作用可被股密葆含药血清逆转.     

补肾健脾活血方调控Apaf-1/CHOP-Caspase-9/Bcl-2通路抑制成骨细胞氧化应激

目的 探讨补肾健脾活血方对减轻大鼠成骨细胞氧化应激损伤和调控线粒体介导的细胞凋亡的机制。方法 提取大鼠原代成骨细胞,通过CCK8实验检测补肾健脾活血方干预下对成骨细胞增殖活性的影响、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)染色检测成骨细胞ALP活性、茜素红染色检测成骨细胞的矿化情况、实时定量PCR检测Apaf-1和CHOP基因的mRNA表达、蛋白质印迹检测Caspase-9和Bcl-2蛋白表达量。结果 CKK8实验和碱性磷酸酶染色表明氧化应激损伤的大鼠成骨细胞增殖活性显著降低,成骨分化受抑制,同时Apaf-1和CHOP的mRNA表达以及Caspase-9的蛋白表达明显增加(P≤0.01),Bcl-2蛋白表达则显著减少(P≤0.01);经补肾健脾活血方干预后,成骨细胞增殖活性得到明显的增强、成骨分化增加,Apaf-1和CHOP的mRNA及Caspase-9的蛋白表达均显著减少(P<0.05),而Bcl-2的蛋白表达则显著升高(P≤0.000 1)。结论 补肾健脾活血方可以促进成骨细胞增殖和成骨分化,显著降低Apaf-1和CHOP的mRNA及Caspase-9...     

Connective tissue growth factor in indomethacin-induced rat gastric ulcer

The healing of gastric ulcers requires not only the complete epithelial covering but also the restitution of connective tissue. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and its downstream mediator, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), are potent stimulators for connective tissue formation during wound healing. The expression of TGF-beta, CTGF and type III collagen mRNA in indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rat, was investigated by Northern blot analysis. We also examined the localization of CTGF producing cells by in situ hybridization. Northern blot analysis showed expression of TGF-beta mRNA on days 1 and 3 after indomethacin administration, expression of CTGF mRNA on days 1, 3 and 7 and type III collagen mRNA expression on days 1, 3, 7 and 12, respectively. Control animals showed no expression of TGF-beta, CTGF or type III collagen mRNA. In situ hybridization showed CTGF mRNA positive cells on days 1, 3 and 7 after ulcer induction in fibroblast-like cells and in some of the blood vessels. Thus our findings indicate that growth factor CTGF, together with TGF-beta, participates in gastric ulcer healing by regulating connective tissue formation and angiogenesis. These results are compatible with the role of CTGF as a downstream mediator of TGF-beta effects.     

Connective Tissue Growth Factor is Involved in Pancreatic Repair and Tissue Remodeling in Human and Rat Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the involvement of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) pathway during acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) in humans and rats. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Connective tissue growth factor is involved in several fibrotic diseases and has a critical role in fibrogenesis and tissue remodeling after injury. METHODS: Normal human pancreas tissue samples were obtained through an organ donor program from five individuals without a history of pancreatic disease. Human ANP tissues were obtained from eight persons undergoing surgery for this disease. In rats, ANP was induced by intraductal infusion of taurocholate. The expression of CTGF was studied by Northern blot analysis, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry in both human and rat pancreatic tissue samples. RESULTS: Northern blot analysis revealed enhanced CTGF mRNA expression in human ANP tissue samples compared with normal controls. In addition, a concomitant increase in TGF-beta1 was present. By in situ hybridization, CTGF mRNA was localized in the remaining acinar and ductal cells and in fibroblasts. In regions of intense damage adjacent to areas of necrosis, CTGF mRNA signals were most intense. Inflammatory cells were devoid of any CTGF mRNA signals. By immunohistochemistry, CTGF protein was localized at high levels in the same cell types as CTGF mRNA. In ANP in rats, concomitantly enhanced mRNA levels of CTGF, TGF-beta1, and collagen type 1 were present, with a biphasic peak pattern on days 2 to 3 and day 7 after induction of ANP. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that CTGF participates in tissue remodeling in ANP. The expression of CTGF predominantly in the remaining acinar and ductal cells indicates that extracellular matrix synthesis after necrosis is at least partly regulated by the remaining pancreatic parenchyma and only to a minor extent by inflammatory cells. Blockage of CTGF, a downstream mediator of TGF-beta in fibrogenesis, might be useful as a target to influence and reduce fibrogenesis in this disorder.     

PRS-CTGF-siRNA对TGF-β1诱导的人腹膜间皮细胞细胞外基质及VEGF表达的影响

目的 观察pRetro-Super(PRS)反转录病毒载体介导的表达人结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)小分子干扰RNA(siRNA)对体外培养的人腹膜间皮细胞(HPMC) 细胞外基质和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响。 方法 根据siRNA靶序列要求及PRS反转录病毒载体特点分别设计4 对寡核苷酸，构建表达人CTGF基因siRNA 的PRS-CTGF-siRNA1～4重组反转录病毒载体。以脂质体2000将重组反转录病毒载体转染PT67包装细胞，继而感染HPMC。采用RT-PCR法检测mRNA表达及Western印迹法检测蛋白质表达。 结果 5 μg/L外源性转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）刺激可诱导HPMC表达CTGF、纤连蛋白（FN）、I型胶原（Col I）、层粘连蛋白（LN）和VEGF明显增高； 而PRS-CTGF-siRNA 1～4组与TGF-β1刺激组比较，HPMC细胞内CTGF、FN、Col I、LN mRNA和蛋白表达和VEGF mRNA表达明显较低（P < 0.01），各干扰组对CTGF mRNA抑制率分别为 69.3％、22.2%、27.4%和38.8%，其中以PRS-CTGF-siRNA 1组最为明显；同时PRS-CTGF-siRNA 1组相对于TGF-β1刺激组，VEGF蛋白表达也明显较低（P < 0.01）；而PRS空载体组与TGF-β1刺激组比较，差异无统计学意义（P ＞ 0.05）。 结论 PRS-CTGF-siRNA重组反转录病毒载体可明显抑制TGF-β1诱导的细胞外基质及VEGF表达的增加。     

转化生长因子β1诱导肾间质成纤维细胞表型转化及其对结缔组织生长因子基因表达的影响

目的 研究转化生长因子β1（transforming growth factor beta-1,TGF-β1）诱导大鼠正常肾间质成纤维细胞（NRK-49F）表型转化过程中结缔组织生长因子（connective tissue growth factor,CTGF）基因表达的变化.方法 以不同浓度的TGF-β1（0、0.5、1、2、5、10 ng/ml）刺激NRK-49F细胞,分别应用MTT比色法、Western Blot、Northern Blot方法,检测TGF-β1刺激后肾间质成纤维细胞的增殖、Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型前胶原mRAN的表达、细胞表型标志物α-SMA mRNA及蛋白质表达、CTGFmRNA的表达变化.结果 1 ng/ml浓度以上TGF-β1能显著促进NRK-49F细胞增殖,上调Ⅰ、Ⅲ型前胶原mRNA的表达水平,诱导肌成纤维细胞表型标志α-SMA mRNA及蛋白质的表达,显著上调CTGF mRNA的表达水平（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）;以上效应均呈浓度依赖性.同时CTGF mRNA表达水平的增高与细胞表型转化的程度相一致.结论 TGF β1能诱导肾间质成纤维细胞发生表型转化,并促进了细胞增殖及细胞外基质的合成;该效应与TGF β1显著上调CTGF的基因表达一致.     

反义结缔组织生长因子对人瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞的作用

目的：研究结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）反义寡核苷酸（ASODN）对人瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞CTGFmRNA的表达和细胞增殖及胶原合成的影响,探讨瘢痕疙瘩的基因治疗。方法：体外分离、培养人正常皮肤成纤维细胞（NSF）和瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞（KF）,以脂质体介导方法将CTGFASODN转染KF中,用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）方法检测细胞中CTGFmRNA的表达;采用MTT方法测细胞增殖3;H-脯氨酸掺入法检测细胞的胶原合成量。结果：CTGFmRNA在NSF中几乎无表达,在KF中表达增高,CTGFASODN可以抑制其增殖和胶原合成（P〈0.05）。结论：CTGFASODN能够抑制成纤维细胞CTGFmRNA表达和细胞增殖及胶原合成,表明阻断CTGF可能是延缓瘢痕纤维化的有效手段。     

Human papillomavirus-mediated carcinogenesis and HPV-associated oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Part 2: Human papillomavirus associated oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Background

Bisphosphonates are widely used in the clinical treatment of bone diseases with increased bone resorption. In terms of side effects, they are known to be associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw (BONJ). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bisphosphonates on osteoblast proliferation by cell count and gene expression analysis of cyclin D1 in vitro. Furthermore, the gene expression of the extracellular matrix protein collagen type I was evaluated. Nitrogen-containing and non-nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates have been compared on gene expression levels.

Methods

Human osteoblast obtained from hip bone were stimulated with zoledronate, ibandronate and clodronate at concentrations of 5 × 10^-5M over the experimental periods of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 14 days. At each point in time, the cells were dissolved, the mRNA extracted, and the gene expression level of cyclin D1 and collagen type I were quantified by Real-Time RT-PCR. The gene expression was compared to an unstimulated osteoblast cell culture for control.

Results

The proliferation appeared to have been influenced only to a small degree by bisphosphonates. Zolendronate led to a lower cyclin D1 gene expression after 10 days. The collagen gene expression was enhanced by nitrogen containing bisphosphonates, decreased however after day 10. The non-nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate clodronate, however, did not significantly influence cyclin D1 and collagen gene expression.

Conclusions

The above data suggest a limited influence of bisphosphonates on osteoblast proliferation, except for zoledronate. The extracellular matrix production seems to be initially advanced and inhibited after 10 days. Interestingly, clodronate has little influence on osteoblast proliferation and extracellular matrix production in terms of cyclin D1 and collagen gene expression.