重症急性胰腺炎并发假性动脉瘤大出血的处理

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎（severe acute pancreatitis,SAP）并发假性动脉瘤大出血的诊断和处理。方法回顾性分析1990年10月至2006年10月收治的12例SAP合并假性动脉瘤出血患者的临床资料。病因：胆源性胰腺炎6例,高脂血症3例,甲状旁腺功能亢进危象1例,原因不明2例。结果CT诊断假性动脉瘤出血6例（6／9）,血管造影均诊断正确（12／12）。受累血管主要为胰腺周围血管。8例“一点法”（出血血管近端）栓塞后成功止血,2例“两点法”（动脉瘤出血血管的近端和远端）血管栓塞后成功止血。2例急诊手术缝扎止血。“一点法”栓塞止血患者中有4例4～7d后再出血,2例急诊手术止血,2例改用“两点法”成功栓塞。3例死于感染和多器官功能不全综合征,总病死率为25％。结论血管造影是SAP并发假性动脉瘤大出血的主要诊断方法,“两点法”血管栓塞止血和急诊手术是有效的治疗手段。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发假性动脉瘤大出血的诊断及治疗

目的重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）后期出现胰腺及胰周组织坏死、感染,临床上已是非常危重。一旦并发腹腔、胃肠道等处假性动脉瘤破裂大出血,来势凶险,将进一步危及病人的生命,处理非常棘手。因此及时诊断,有效的治疗是挽救病人生命的关键。本文对SAP并发大出血的临床特点和有效的诊治方法进行探讨。方法自1990年10月至2005年9月共收治的急性胰腺炎286例,其中并发胰周血管分支假性动脉瘤破裂大出血12例,回顾性分析其诊断和治疗方法及疗效。结果SAP并发假性动脉瘤大出血12例病人：男10例,女2例,平均年龄51．2岁。病因：胆源性胰腺炎6例,高脂血症3例,甲状旁腺机能亢进危象1例,原因不明2例。12例进行选择性血管造影检查发现病变,10例“一点法”栓塞后获得止血,4例栓塞4～7d后再出血,2例急诊手术缝扎止血;另2例行“两点法”血管栓塞止血。3例病人死于感染和多器官功能不全综合征（MODS）。结论血管造影、胃镜及腹腔穿刺是诊断SAP并发动脉大出血及其发生部位的主要方法;胰腺血运丰富,“两点法”血管栓塞止血及急诊手术是治疗SAP并发大出血的有效手段。     

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术后胆道大出血的介入治疗

目的探讨介入疗法治疗经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术（PTCD）后胆道大出血的临床应用价值。 方法回顾性分析2008年3月至2015年1月621例因胆道梗阻行PTCD,共发生术后胆道大出血8例（1.29%）,7例患者首选经选择性血管造影及引流管造影,证实责任血管后行介入治疗。1例先行手术探查,术后再发大出血,予血管造影检查证实假性动脉瘤后行介入治疗。 结果6例患者经造影证实为医源性血管损伤,其中2例为动脉胆管瘘,3例为假性动脉瘤,1例为门静脉胆管瘘。2例动脉胆管瘘及3例假性动脉瘤患者予栓塞责任血管近端、远端后治愈,门静脉胆管瘘患者经保守治疗后死亡。剩余2例为胆管癌栓松动后自发出血,经肝动脉栓塞后止血。 结论血管介入治疗为胆道大出血的首选治疗方法,具有安全性高、创伤小、疗效确切的优势。     

经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术后胆管大出血的介入治疗

目的探讨介入疗法治疗经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术（PTCD）后胆管大出血的临床应用价值。方法对9例PTCD术后胆管大出血患者进行选择性血管造影和引流管造影,证实责任血管后进行介入治疗。结果对2例动脉胆管瘘患者行超选择性责任血管出血点近端和远端栓塞,6例假性动脉瘤患者行超选择性动脉瘤远端、假性动脉瘤及近端栓塞,对1例胆管门静脉主干瘘患者行胆管内覆膜支架植入术。术后所有患者出血均停止,经3～6个月随访后均无再出血。结论介入疗法治疗PTCD术后胆管大出血安全有效,创伤小。     

重症急性胰腺炎合并出血的影像诊断与介入治疗

目的 探讨影像诊断及介入治疗在重症急性胰腺炎患者并发出血时的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析本单位1999年3月至2005年9月间收治的32例重症急性胰腺炎并发出血患者的影像诊断及介入治疗的临床资料。结果 32例患者中以消化道出血为主者8例，以腹腔出血为主者21例，以假性囊肿内出血为主者3例。26例患者通过血管造影证实为假性动脉瘤破裂出血，其中23例行超选择性栓塞以控制出血，8例行多次栓塞治疗，3例栓塞失败后给予垂体后叶素灌注控制出血。另有3例患者经磁共振血管造影检查证实为胰源性门脉高压导致的静脉破裂出血，其中1例通过介入断流和放置支架控制出血。3例患者未找到出血血管，行手术治疗。32例患者中治愈2l例，死亡11例，无1例发生血栓形成及脏器缺血坏死等严重并发症。结论 重症急性胰腺炎并发出血时应尽早行血管造影，同时结合增强CT、磁共振血管造影及消化道内镜迅速明确出血部位及原因，介入治疗可作为控制出血的首选治疗措施，必要时行手术治疗。     

肝移植术后肝动脉假性动脉瘤的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后肝动脉假性动脉瘤的诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析2002年4月至2010年4月解放军第三○九医院收治的412例肝移植术后4例发生肝动脉假性动脉瘤患者的临床资料.4例患者均出现腹腔大出血,2例合并胆管出血和胆汁漏.所有患者有腹腔积液,3例合并腹腔感染.患者出现临床症状后通过剖腹探查和血管造影检查进行诊断和治疗.结果 本组患者肝动脉假性动脉瘤平均破裂出血时间为24.6 d(14～35 d).4例患者中,剖腹探查术中明确诊断1例,血管造影明确诊断3例.1例剖腹探查患者,采用肝动脉结扎术止血成功,拟行再次肝移植,在等待期中因肝功能衰竭死亡;2例患者在数字减影血管造影下行动脉瘤介入栓塞+肝动脉内带膜支架植入术,止血成功,痊愈出院;1例患者介入栓塞止血成功,但患者失血性休克时间太长,终因MODS死亡.结论 肝移植术后肝动脉假性动脉瘤早期诊断困难,病死率高,应针对病因进行预防.数字减影血管造影下介入栓塞+肝动脉内带膜支架植入术,是诊断和治疗该病的首选方案.     

脾动脉瘤的诊断和治疗

目的：总结16例脾动脉瘤的外科诊治经验。方法：回顾性分析收治的16例脾动脉瘤患者的临床资料。其中男4例,女12例,经超声多普勒、CT血管造影（CTA）等检查发现脾动脉瘤15例,另1例术中探查发现。手术治疗11例,其中脾动脉瘤破裂行急诊手术4例,择期性手术7例,手术包括脾动脉瘤及脾切除9例,同时切除胰尾3例,脾动脉瘤切除、脾动脉重建1例,脾动脉瘤切除、近远端脾动脉结扎1例。另外行脾动脉瘤介入栓塞3例,非手术治疗2例。结果：手术及介入治疗的14例患者治疗后未发生严重的并发症,无死亡,均康复出院。术后随访0.5~19.0年,平均8.4年。11例手术及介入治疗者中,2例分别手术后3,7年死于其他疾病,另9例情况良好。2例非手术治疗者已分别随访3,5年,脾动脉瘤无变化。结论：脾动脉瘤女性多发;CT血管造影和多普勒超声等可明确诊断;早期切除动脉瘤或介入栓塞术是防止破裂出血导致死亡的有效方法。     

经导管选择性动脉栓塞治疗创伤性假性动脉瘤

目的探讨经导管选择性动脉栓塞治疗损伤性假性动脉瘤的疗效。方法 16例损伤性出血患者,其中肾脏出血5例,肝脏出血3例,剖宫产后出血4例,切口妊娠流产1例,宫颈癌放疗后出血1例,骨外伤术后出血2例。采用经股动脉穿刺选择性插管进行靶动脉造影及栓塞治疗。采用明胶海绵和（或）弹簧钢圈栓塞瘤腔及供血动脉。结果全部患者动脉造影均见假性动脉瘤,其中2例伴有动静脉瘘。栓塞成功率100%,栓塞后即刻造影示假性动脉瘤消失,止血成功率93.75%。术后均未发生严重并发症,随防6个月均无复发。结论经导管选择性动脉栓塞治疗损伤性假性动脉瘤性出血安全有效、创伤小、并发症少,是可靠的治疗方法 。     

肾动脉假性动脉瘤的栓塞治疗

目的探讨经皮肾动脉造影及栓塞治疗肾动脉假性动脉瘤的临床价值。方法 2012年1月~2014年2月15例泌尿系结石术后尿道出血,经皮肾动脉造影诊断为肾动脉假性动脉瘤,导管超选择进入载瘤动脉近端,使用弹簧圈和明胶海绵栓塞载瘤动脉。结果 15例经肾动脉造影均能清晰显示假性动脉瘤,其中位于叶间动脉11例,弓状动脉3例和小叶间动脉1例,经导管弹簧圈栓塞后尿道出血停止。1例介入栓塞术后2 d再次出现尿道出血,再次栓塞后出血停止。栓塞术后2例出现一过性肾绞痛;7例体温37.8~39.3℃,持续3~8 d。15例随访3~24个月(平均15个月),无肾功能不全和尿道出血发生。结论经皮肾动脉造影和经导管栓塞治疗肾动脉假性动脉瘤安全、有效。     

血管介入技术在严重肝外伤损伤控制中的应用

目的 探讨血管介入技术(肝动脉造影及栓塞)在损伤控制性处理严重肝外伤中的应用价值。方法 对13例损伤控制性处理后的严重肝外伤病人进行血管造影,观察是否有再出血的表现,并对出血动脉进行选择性的栓塞。观察止血效果。结果 13例肝动脉造影显示2例胆道出血,5例肝外伤创面出血,3例假性动脉瘤形成,3例无出血征象。10例进行了出血肝动脉分支栓塞均成功止血。随访3个月至2年,无再出血病例及死亡病例。结论 血管介入技术是诊断严重肝外伤行损伤控制性处理后是否再出血以及有效的止血方法。     

重症急性胰腺炎并发腹腔内大出血的病因分析及诊治体会

目的总结重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发腹腔内大出血的病因、诊断和治疗经验。方法回顾性分析1999年1月～2003年1月间37例SAP并发腹腔内大出血患者的临床资料,根据出血原因分型为腐蚀性出血、感染性出血、术中及术后出血、凝血功能异常出血,统计分析各型例数、发生出血时间、诊治方法及效果。结果各治疗方法死亡率分别为经皮出血动脉栓塞术(TAE)10%(2/19),手术30%(7/23),非手术50%(2/4);各型病例数分别为5、20、10、2例,病死率分别为0(0/5)、30%(6/20)、40%(4/10)、50%(1/2)。结论SAP并发腹腔内大出血多为腐蚀性和(或)感染性动脉瘤破裂出血,主要出血血管为脾动脉和胃十二指肠动脉;CT和选择性动脉造影是诊断SAP合并大出血的首选方法;TAE对紧急止血效果最好,无效时应积极手术止血。     

经导管动脉栓塞术治疗重症急性胰腺炎并发假性动脉瘤破裂出血

目的探讨经导管动脉栓塞术(TAE)在重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发假性动脉瘤破裂出血中的应用价值。方法对13例SAP并发假性动脉瘤破裂出血患者行TAE,分析假性动脉瘤DSA表现及栓塞情况。结果 13例SAP患者共并发15个假性动脉瘤,包括感染性假性动脉瘤13个、腐蚀性假性动脉瘤2个。6个(6/15,40.00%)假性动脉瘤的责任动脉为脾动脉,5个(5/15,33.33%)为肠系膜上动脉,2个(2/15,13.33%)为胃十二指肠动脉,1个(1/15,6.67%)为肠系膜下动脉,1个(1/15,6.67%)为胃网膜右动脉(1/15,6.67%)。TAE治疗技术成功率为93.33%(14/15)。1例(1个假性动脉瘤)TAE术后出现脾脓肿,经穿刺引流及抗感染好转。感染性假性动脉瘤患者死亡率为45.45%(5/11),腐蚀性假性动脉瘤无死亡患者。TAE术后复发出血率为15.38%(2/13)。结论 TAE是治疗SAP并发假性动脉瘤破裂出血的有效方法。     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Role of interventional radiologists in managing patients and complications

Although the mortality rate after pancreaticoduodenectomy has decreased, the morbidity rate remains high. Major morbidity is often managed with the aid of interventional radiologists. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cooperative roles of interventional radiologists and pancreatic surgeons in complex pancreatic surgery, specifically pancreaticoduodenectomy. Our pancreaticoduodenectomy database was reviewed for all patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2000. The interventional radiologic procedures for each patient were evaluated. A total of 1061 patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. The overall mortality and morbidity rates were 2.3% and 35%, respectively. Five hundred ninety patients (56%) had no interventional radiologic procedures, whereas 471 patients (44%) had interventional radiologic procedures. Of those, 342 (32%) had preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) and 129 (12%) required postoperative interventional radiologic procedures. Percutaneous aspiration/catheter drainage was required in 84 patients for intra-abdominal abscess, biloma, or lymphocele, with 24 requiring two or more abscess drains. Thirty-nine patients underwent postoperative PBD for bile leaks due to anastomotic disruption, undrained biliary segments, or T-tube/ bile stent dislodgment. Eighteen patients had hemobilia/gastrointestinal bleeding treated by angiography with embolization. The reoperation rate for the entire cohort of 1061 patients was 4.1% (n = 43). Nineteen of the 129 patients (15%) requiring postoperative radiologic intervention required reoperation. Although 4 of 18 patients who required embolization for bleeding subsequently required surgical intervention for the same reason, only 4 of 84 patients undergoing abscess drainage later required operation for anastomotic disruption or unsuccessful percutaneous drainage. As would be expected, the patients who required postoperative radiologic intervention (n = 129) had a higher incidence of postoperative complications including pancreatic fistula (20% vs. 6%, P <0.01), bile leakage (22% vs. 1%, P< 0.01), and wound infection (16% vs. 8%, P < 0.01). With the complications in these 129 patients, the postoperative mortality rate was only 6.2% compared to 1.7% in patients who did not require radiologic intervention (n = 932, P< 0.01). The median postoperative length of stay was 15 days in those patients requiring postoperative radiologic intervention, 10 days in those not requiring intervention (P< 0.01; postoperative interventional radiology vs. no postoperative interventional radiology), and 29.5 days for patients needing reoperation. Interventional radiologists play a critical role in the management of some patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. Although complications such as anastomotic leaks, abscess formation, and bleeding can result in increased mortality and a longer hospital stay, the skills of the interventional radiology team provide expert management of some life-threatening complications, thus avoiding reoperation, speeding recovery times, and minimizing morbidity. Presented at the Forty-Third Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, San Francisco, California, May 19–22, 2002 (poster presentation).     

Follow-up imaging of traumatic vertebral artery dissections is unnecessary in asymptomatic patients

ObjectiveRoutine computed tomography (CT) imaging in trauma patients has led to increased recognition of blunt vertebral artery injuries (BVIs). We sought to determine the prevalence of strokes, injury progression, and need for intervention in patients with BVI.MethodsConsecutive patients presenting with BVI during 2 years were identified from the institutional trauma registry. Inpatient records, imaging studies, and follow-up data were reviewed in detail from the electronic medical record.ResultsThere were 76 BVIs identified in 70 patients (64% male; mean age, 47 ± 19 years); bilateral injuries occurred in 6 patients. Five patients who arrived at the hospital intubated had evidence of posterior circulation infarcts on admission CT, whereas one additional patient had evidence of a posterior circulation infarct attributed to complications of late spinal surgery. Four of the five patients with infarcts on admission CT survived to discharge, but only one had residual stroke symptoms. Minor (grade 1 or grade 2) injuries occurred in 25 (36%) patients; severe (grade 3 or grade 4) injuries occurred in 45 (64%). Twelve patients died of associated injuries (eight with severe BVI, four with minor BVI). Stepwise logistic regression analysis selected age (odds ratio, 1.14; confidence interval, 1.04-1.25; P < .001) and intubation on arrival (odds ratio, 450.4; confidence interval, 17.41-1645.51; P < .001) as independent predictors of hospital stroke and death. Of the 58 surviving to discharge, 31 (53%) returned for follow-up CT scans. Six of 10 (60%) patients with minor injuries had resolution or improvement compared with 3 of 21 (14%) with severe injuries (P = .027). One patient (10%) with a minor BVI and two patients (10%) with severe BVI had radiologic progression, but none were clinically significant. During a mean follow-up of 15 ± 13 months, none of the study patients had treatment (surgical or interventional) for BVI, and there were no delayed strokes. Only five patients in this series had vertebral pseudoaneurysms, which limits conclusions about this type of BVI.ConclusionsThese data suggest that BVI-related strokes are present at the time of admission and do not have clinical sequelae. No late strokes occurred in this series, and no surgical or interventional treatments were required even in the presence of radiographic worsening. The relatively few cases of vertebral pseudoaneurysms in this series limit any conclusions about these specific lesions. However, these data indicate that follow-up imaging of nonaneurysmal BVI is not necessary in adults who are found to be asymptomatic on follow-up.     

Management and outcome of hemorrhage due to arterial pseudoaneurysms in pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: Arterial pseudoaneurysm formation in pancreatitis is a rare complication. The optimal treatment modality is controversial. Operative treatment and interventional treatment, either alone or as a temporizing method with a later operation, are options. METHODS: In this single-center, patient-based cohort study, we managed 35 patients (8 with necrotizing pancreatitis and 27 with chronic pancreatitis) with bleeding pseudoaneurysms treated over a period of 10.5 years with a median follow-up of 4.6 years. Angiography was performed depending on the patient's hemodynamic condition. RESULTS: Angiography had a sensitivity of 96% for 26 patients. Angiographic embolization as primary treatment was performed in 16 patients (61% embolization rate); there were 2 rebleeding complications. No patients required intervention for embolization complications after discharge. Nineteen patients (54%) underwent an operation, 9 urgently without angiographic evaluation. The overall mortality rate for the 35 patients was 20% (19% for embolization, 21% after an operation). For necrotizing pancreatitis, an advantage of angiographic embolization was observed (mortality in 2/5 vs 2/3 after surgery). Ligation or repair of the bleeding vessel was complicated by higher rebleeding rates (6/13) than partial pancreatectomy (1/6). CONCLUSIONS: Concerns that angiographic embolization is unable to provide definitive hemostasis in both acute and chronic pancreatitis are unfounded. In the operative treatment of chronic pancreatitis, partial pancreatectomy is superior to vessel ligation, depending on the patient's general condition and degree of pancreatic inflammation. We propose an algorithm for the management of arterial pseudoaneurysms in the setting of pancreatitis.     

经导管出血动脉栓塞术对重症急性胰腺炎并发腹腔内大出血诊治体会

目的总结经导管出血动脉栓塞术(transcatheter arterial embolization,TAE)对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发腹腔内大出血的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析本胰腺外科中心2000年1月至2003年1月间19例SAP并发腹腔内大出血病人经TAE诊治的临床资料。结果TAE止血近期成功率89.5%(17/19),再出血发生率36.8%(7/19),再次TAE止血成功率71.4%(5/7)。结论SAP并发腹腔内大出血多为腐蚀性/感染性动脉瘤破裂出血,主要出血血管为脾动脉和胃十二指肠动脉;就紧急止血而言,TAE最有效;对于TAE止血失败或止血后复发出血者手术止血是必要的。     

Nonoperative management of iatrogenic lesions of celiac branches by using transcatheter arterial embolization

We present our experience in the nonoperative management of iatrogenic lesions of celiac branches by using transcatheter arterial embolization. We treated 6 pseudoaneurysms (5 intrahepatic and 1 of the gastroduodenal artery), 6 vessel lacerations (1 common hepatic artery, 1 right hepatic artery, 1 gastroduodenal artery, 2 pancreatoduodenal, 1 polar intrasplenic artery), 1 arterioportal fistula, and 1 arteriobiliary fistula; all the bleeding lesions were secondary to surgical, endoscopic, or interventional radiologic procedures.     

Treatment of Bleeding Pseudoaneurysms in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis

Background In patients with chronic pancreatitis, an actively bleeding pseudoaneurysm can be life-threatening. Angioembolization is an attractive alternative to often complex operative management, and its feasibility was assessed in a retrospective analysis. Methods During 1993–2005, 33 patients (27 males, median age 51 years) with bleeding pancreatic pseudoaneurysms underwent urgent angiographic evaluation followed by angioembolization if possible. Angioembolization was performed in 23 patients, whereas 10 patients required hemostatic surgery, including 6 distal pancreatectomies and 3 vessel ligations. Results Between 1993 and 2005 33 out of 745 patients (4.4%) admitted for chronic pancreatitis had bleeding pancreatic pseudoaneurysms. The proportion of bleeders out of the total number of hospital admissions for chronic pancreatitis was 33 out of 1,892 (1.7%). The overall success rate of angioembolization was 22 out of 33 (67%) including 3 patients requiring re-embolization for recurrent bleeding. The success rate was 16 out of 20 (80%) when the pseudocyst was in the head of the pancreas, and only 50% when the splenic artery was the source of bleeding. Four of the 5 cases with free bleeding into the peritoneal cavity required operative intervention. The overall mortality and morbidity rates were 2 out of 33 (6%) and 7 out of 33 (21%) respectively, with no significant differences between embolized and operated patients. Angioembolization was associated with a significantly lower need for total blood transfusions and length of hospital stay. During the years 2000–2005, the overall success rate of angioembolization was 95%. Conclusions All hemodynamically stable patients with chronic pancreatitis and bleeding pseudoaneurysms should undergo prompt initial angiographic evaluation and embolization if possible. Repeated angioembolization is feasible in patients with recurrent bleeding, whether initially embolized or operated. Patients with unsuccessful embolization should undergo emergency hemostatic surgery with ligation of the bleeding vessel in the head of the pancreas and distal resection in patients bleeding from the splenic artery or its branch. The combination of angioembolization and later endoscopic drainage of the pseudocyst via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is effective in the majority of the cases of pseudoaneurysms in chronic pancreatitis.