N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯对大鼠隐睾生殖细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的探讨一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)对大鼠隐睾生殖细胞凋亡的保护作用.方法用22 d SD雄性大鼠复制单侧隐睾模型.实验分假手术组、隐睾组、隐睾+L-NAME组[术后腹腔注射L-NAME,10 mg/(kg·d)],每组大鼠各10只.术后7 d,用生物素-dUTP/酶标亲和素测定法检测睾丸生殖细胞凋亡,用硝酸还原酶法测定睾丸组织中NO含量,用化学比色法测定睾丸组织中NOS活性.结果术后第7 d,与假手术组睾丸相比,隐睾组睾丸发生凋亡的生殖细胞数显著增加,隐睾+L-NAME组睾丸发生凋亡的生殖细胞数比隐睾组显著减少(P＜0.01),隐睾+L-NAME组睾丸组织中NO含量及NOS活性与隐睾组相比显著降低(P＜0.01).结论隐睾组织中NO和NOS升高是隐睾生殖细胞凋亡增加的病理机制之一,L-NAME通过抑制NOS活性、减少NO的产生来降低睾丸组织生殖细胞的凋亡发挥其保护作用.     

高压氧对精索静脉曲张大鼠生精细胞凋亡及其基因缺氧诱导因子-α、bcl-2及bax表达的影响

目的 观察高压氧(HBO)对精索静脉曲张(VC)SD大鼠生精细胞凋亡的影响,探讨精索静脉曲张导致男性不育的机制.方法 50只青春期雄性SD大鼠,随机抽出10只作为假手术对照组(A).A组只游离左肾静脉不予结扎,其余40只部分结扎左肾静脉建立VC模型,8周后,将建立了VC模型的40只随机分为VC模型组(B)和HBO干预的VC模型组(C),C组用HBO对VC模型进行干预.实验结束后各组大鼠切取双侧睾丸,采用原位末端标记法(TUNEL)检测大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡,免疫组织化学检测低氧诱导因子(HIF)-α、bcl-2及bax的基因表达.结果 B组较A组生精细胞凋亡数明显增多,HIF-α、bax表达增强(P＜0.01),bcl-2表达减弱(P＜0.01),bcl-2/bax比值降低;C组大鼠较B组生精细胞凋亡数减少(P＜0.01),HIF-α表达减弱(P＜0.01)、bcl-2/bax比值上升,而与A组比较差异无统计学意义.结论 VC大鼠生精细胞凋亡率增加,HIF-α表达增强、bcl-2和bax基因表达失调为其凋亡机制之一;高压氧可能通过HIF-α、bcl-2和bax基因调控途径调节生精细胞凋亡,从而改善VC所致的生精功能障碍.     

生精冲剂对实验性精索静脉曲张大鼠生精细胞凋亡状况的影响

目的:探讨实验性精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡状况以及生精冲剂对其凋亡的影响。方法:将60只成年雄性W istar大鼠随机抽出20只为对照组,其余按石津和彦改良法制成左精索静脉曲张大鼠模型,再随机分为模型组20只,治疗组20只。用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测睾丸生精细胞凋亡。结果:模型组大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数明显高于对照组(P<0.01)和治疗组(P<0.01),治疗组与对照组比较有明显差异(P<0.01)。结论:实验性精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡增加,这可能是影响生育力的机制之一;生精冲剂能够减少精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡,对睾丸生精功能具有保护作用,进而可提高睾丸的生殖能力。     

大鼠精索静脉曲张模型及其高位结扎术后睾丸生精细胞凋亡及其IL-1和NO含量的变化

目的:研究大鼠左侧精索静脉曲张(VC)模型及其高位结扎术后睾丸生精细胞凋亡及白细胞介素-1(IL-1)和一氧化氮(NO)含量的变化。方法:选用雄性SD大鼠60只,均选择左侧精索静脉作为研究对象,建立VC模型。将大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组(SO)15只,VC后高位结扎组(VCT)组15只和VC模型对照组30只。模型对照组中随机选取15只大鼠作为VC1组,余下15只大鼠作为VC2组,分别测定VC1组和SO组、VC2组和VCT组大鼠精液质量及睾丸组织中IL-1和NO的含量并加以比较,采用TUNEL检测睾丸生精细胞凋亡情况。结果:所有大鼠均建模成功,VC1组精子浓度[(1.54±1.16)×10~6/ml]和精子活力[(44.23±15.46)%]均显著低于SO组[2.80±1.62)×10~6/ml、(72.34±12.62)%](P0.05),VCT组精子浓度[1.82±1.34)×10~6/ml]和精子活力[(51.21±12.62)%]较VC2组有显著提高[(1.04±1.21)×10~6/ml、(39.23±13.21)%](P0.05)。大鼠左侧睾丸NO[(0.172±0.030)ng/ml]、IL-1[(1.468±0.080)mg/ml]含量VC1组明显高于SO组[(0.134±0.021)ng/ml、(0.782±0.079)mg/ml](P0.05),VC2组左侧睾丸NO[(0.198±0.020)ng/ml]、IL-1[(1.994±0.090)mg/ml]含量明显高于VCT组[(0.141±0.010)ng/ml、(0.781±0.036)mg/ml](P0.05),而右侧睾丸2组比较差异无显著性(P0.05),而且NO与IL-1含量之间呈正相关关系(r=0.492,P0.01)。VC1组大鼠双侧睾丸生精细胞大量凋亡,左、右侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数差异有统计学意义(P0.05),SO组左、右侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数无明显差异(P0.05),2组间同侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数差异显著,均有统计学意义(P0.01);VCT组大鼠左、右侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数差异有统计学意义(P0.05);VC2组左、右侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数无明显差异(P0.05);2组间同侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数差异显著,均有统计学意义(P0.01)。VC2组、VCT组组内同侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数无明显差异(P0.05),但VC2组、VCT组2组间同侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡指数差异显著,均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:VC致睾丸组织中NO和IL-1含量升高,并加重睾丸生精细胞凋亡,可能是其致睾丸损伤、影响睾丸生精功能障碍的原因之一。     

高压氧下调精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸组织NOS和NO表达的研究

目的:探讨精索静脉曲张(varicocele,VC)大鼠睾丸组织一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和一氧化氮(NO)含量的变化及高压氧(HBO)的干预效果。方法:选取50只7周龄雄性SD大鼠,随机抽取10只为假手术对照组(A组),其余40只部分结扎左肾静脉建立VC模型,8周后再将40只大鼠随机分为VC模型组(B组)和HBO干预的VC模型组(C组),C组用HBO对VC大鼠进行干预。实验结束后分别测定三组大鼠睾丸组织NOS及NO的含量。结果:B组左侧睾丸NOS、NO含量显著高于A组,C组左侧睾丸NOS、NO含量下降明显(P0.01);三组右侧睾丸NOS、NO含量比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:VC时睾丸NOS和NO含量的变化是造成睾丸损伤、生精障碍的原因之一,高压氧可能通过下调NOS、NO的表达来改善VC所致的生精功能障碍。     

患糖尿病12周大鼠睾丸生精细胞周期及其凋亡与抗氧化水平的变化

目的:探讨患糖尿病12周大鼠睾丸生精细胞周期及其凋亡和血清与睾丸抗氧化水平的变化。方法:W istar大鼠随机分为正常对照组10只,糖尿病组20只。腹腔注射链佐脲菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病大鼠模型,12周末记录其存活率、体重和睾丸重量;采用流式细胞术检测生精细胞周期各时相细胞百分率和细胞凋亡率,应用硫代巴比妥酸法(TBAR s)、硝酸还原酶法、黄嘌呤氧化酶法、二硫代二硝基苯甲酸法(DTNB)和分光光度法分别检测血清及睾丸丙二醛(MDA)和一氧化氮(NO)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和NO合酶(NOS)活性。结果:大鼠患糖尿病12周后,其存活率、体重和睾丸重量显著低于正常对照组(P<0.05);G0/G1期生精细胞显著增加(P<0.05),S期和G2/M期细胞减少,即发生了G0/G1期细胞阻滞;生精细胞凋亡率明显增加(P<0.05)。与正常对照组相比,糖尿病大鼠血清和睾丸MDA含量增加,其中后者增加明显(P<0.01);血清及睾丸SOD活性降低;血清GSH-Px活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而睾丸GSH-Px活性显著增高(P<0.01);血清和睾丸NO含量增高,尤其前者显著升高(P<0.01);血清NOS活性显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:睾丸组织及血清MDA和NO含量增加,以及抗氧化酶活性降低,可能与糖尿病大鼠生精细胞G0/G1期阻滞和凋亡增多所致生精障碍有关。     

精索静脉曲张大鼠生精细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的 :探讨外科所致的精索静脉曲张对大鼠生精细胞凋亡的影响。　方法 :采用成年雄性Wistar大鼠复制左精索静脉曲张模型 ;用原位末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶标记法 (TUNEL)检测睾丸生精细胞凋亡。　结果 :实验组的细胞凋亡率显著高于假手术对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论 :外科所致的精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸生长减缓 ,生精细胞凋亡增加 ,这可能是其影响生育能力的机制之一。     

通精灵对实验性精索静脉曲张大鼠生精细胞凋亡及Bcl-2表达的影响

目的：探讨实验性精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡状况及通精灵对精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸生精功能的保护作用。方法：成年清洁级雄性Wistar大鼠50只,按Sapyol法制作左精索静脉曲张大鼠模型,随机分为假手术组、模型组、通精灵低剂量组、通精灵中剂量组、通精灵高剂量组各10只。造模1个月后,各组予以不同药物灌胃1次／d。2个月后处死,用原位末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶标记法检测睾丸生精细胞凋亡,免疫组化法检测睾丸组织Bcl-2表达。结果：模型组大鼠左睾丸凋亡指数明显高于假手术组及通精灵各组（P〈0．01）,通精灵各组左睾丸凋亡指数显著低于模型组（P〈0．05）。与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠睾丸组织Bcl-2蛋白表达下降（P〈0．05）,与模型组比较,通精灵中、高剂量组睾丸组织Bcl-2蛋白表达显著上升（P〈0．05）。结论：通精灵能降低实验性精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡,减轻实验性精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸组织的病理损害,上调凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2表达。     

精索静脉曲张大鼠生精小管生精上皮的超微结构研究

目的 通过精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸的透射电镜观察,了解生精上皮更多的细胞病理现象.方法 雄性Sprayue-Dawley大鼠30只,随机分为(1)精索静脉曲张组(VG)20只,(2)假手术对照组(SOG)10只,按Saypol方法建立左精索静脉曲张模型,处死观察大鼠,取其左、右侧睾丸组织,作透射电镜观察.结果 VG组双侧睾丸均出现生精小管生精上皮的结构损害,左侧相对较重.与SoG组比较,VG的生精上皮变化表现为:支持细胞胞质内出现大量空泡,大量溶酶体出现(72%vs 28%);紧密连接破坏(69%vs31%),线粒体数量减少(160 vs 362), 两者均有显著性差异(P＜0.01);精子顶体形成异常(62%vs38%),尾部线粒体鞘部分缺失,嵴肿胀(71%vs 29%),尾部横切面线粒体数目减少(186 vs 401), 两者均有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论 生精小管生精上皮的结构损害是由精索静脉曲张导致男性不育的重要原因.     

生精冲剂对精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸生精功能的作用

目的:探讨生精冲剂对精索静脉曲张睾丸损伤的作用.方法:观察生精冲剂对实验性精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸组织结构、超微结构的影响.测定各组实验大鼠睾丸SOD、CAT、ACE活性和LPO、NO含量.结果:治疗组鼠睾丸组织结构与超微结构的损害程度明显低于模型组;SOD、CAT、ACE活性测定值明显高于模型组,LPO、NO含量明显低于模型组(P<0.05).结论:生精冲剂对精索静脉曲张造成的睾丸损害有保护作用,其提高精液质量和生育率的机制可能与抗脂质过氧化和增强抗氧化酶活性有关.     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.