Changes in Smoking for Adults with and without Alcohol and Drug Use Disorders: Longitudinal Evaluation in the US Population

Background: Little is known about the smoking cessation and smoking relapse behavior of adults with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and drug use disorders (DUDs), Objective: The current study used longitudinal data from a representative sample of the US adult population to examine changes in smoking over 3 years for men and women with and without AUD and DUD diagnoses, Methods: Participants were current or former daily cigarette smokers at Wave 1 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions who completed the Wave 2 assessment 3 years later (n = 11,973; 46% female). Analyses examined the main and gender-specific effects of AUD and DUD diagnoses on smoking cessation and smoking relapse, Results: Wave 1 current daily smokers with a current AUD (OR = .70, 95% CI = .55, .89), past AUD (OR = .73, 95% CI = .60, .89), current DUD (OR = .48, 95% CI = .31, .76), and past DUD (OR = .62, 95% CI = .49, .79) were less likely to have quit smoking at Wave 2 than those with no AUD or DUD diagnosis. Wave 1 former daily smokers with a current AUD (OR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.36, 3.73), current DUD (OR = 7.97, 95% CI = 2.51, 25.34), and past DUD (OR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.84, 3.95) were more likely to have relapsed to smoking at Wave 2 than those with no AUD or DUD diagnosis. The gender by diagnosis interactions were not significant, Conclusion: Current and past AUDs and DUDs were associated with a decreased likelihood of quitting smoking, while current AUDs, current DUDs, and past DUDs were associated with an increased likelihood of smoking relapse.     

Smoking status as a clinical indicator for alcohol misuse in US adults

BACKGROUND: Screening for alcohol use in primary care settings is recommended by clinical care guidelines but is not adhered to as strongly as screening for smoking. It has been proposed that smoking status could be used to enhance the identification of alcohol misuse in primary care and other medical settings, but national data are lacking. Our objective was to investigate smoking status as a clinical indicator for alcohol misuse in a national sample of US adults, following clinical care guidelines for the assessment of these behaviors. METHODS: Analyses are based on a sample of 42 374 US adults from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (Wave I, 2001-2002). Odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and test characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and positive likelihood ratio of smoking behavior [daily, occasional, or former]) were determined for the detection of hazardous drinking behavior and alcohol-related diagnoses, assessed by the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV. RESULTS: Daily, occasional, and ex-smokers were more likely than never smokers to be hazardous drinkers (OR, 3.23 [95% CI, 3.02-3.46]; OR, 5.33 [95% CI, 4.70-6.04]; OR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.10-1.28], respectively). Daily and occasional smokers were more likely to meet criteria for alcohol diagnoses (OR, 3.52 [95% CI, 3.19-3.90] and OR, 5.39 [95% CI, 4.60-6.31], respectively). For the detection of hazardous drinking by current smoking (occasional smokers + daily smokers), sensitivity was 42.5%; specificity, 81.9%; positive predictive value, 45.3% (vs population rate of 26.1%); and positive likelihood ratio, 2.34. For the detection of alcohol diagnoses by current smoking, sensitivity was 51.4%; specificity, 78.0%; positive predictive value, 17.8% (vs population rate of 8.5%); and positive likelihood ratio, 2.33. CONCLUSIONS: Occasional and daily smokers were at heightened risk for hazardous drinking and alcohol use diagnoses. Smoking status can be used as a clinical indicator for alcohol misuse and as a reminder for alcohol screening in general.     

Role of snus (oral moist snuff ) in smoking cessation and smoking reduction in Sweden

Aims To assess to what extent snus has been used as an aid to stop smoking among Swedish smokers. Design A random telephone retrospective survey of Swedish smokers and ex‐smokers. Setting Survey conducted in November–December 2000. Participants A national sample of 1000 former and 985 current daily smokers aged 25–55 years. Measurements Smoking status, date and method of quitting by self‐report. Findings Thirty‐three per cent of former smokers and 27% of current smokers had ever used snus. The difference was larger among men (55% versus 45%, P = 0.003). Current smokers who made use of snus smoked on average fewer cigarettes per day than non‐users of snus. The mean duration of abstinence among former smokers was not influenced by snus use. Conditionally on age, education and use of nicotine replacement therapy there was an increased probability of being a former rather than a current smoker with ever use (OR 1.72, 95% CI = 1.30–2.28) or current use (OR 1.81, 95% CI = 1.31–2.53) of snus. Having used snus at the latest quit attempt increased the probability of being abstinent by about 50% (OR 1.54, 95% CI = 1.09–2.20). Conclusions Our study suggests that by using snus, Swedish male smokers may increase their overall chances of abstinence. However, 71% of the men in this sample who quit smoking did so without using snus and the duration of abstinence was not affected by snus use. This suggests that snus is not a necessary component of smoking cessation at the population level. Snus use was very rare among women.     

The Association between Smoking and Low Back Pain: A Meta-analysis

Objective

To assess the association between smoking and low back pain with meta-analysis.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases until February 2009. Eighty-one studies were reviewed and 40 (27 cross-sectional and 13 cohort) studies were included in the meta-analyses.

Results

In cross-sectional studies, current smoking was associated with increased prevalence of low back pain in the past month (pooled odds ratio [OR] 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.45), low back pain in the past 12 months (OR 1.33, 95% CI, 1.26-1.41), seeking care for low back pain (OR 1.49, 95% CI, 1.38-1.60), chronic low back pain (OR 1.79, 95% CI, 1.27-2.50) and disabling low back pain (OR 2.14, 95% CI, 1.11-4.13). Former smokers had a higher prevalence of low back pain compared with never smokers, but a lower prevalence of low back pain than current smokers. In cohort studies, both former (OR 1.32, 95% CI, 0.99-1.77) and current (OR 1.31, 95% CI, 1.11-1.55) smokers had an increased incidence of low back pain compared with never smokers. The association between current smoking and the incidence of low back pain was stronger in adolescents (OR 1.82, 95% CI, 1.42-2.33) than in adults (OR 1.16, 95% CI, 1.02-1.32).

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that both current and former smokers have a higher prevalence and incidence of low back pain than never smokers, but the association is fairly modest. The association between current smoking and the incidence of low back pain is stronger in adolescents than in adults.     

Nondaily smoking and alcohol use, hazardous drinking, and alcohol diagnoses among young adults: findings from the NESARC

Background: Nondaily smoking and heavy alcohol use are prevalent behaviors among young adults, with nondaily smoking occurring primarily in the context of alcohol use. Although the relationship between drinking and daily smoking has been well characterized in young adults, few epidemiological investigations have investigated the association between nondaily smoking and drinking behavior. Methods: We examined Wave 1 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC; Grant et al., 2003b ; n = 43,093). Young adults (aged 18 to 25 years; n = 5,838) were stratified on current smoking behavior (daily, nondaily, and nonsmokers in the past 12 months) and differences in weekly quantity of alcohol use, frequency of alcohol use, frequency of binge drinking behavior, rates of NIAAA‐defined hazardous drinking, and rates of DSM‐IV alcohol diagnoses were investigated. College student status was examined. Results: Twenty‐five percent were current smokers and 7% were smoking on a nondaily basis. Seventy‐one percent were current drinkers, 39% reported binge drinking at least once a month, 41% met criteria for hazardous drinking, and 18% had alcohol use disorders. Across all measures of alcohol use, there was a significant effect of smoking status, with daily smokers having greater alcohol use patterns, compared with nondaily smokers, with nonsmokers consuming the least. Nondaily smokers were more likely to report any binge drinking in the past 12 months. However, daily smokers were more likely to report daily binge drinking. With regard to hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorders, nondaily smoking conferred the greatest risk, followed by daily smoking with nonsmoking as the reference group. Multinomial logistic regression demonstrated that the odds of being a hazardous drinker were 16 times greater (95% CI 9.46–26.48) in a nondaily smoker compared with a nonsmoker, whereas the odds for a daily smoker were increased by 7‐fold (95% CI 5.54–9.36). A similar pattern of results was demonstrated for DSM‐IV alcohol diagnoses. No differences across college student status were observed. Conclusions: The increased risk of hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorders conferred by nondaily smoking supports the findings that nondaily smoking and drinking are highly concomitant behaviors. Results such as these suggest that interventions disengaging alcohol and cigarette use patterns (e.g., smoking bans in alcohol venues) might serve to limit the occurrence of hazardous drinking among young adults at heightened risk for this behavior.     

Smoking reduction and cessation reduce chronic cough in a general population: the Inter99 study

Background: Chronic cough can be the first sign of chronic obstructive disease. A few, and mostly selected, studies exploring the effect of reduced daily tobacco consumption have shown a small effect on pulmonary symptoms. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine if smoking reduction (SR) (≥50% of daily tobacco consumption) or smoking cessation (SC) had an effect on chronic cough and phlegm. Methods: A total of 2408 daily smokers were included in a Danish population‐based intervention study, Inter99. In the analyses, we included smokers with self‐reported chronic cough or phlegm at baseline who also attended the 1‐year follow‐up. We investigated if SR or SC had improved the self‐reported pulmonary symptoms, using logistic regression analyses. Results: Almost 34% of the smokers had chronic cough at baseline and 24.5% had chronic phlegm. Thirty‐seven persons with cough at baseline and 24 with phlegm at baseline achieved substantial SR at 1‐year follow‐up. The corresponding numbers for SC were 63 and 39, respectively. In adjusted analyses, quitting or reducing smoking was associated with less reporting of cough [odds ratio (OR): 14.2; 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.9–34.4] and (OR: 3.7; 95% CI: 1.7–8.0), respectively, compared with unchanged smoking habits. It was also significantly more likely not to report phlegm at 1‐year follow‐up for those who had quit (OR: 7.1; 95% CI: 2.8–18.0), whereas SR was not significantly associated with termination of phlegm (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 0.9–6.4) when compared with continuous smoking. Conclusion: SC significantly improved self‐reported chronic cough and phlegm as expected. Substantial SR was achieved by few smokers but had a significantly positive effect on chronic cough. Please cite this paper as: Pisinger C, Godtfredsen NS and Jørgensen T. Smoking reduction and cessation reduce chronic cough in a general population: the Inter99 study. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 41–46.     

Treatment Outcomes Associated with Quitting Cigarettes Among Sexual Minority Men Living with HIV: Antiretroviral Adherence,Engagement in Care,and Sustained HIV RNA Suppression

Cigarette smoking is particularly harmful for sexual minority men living with HIV. This study aimed to find benefits of quitting by examining relationships between smoking and sustained HIV RNA suppression, recent CD4 count, ART medication adherence, and engagement in HIV medical care. Sexual minority men (n?=?346), former or current smokers, received HIV care at a community health center. Survey responses were combined with electronic health record data in adjusted regression models. Most patients were Caucasian (87%) and 148 (46%) had incomes below the poverty level and 80% had sustained HIV RNA suppression. Compared to current smokers, former smokers had increased odds of sustaining HIV RNA suppression (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.02–3.48) of reporting?>?90% adherence (OR 2.25; 95% CI 1.21–4.17), and were less likely to miss appointments (OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.17–0.82). Heavier smokers (OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.17–0.77) and patients who smoked the longest (OR 0.31; 95% CI 0.14–0.68) had reduced odds of sustaining HIV RNA suppression. Smoking assessment, treatment, and referral could augment HIV outcomes for sexual minority men with HIV.     

Associations of CYP2A6 genotype with smoking behaviors in southern China

Aims To investigate the association of CYP2A6 genetic polymorphisms with smoking‐related phenotypes in Chinese smokers. Design Case‐only genetic association study. Setting Southern China. Participants A total of 1328 Han Chinese smokers who participated in a community‐based chronic disease screening project in Guangzhou and Zhuhai from 2006 to 2007. Measurements All participants answered a structured questionnaire about socio‐demographic status and smoking behaviors and informative alleles were genotyped for the cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) gene (CYP2A6*4,*5,*7,*9 and *10). Findings The frequencies of CYP2A6*4, *5, *7, *9 and *10 alleles were 8.5, 1.2, 6.3, 13.5 and 2.4%, which corresponded to 48.9, 15.4, 24.2 and 11.5% of participants being classified as normal, intermediate, slow and poor metabolizers, respectively. Multivariate analyses in male smokers demonstrated that compared with normal metabolizers, poor metabolizers reported smoking fewer cigarettes per day [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.49; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.32–0.76], started smoking regularly later in life (adjusted OR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.06–2.26) and, among former smokers, reported smoking for a shorter duration prior to quitting (adjusted OR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.12–0.94). However, poor metabolizers were less likely to quit smoking and remain abstinent than normal metabolizers (adjusted OR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.34–0.86). Conclusions Reduced metabolism function of cytochrome P450 2A6 in smokers appears to be associated with fewer cigarettes smoked, later initiation of smoking regularly, shorter smoking duration and lower likelihood of smoking cessation.     

Tobacco smoking and thyroid function: a population-based study

BACKGROUND: The association between tobacco smoking and thyroid function is incompletely understood. METHODS: In a cross-sectional, population-based study conducted between August 15, 1995, and June 18, 1997, of 20 479 women and 10 355 men without previously known thyroid disease, we calculated the geometric mean serum concentration of thyrotropin and the prevalence of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism among current, former, and never smokers. RESULTS: Among women, the mean thyrotropin level was lower in current (1.33 mIU/L; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29-1.36 mIU/L) and former smokers (1.61 mIU/L; 95% CI, 1.56-1.65 mIU/L) compared with never smokers (1.66 mIU/L; 95% CI, 1.63-1.70 mIU/L). Similarly, among men, the mean thyrotropin level was lower in current (1.40 mIU/L; 95% CI, 1.36-1.44 mIU/L) and former smokers (1.61 mIU/L; 95% CI, 1.57-1.66 mIU/L) compared with never smokers (1.70 mIU/L; 95% CI, 1.66-1.75 mIU/L). In former smokers, thyrotropin levels increased gradually with time since smoking cessation (P for trend < .001). Among current smokers, moderate daily smoking was associated with higher thyrotropin levels than heavier smoking. In women, the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism was lower in current smokers compared with never smokers (odds ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38-0.95), whereas the prevalence of overt hyperthyroidism was higher among current smokers (odds ratio, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.34-4.20). The associations related to subclinical thyroid dysfunction were similar to those for overt thyroid disease. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that smoking is negatively associated with hypothyroidism but positively associated with hyperthyroidism. The associations with smoking cessation suggest that smoking may have reversible effects on thyroid function. Notably, we report for the first time, to our knowledge, a lower prevalence of overt hypothyroidism among current smokers.     

Physical activity as a protective factor in relapse following smoking cessation in participants with a depressive disorder

The factors predicting smoking abstinence in depressive smokers, and the role of physical activity in precessation, were investigated. One hundred thirty-three smokers with current major depressive disorders (score ≥10 on the Depression subscale of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) were recruited from a large prospective cohort of smokers (n = 1,119). Over a maximum period of 3 years, regression modeling, adjusted for potential confounders, showed that physical activity was associated with relapse (relapse rate = 0.54, 95% confidence interval = 0.34-0.85, p = .008). Also, antidepressants, anxiolytics, level of education, and number of attempts to quit were associated with relapse. The protective role of physical activity on relapse rate could be a modifiable factor in smoking cessation for smokers with depressive disorders.     

Smoking and depression in Chinese Americans

BACKGROUND: A close link between smoking and depression has been documented by research primarily based on U.S. white populations. This study examined the association between depressive symptoms and smoking behaviors in Chinese American smokers. METHODS: Analyses were based on baseline data collected from a convenience sample of 199 Chinese smokers who resided in northern California. The sample included 20.6% women, 97% immigrants, with mean age of 40.8 years and mean cigarettes/day of 8.9. RESULTS: Compared with population-based studies of Chinese Americans, the Chinese smokers in the current study reported higher depressive symptoms assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale [M, 20.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 18.8-22.2], higher lifetime prevalence rates of major depressive disorders (30.3%; 95% CI, 24.0-37.2%) and dysthymia (11.6%; 95% CI, 7.5-16.9%). Multiple regression analysis suggested female gender, unemployment, major depression or dysthymia within the past year, previous experience with nicotine withdrawal syndrome, and high temptation to smoke under negative affect situations are associated with a higher level of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The level of depressive symptoms among Chinese American smokers is comparable with that observed in other US populations reported. In the current sample, elevated depressive symptoms were more prominent among women or those who were unemployed, smokers who reported significant nicotine withdrawal at previous quit attempts, and high temptation to smoke when experiencing negative emotions. Findings support further examination of the role of depression in smoking among Chinese Americans and underscore the importance of addressing depressive symptoms when treating tobacco use in Chinese smokers.     

Cigarette Smoking and Risk Perceptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic Reported by Recently Hospitalized Participants in a Smoking Cessation Trial

BackgroundCigarette smoking is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 disease. Understanding smokers’ responses to the pandemic will help assess its public health impact and inform future public health and provider messages to smokers.ObjectiveTo assess risk perceptions and change in tobacco use among current and former smokers during the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignCross-sectional survey conducted in May–July 2020 (55% response rate)Participants694 current and former daily smokers (mean age 53, 40% male, 78% white) who had been hospitalized pre-COVID-19 and enrolled into a smoking cessation clinical trial at hospitals in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee.Main MeasuresPerceived risk of COVID-19 due to tobacco use; changes in tobacco consumption and interest in quitting tobacco use; self-reported quitting and relapse since January 2020.Key Results68% (95% CI, 65–72%) of respondents believed that smoking increases the risk of contracting COVID-19 or having a more severe case. In adjusted analyses, perceived risk was higher in Massachusetts where COVID-19 had already surged than in Pennsylvania and Tennessee which were pre-surge during survey administration (AOR 1.56, 95% CI, 1.07–2.28). Higher perceived COVID-19 risk was associated with increased interest in quitting smoking (AOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.01–2.92). During the pandemic, 32% (95% CI, 27–37%) of smokers increased, 37% (95% CI, 33–42%) decreased, and 31% (95% CI, 26–35%) did not change their cigarette consumption. Increased smoking was associated with higher perceived stress (AOR 1.49, 95% CI 1.16–1.91). Overall, 11% (95% CI, 8–14%) of respondents who smoked in January 2020 (pre-COVID-19) had quit smoking at survey (mean, 6 months later) while 28% (95% CI, 22–34%) of former smokers relapsed. Higher perceived COVID-19 risk was associated with higher odds of quitting and lower odds of relapse.ConclusionsMost smokers believed that smoking increased COVID-19 risk. Smokers’ responses to the pandemic varied, with increased smoking related to stress and increased quitting associated with perceived COVID-19 vulnerability.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11606-021-06913-3.KEY WORDS: cigarette smoking, electronic cigarettes, COVID-19, risk perceptions     

Smoking as a risk factor for short‐term outcomes following primary total hip and total knee replacement in veterans

Objective

To assess the effect of smoking on postoperative complications following elective primary total hip replacement (THR) or primary total knee replacement (TKR).

Methods

We used data from the national Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program to examine the association of smoking status at surgery with 30‐day postoperative complication rates (including surgical site and other infections, pneumonia, stroke, myocardial infarction, mortality, and other complications) in veterans undergoing primary elective THR or TKR. Multilevel multivariable‐adjusted logistic regression models, adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, work relative value units, American Society of Anesthesiology classification, and year of surgery, with additional adjustment for wound classification for surgical site infections, were used.

Results

A total of 33,336 patients, 95% men and 80% white with a mean age of 64 years, underwent elective primary THR/TKR between October 2001 and September 2008. Fifty‐seven percent never smoked, 19% were prior smokers, and 24% were current smokers. Current smokers undergoing THR/TKR were significantly more likely than never smokers to have surgical site infections (odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95% CI 1.16–1.72), pneumonia (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.10–2.14), stroke (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.26–5.41), and 1‐year mortality (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.31–2.02). Prior smokers were significantly more likely than nonsmokers to have pneumonia, (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.00–1.80), stroke (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.12–4.10), and urinary tract infection (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.02–1.55).

Conclusion

Current smoking at the time of elective THR or TKR is associated with increased postarthroplasty complications, especially surgical site infections and pneumonia. Preoperative smoking cessation programs should be considered in patients undergoing elective THR or TKR.     

Smoking increases the risk of venous thrombosis and acts synergistically with oral contraceptive use

The results of studies investigating the relationship of smoking with venous thrombosis are inconsistent. Therefore, in the MEGA study, a large population-based case-control study, we evaluated smoking as a risk factor for venous thrombosis and the joint effect with oral contraceptive use and the factor V Leiden mutation. Consecutive patients with a first venous thrombosis were included from six anticoagulation clinics. Partners of patients were asked to participate and additional controls were recruited using a random digit dialing method. Participants completed a standardized questionnaire. Individuals with known malignancies were excluded from the analyses, leaving a total of 3,989 patients and 4,900 controls. Current and former smoking resulted in a moderately increased risk of venous thrombosis (odds ratio (OR)(current) 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI95) 1.28-1.60, OR(former) 1.23, CI95 1.09-1.38) compared with nonsmoking. Adjustment for fibrinogen levels did not substantially change these risk estimates. A high number of pack-years resulted in the highest risk among young current smokers (OR(>or=20 pack-years) 4.30, CI95 2.59-7.14) compared with young nonsmokers. Women who were current smokers and used oral contraceptives had an 8.8-fold higher risk (OR 8.79, CI95 5.73-13.49) than nonsmoking women who did not use oral contraceptives. Relative to nonsmoking noncarriers, the joint effect of factor V Leiden and current smoking led to a 5.0-fold increased risk; for the prothrombin 20210A mutation this was a 6.0-fold increased risk. In conclusion, smoking appears to be a risk factor for venous thrombosis with the greatest relative effect among young women using oral contraceptives.     

Effectiveness of a mood management component as an adjunct to a telephone counselling smoking cessation intervention for smokers with a past major depression: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial

Aims To assess whether the addition of a mood management component to telephone counselling produces higher abstinence rates in smokers with past major depression and helps to prevent recurrence of depressive symptoms. Design Pragmatic randomized controlled trial with two conditions, with follow‐up at 6 and 12 months. The control intervention consisted of eight sessions of proactive telephone counselling. The mood management intervention was an integration of the control intervention with a mood management component. This component consisted of a self‐help mood management manual, two more preparatory proactive telephone counselling sessions and supplementary homework assignments and advice. Setting Dutch national smoking cessation quitline. Participants A total of 485 daily smokers with past major depression, according to the DSM‐IV. Measurements The primary outcome measure was prolonged abstinence and secondary outcome measures were 7‐day point prevalence abstinence and depressive symptoms. Findings The mood management intervention resulted in significantly higher prolonged abstinence rates at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up (30.5% and 23.9% in experimental condition, 22.3% and 14.0% in the control condition). The odds ratios were 1.60 (95% CI 1.06–2.42) and 1.96 (95% CI 1.22–3.14) for both follow‐ups. The mood management intervention did not seem to prevent recurrence of depressive symptoms. Conclusions Adding a mood management component to telephone counselling for smoking cessation in smokers with a past major depression increases cessation rates without necessarily reducing depressive symptoms.     

吸烟和戒烟对冠状动脉旁路移植术后远期结果的影响

目的 探讨吸烟和戒烟对冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后远期结果的影响。方法 随访2004年1月1日至2005年12月30日在阜外心血管病医院行CABG的患者2541例。根据术前有无吸烟史,将患者分为不吸烟组和吸烟组,吸烟组又进一步分为术前戒烟亚组,术后戒烟亚组,持续吸烟亚组。观察患者的死亡、主要不良心脑血管事件以及心绞痛的发生情况。采用Cox回归模型分析各组患者发生不良事件的风险。结果 随访4.27 ～6.41年（平均随访5.09年）。CABG术后持续吸烟患者的比例为22.1％。Cox多因素回归分析显示：与不吸烟组比较,吸烟组肿瘤原因死亡(RR：2.38,95％ CI:1.06 ～5.36)、主要不良心脑血管事件（RR:1.26,95％ CI:1.01 ～ 1.57）和心绞痛（RR：1.29,95％CI:1.04 ～ 1.59)的发生风险较高;与不吸烟组比较,持续吸烟亚组全因死亡(RR:2.60,95％ CI:1.53～4.46)、心因死亡（RR:2.51,95％ CI:1.32～4.78）、肿瘤原因死亡（RR:5.12,95％ CI:2.08 ～12.59）、主要不良心脑血管事件（RR:1.83,95％ CI:1.42 ～2.34）和心绞痛(RR:1.69,95％ CI:1.33 ～2.16)的发生风险较高;术前戒烟亚组和术后戒烟亚组的死亡、主要不良心脑血管事件和心绞痛的发生风险与不吸烟组相似（均P＞ 0.05）。结论 CABG术后患者持续吸烟比例较高。CABG术后持续吸烟会增加死亡率,主要不良心脑血管事件和心绞痛发生率,戒烟可减少不良事件的发生。     

The risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death amongst snuff users with or without a previous history of smoking

Objectives. To investigate the risk of a first myocardial infarction (MI) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) amongst male snuff users. Design. We used a prospective incident case‐referent study design nested in the population‐based Västerbotten Intervention Program and the Northern Sweden MONICA study. Subjects. Tobacco habits and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed at baseline screening and compared in 525 male MI cases (including 93 SCD cases) and 1798 matched referents. Results. Myocardial infarction occurred on average 4 years and 2 months after the baseline screening. No increased risk for MI was found amongst snuff users without a previous history of smoking compared with nontobacco users after adjustments for body mass index, leisure time physical activity, educational level and cholesterol level (OR 0.82; 95% CI, 0.46–1.43). For snuff users with a previous history of smoking, the adjusted OR was 1.25 (95% CI, 0.80–1.96). Significantly increased risk for MI was found in current smokers with or without current snuff use. For SCD cases with survival time <24 h, the adjusted OR for snuff users without previous history of smoking was 1.18 (95% CI, 0.38–3.70) and for cases with survival time <1 h the OR was 0.38 (95% CI, 0.08–1.89). Conclusions. We found no increased risk for MI amongst snuff users without a previous history of smoking. Amongst snuff users with a previous history of smoking, the tendency towards an increased risk for MI may reflect the residual risk from former smoking. This study does not support the hypothesis that the risk for SCD is increased amongst snuff users.     

Psychiatric comorbidity and the persistence of drug use disorders in the United States

Aims DSM‐IV drug use disorders, a major public health problem, are highly comorbid with other psychiatric disorders, but little is known about the role of this comorbidity when studied prospectively in the general population. Our aims were to determine the role of comorbid psychopathology in the 3‐year persistence of drug use disorders. Design and setting Secondary data analysis using waves 1 (2001–02) and 2 (2005–05) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Participants Respondents with current DSM‐IV drug use disorder at wave 1 who participated in wave 2 (n = 613). Measurements Alcohol Use Disorders and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule IV (AUDADIS‐IV) obtained DSM‐IV Axis I and II diagnoses. Persistent drug use disorder was defined as meeting full criteria for any drug use disorder between waves 1 and 2. Findings Drug use disorders persisted in 30.9% of respondents. No Axis I disorders predicted persistence. Antisocial [odds ratio (OR) = 2.75; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27–5.99], borderline (OR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.06–3.45) and schizotypal (OR = 2.77; 95% CI: 1.42–5.39) personality disorders were significant predictors of persistent drug use disorders, controlling for demographics, psychiatric comorbidity, family history, treatment and number of drug use disorders. Deceitfulness and lack of remorse were the strongest antisocial criteria predictors of drug use disorder persistence, identity disturbance and self‐damaging impulsivity were the strongest borderline criteria predictors, and ideas of reference and social anxiety were the strongest schizotypal criteria predictors. Conclusions Antisocial, borderline and schizotypal personality disorders are specific predictors of drug use disorder persistence over a 3‐year period.     

Association of smoking with dsDNA autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether exposure to tobacco smoke is associated with double stranded DNA (dsDNA) seropositivity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Medical record review was used to confirm the diagnosis of SLE and evaluate dsDNA antibody status. Smoking status at the time of autoantibody testing was assessed by patients' questionnaire responses. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine whether exposure to tobacco smoke is associated with dsDNA seropositivity, while controlling for sex and age at SLE diagnosis. RESULTS: A significantly higher risk of dsDNA seropositivity in current smokers than never smokers (odds ratio (OR) = 4.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6 to 10.4) was shown by multivariate analysis. Current smokers were found to be at higher risk for dsDNA seropositivity than former smokers (OR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.3 to 7.1). The association between current smoking and dsDNA seropositivity remained significant after adjustment for sex, age at SLE diagnosis, amount smoked, age when smoking began, and the duration of smoking cessation (for former smokers). CONCLUSION: The association of smoking with dsDNA seropositivity provides insight into the potential mechanisms underlying autoantibody formation. This information may also serve as a possible point of intervention to prevent disease or target treatment.     

Smoking cue reactivity in adult smokers with and without depression: a pilot study

Little is known about the relationship between Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and smoking-related behaviors such as cue-induced urges to smoke. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine: (1) differences in smoking cue reactivity by MDD history and (2) the association of a diagnosis of MDD, current depressive symptoms, and smoking variables to cue-induced urges to smoke. Participants (N = 52) were n = 31 smokers with no MDD history and n = 21 smokers with past MDD. Participants completed a 2-hour laboratory session during which they were exposed to neutral (eg, pencils) and smoking cues (eg, cigarettes) after smoking one of their preferred brand cigarettes (Satiated Condition) and when it had been 1 hour since they smoked (Brief Deprivation Condition). Cue-induced urges increased with exposure to smoking cues and this increase did not significantly differ by diagnosis group. Current symptoms of depression, but not a diagnosis of MDD, were significantly and positively related to cue-induced cravings in satiated adult smokers. The association between depression symptoms and smoking urges was not significant in the Brief Deprivation Condition. Smoking cue reactivity may be a useful procedure for studying aspects of smoking behavior in adults with depression.