全麻复合硬膜外阻滞对上腹部手术病人应激反应的影响

目的　观察全麻复合硬膜外阻滞对上腹部手术病人应激反应的影响。方法　26 例择期行上腹部手术的病人,随机分为全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组(GEA组)和单纯全麻组(GA组),每组 13例。分别测定麻醉前、切皮时、切皮后 1 h、术毕拔管各时点血浆皮质醇(Cor)、血管紧张素 -Ⅱ(A Ⅱ)、β- 内啡肽(β- EP)和白细胞介素 10(IL- 10)水平。结果　血浆Cor在拔管时两组均高于麻醉前(P<0. 05);在切皮时、切皮后1 h,GA组明显高于GEA组(P<0 .05);与麻醉前基础值比较,GEA组术中无明显升高。A- Ⅱ- GEA组拔管时高于麻醉前(P<0 .05);GA组切皮后1 h、拔管时均较麻醉前明显升高(P<0. 05)。两组病人β- EP术中、拔管时均上升,与麻醉前比较,GA组明显升高(P<0. 05)。两组病人 IL -10术中、拔管时均呈上升趋势,组间比较无显著性差异。结论　全麻复合硬膜外阻滞能减轻但不能消除上腹部手术病人的应激反应。     

胸段硬膜外阻滞对心脏瓣膜置换术后病人血浆皮质醇、IFN-γ、IL-4的影响

目的 探讨胸段硬膜外阻滞对心脏辦膜置换术后病人血浆皮质醇（Cor）、干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）、白细胞介素-4（IL-4）的影响。方法 心脏辦膜置换术病人20例，心功能Ⅱ级或Ⅲ级，射血分数〉0．4，随机分为2组（n=10）：单纯全麻组（GA组）和全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组（GEA组）。采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评价术后的疼痛程度。于麻醉诱导前、术后4h和1、3、7d取外周血，测定血浆Cor、IFN-γ、IL-4的浓度。结果 血浆Cor浓度的比较：与麻醉诱导前比较，GA组术后4 h、1 d升高，GEA组术后4 h升高（P〈0．05）;与GA组比较，GEA组术后4 h、1 d降低（P〈0．05）。血浆IFN-γ浓度的比较：与麻醉诱导前比较，2组术后4 h和1、3 d均升高（P〈0．05）;与GA组比较，GEA组术后1 d升高（P 〈0．05）。血浆IL-4浓度的比较：与麻醉诱导前比较，GA组术后4 h降低（P〈0．05）。IFN-γ／IL-4比值的比较：与麻醉诱导前比较，2组术后4h、1d升高（P〈0．05）;与GA组比较，GEA组术后1d升高（P〈 0．05）。结论 胸段硬膜外阻滞可降低心脏辦膜置换术后病人血浆Cor水平，提高IFN-γ／IL-4比值。     

梗阻性黄疸手术应用单纯全麻与全麻复合硬膜外阻滞疗效比较

目的比较单纯全麻和全麻复合硬膜外阻滞在梗阻性黄疸手术中对患者血液动力学变化及术后苏醒的影响。方法选择40例梗阻性黄疸患者,随机分成单纯全麻组(全麻组)、全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组(复合组),每组20例。两组全麻方法相同,复合组在全麻基础上是复合低浓度小剂量硬膜外阻滞。记录入室后、插管时、术中、拔管时的HR、MAP,两组病人麻醉维持用药量及清醒拔管时间,术后躁动情况。结果复合组在插管拔管过程中HR、MAP均较全麻组低且平稳(P<0.05),全麻组拔管反应剧烈,在插管、拔管时各项指标与诱导前比较均显著升高(P<0.05)。全麻组全麻用药芬太尼、异氟醚、维库溴铵等用药量均显著多于复合组(P<0.05)。复合组较全麻组清醒快,拔管时间明显早于全麻组(P<0.05)。复合组发生躁动1例,显著低于全麻组的11例,P<0.05)。结论全麻复合硬膜外阻滞更加适合于梗阻性黄疸病人的麻醉。     

硬膜外阻滞复合全麻对于后腹腔镜手术术中应激反应的影响

目的 比较硬膜外阻滞复合全麻(GEA)和全麻(GA)对后腹腔镜下手术术中应激反应的影响.方法 40例后腹腔镜下泌尿外科手术患者随机均分为GE组和GA组,均行异氟醚静吸复合全麻.GE组全麻诱导前行1.5%利多卡因加0.2%布比卡因硬膜外阻滞,麻醉平面维持在T4左右.分别于入室镇静后(T0)、气腹前(T1)、气腹后30 min(T2)、60 min(T3)、拔管后10 min(T5)记录MAP、HR的变化,并测定血浆内皮素(ET)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)浓度,记录异氟醚的吸入浓度.结果 T1～T3时,GE组MAP明显低于T0时,且明显低于GA组(P<0.05).T5时两组HR均明显快于T0时(P<0.05).T2、T3、T5时GE组ET、CGRP明显低于GA组(P<0.05).T2、T3时GA组ET明显高于T0时(P<0.05).T3时GA组CGRP明显高于T0时(P<0.05).T1～T4时GE组异氟醚MAC值显著低于GA组(P<0.05),T2～T3时两组MAC值均显著高于T1时,T4时显著低于T1时(P<0.05).结论 与GA比较,GEA可以有效地减轻后腹腔镜下泌尿外科手术患者术中的应激反应.     

硬膜外腔阻滞对胸部手术应激反应的影响

目的 观察硬膜外腔阻滞对胸部手术应激激素和细胞因子的影响。方法20例食管癌手术病人,随机分为两组,每组10例,即全麻复令硬膜外腔阻滞(GEA)组和全麻(GA)组,分别测定麻醉诱导前、手术2h、手术4h、术毕、术后1d及术后3d的血浆去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素、血清促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、皮质醇、C-反应蛋白、IL-6及IL-10的水平。结果 血浆去甲肾上腺素和血清皮质醇GEA组术中术后无显著改变,但GA组术毕和术后1d显著升高(P<0.05),术后3d恢复至术前水平,组间比较前者有显著差异(P<0.05)。两组血浆肾上腺素、IL-10术中术后均无显著变化。两组血清ACTH、IL-6及CRP术中术后均显著升高(P<0.05),组间比较无显著差异。结论 硬膜外腔阻滞可以减轻胸部手术的应激反应。IL-6是较CRP更灵敏的反映组织损伤的炎性指标。     

全麻复合硬膜外阻滞用于胸、上腹部癌症根治术

目的观察全麻复合硬膜外阻滞对胸、上腹部癌症手术病人循环、苏醒、躁动发生的影响。方法42例择期行胸、上腹部癌症手术的病人随机分为两组:全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组(Ⅰ组)和单纯全麻组(Ⅱ组),每组21例。分别测定麻醉前、插管后、探查时、术中2 h、拔管后,SBP、DBP及HR的变化及全麻药用量,术毕观察苏醒时间及躁动情况。结果术中监测时段的SBP、DBP、HR、Ⅰ组均较Ⅱ组低且平衡,Ⅰ组插管后心率有减慢趋势,Ⅱ组则无明显变化(P>0.05),Ⅰ组术中SBP、DBP均明显低于术前(P<0.01),拔管后恢复到术前水平,Ⅱ组插管后DBP下降(P<0.05),但术中BP无明显改变,拔管后BP较术前显著升高(P<0.05)。Ⅰ组全麻药用量和术后躁动例数明显低于对照组,而苏醒时间也明显小于对照组。结论全麻复合硬膜外阻滞用于胸、上腹部癌症手术病人循环状态稳定,应激反应小,是一安全可行的麻醉方法。     

硬膜外阻滞对胸科手术患者血液流变学及凝血功能的影响

目的观察硬膜外阻滞及硬膜外镇痛对胸科手术患者血液流变学和凝血功能的影响.方法胸科手术(肺叶切除或食管中下段切除)患者22例,随机分全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组(GEA组)和全麻组(GA组),每组11例.分别测定全麻诱导前(基础值)、术中1、3 h、术后1、3 d的血栓弹性描记图(TEG)、血液粘度、红细胞变形聚集指数、血小板计数(PLT)、血小板聚集指数(PAG)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、组织纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)、组织纤溶酶原抑制物(PAI-A)的水平.结果GEA组PT、APTT显著性高于GA组(P＜0.01);GEA组红细胞聚集指数较GA组显著性降低(P＜0.05);GEA组血液粘度较GA组显著性降低(P＜0.05);GEA组血小板聚集功能显著性增强(P＜0.05),GA组无改变;GEA组t-PA无显著性变化,而GA组术后1 d显著性升高(P＜0.05);两组PAI-A均无显著性变化;TEG参数R、K在GA组显著性缩短(P＜0.05),而GEA组无显著性变化;两组ANG均在术后3 d时显著性增大(P＜0.05);GEA组MA术后3 d显著性高于GA组(P＜0.01);GA组CL30、CL60术后1 d升高,并显著性高于GEA组(P＜0.05).GEA组TPI术后3 d显著性高于GA组(P＜0.05).结论胸段硬膜外阻滞及术后镇痛能够抑制胸科手术应激反应引起的凝血功能增强,可降低红细胞的聚集、降低血液粘度、改善术后纤溶抑制,对血小板聚集有促进作用.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中不同麻醉方法对应激反应的影响

目的观察腹腔镜胆囊切除术中不同麻醉方法对应激反应的影响。方法胆囊切除术患者24例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分成全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组(Ⅰ组)和单纯全麻组(Ⅱ组),每组12例。持续监测MAP、HR、SpO2和PETCO2,分别于麻醉前(T1)、气腹前5min(T2)、二氧化碳气腹(压力达12mmHg)后10min(T3)、放气后5min(T4)抽静脉血测定血糖(Glu)和血浆皮质醇(Cor)。结果Ⅱ组在T3时MAP、HR、Glu和Cor均明显高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组T3时PETCO2均高于T1和T2时(P<0.05)。结论全麻复合硬膜外阻滞与单纯全麻相比可有效抑制腹腔镜胆囊切除术的应激反应。     

硬膜外阻滞和术后镇痛对胸壁结核患者术后T细胞亚群及血浆皮质醇的影响

目的观察全麻联合硬膜外阻滞和术后镇痛对胸壁结核患者术后T细胞亚群比例及血浆皮质醇变化的影响。方法选择60例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期行胸壁结核病灶清除术的患者,随机均分为三组,A组:静脉复合全麻+术后静脉患者自控镇痛(PCIA),B组:静脉复合全麻联合硬膜外阻滞+术后PCIA,C组:静脉复合全麻联合硬膜外阻滞+术后硬膜外患者自控镇痛(PCEA),分别于麻醉前30min(T0)、术后4h(T1)、术后1d(T2)、术后2d(T3)、术后3d(T4)及7d(T5)晨抽取外周静脉血2ml,用流式细胞仪测定患者外周血T细胞亚群CD3+、CD4+和CD8+,用放免法测定各时点血浆皮质醇水平,记录T1～T4各时疼痛VAS和镇静RSS评分。结果 T1、T2时A组的VAS评分明显高于B、C组(P<0.05);C组的RSS评分明显高于A、B组(P<0.05)。在T1和T2时三组患者的CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+均明显低于T0时(P<0.05,P<0.01);C组T4时恢复至T0水平,A组和B组T5时恢复至T0时水平。T3、T4时A、B两组血浆皮质醇水平明显高于C组(P<0.05)。结论静脉复合全麻基础上联合硬膜外阻滞和PCEA可使胸壁结核病灶清除术的患者外周血T淋巴细胞各亚群比例较早恢复到术前水平,其机制与抑制皮质醇水平上升有关。     

全麻复合硬膜外阻滞及术后镇痛对开胸围术期循环和内分泌功能的影响

目的:观察全麻联合硬膜外阻滞及术后镇痛对开胸围术期循环和内分泌功能的影响.方法:将80例开胸手术病人,随机分为全麻复合硬膜外阻滞(TEA组)和单纯全麻(GA组)各40例.TEA组术后硬膜外镇痛48 h;GA组术后必要时肌注哌替啶镇痛.分别测定入室基础值(T0)、诱导插管后(T1)、切皮后(T2)、手术探查时(T3)、肿瘤切除后(T4)、术毕即刻(T5)、术后24 h(T6)、术后48 h(T7)各时段的MAP、HR和同一时段抽取静脉血测定皮质醇、胰岛素和血糖浓度变化.结果:GA组围术期的MAP在T2、T3、T5、T6和HR在T2、T5、T6时段均显著高于T0水平或TEA组同一时段(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);皮质醇在T3、T5、T6时段GA组明显高于TEA组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);胰岛素仅在T3时段GA组显著高于TEA组(P＜0.01);血糖浓度GA组在T2、T3、T4、T5、T6、T7时段均分别较T0或TEA组同一时段显著升高(P＜0.01).结论:全麻联合硬膜外阻滞可有效缓解开胸手术应激反应,对循环和内分泌影响小,同时术后镇痛可减轻围手术期糖代谢紊乱.     

不同术后镇痛方式对手术患者恢复期心肌缺血的影响

目的研究硬膜外镇痛与静脉镇痛对手术患者恢复期心肌缺血的影响。方法39例行择期腹部手术的患者随机分成两组:硬膜外镇痛组(R组),16例,术中全麻复合硬膜外麻醉,术后硬膜外镇痛;静脉镇痛组(M组),23例,术中全麻,术后静脉吗啡镇痛。维持两组Price-Henry疼痛评分≤3分。所有患者接受24 h动态心电图监测48 h。两组患者在入手术室安静平卧10 min、入SICU后2 h、术后第1天晨、术后第2天晨采集静脉血测定皮质醇浓度。结果术后48 h内,R组心肌缺血发生率比M组低(P<0.05),在术后各时点,R组的皮质醇浓度低于M组(P<0.05)。结论与静脉镇痛相比较,硬膜外镇痛明显减轻应激反应,减少术后心肌缺血发生率。     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术不同麻醉方法对应激反应的影响

目的：观察腹腔镜直肠癌根治术不同麻醉方法对应激反应的影响,为腹腔镜直肠癌根治术选择理想的麻醉方法。方法：直肠癌根治术患者48例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为腰—硬联合阻滞复合全麻组（Ⅰ组）和单纯全麻组（Ⅱ组）各24例。持续监测MAP、HR、SpO2和PETCO2,分别于麻醉前（T1）、气腹前5min（T2）、二氧化碳气腹（压力达12mmHg）后10min（T3）、放气后5min（T4）抽静脉血测定血糖（Glu）和血浆皮质醇（Cor）。结果：Ⅱ组在T3时MAP、HR、Glu和Cor均明显高于Ⅰ组（P〈0.05）,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组T3时PETCO2均高于T1和T2时（P〈0.05）。结论：腰—硬联合阻滞复合全麻比单纯全麻可更有效抑制腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的应激反应,是腹腔镜直肠癌根治术理想的麻醉方法。     

胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻与全凭静脉麻醉在开胸手术中的比较

目的 比较胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻与全凭静脉麻醉对开胸手术患者血流动力学、麻醉药维持剂量、术后苏醒、躁动及疼痛的影响.方法 64例择期行剖胸手术患者,ASA Ⅱ级～Ⅲ级,采用完全随机设计的方法分为2组.A组:胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻组,患者预先用10 ml 0.25%布比卡因和0.1 mg芬太尼硬膜外给药.术中硬膜外0.25%布比卡因和芬太尼10μg/ml,5 ml/h复合丙泊酚维持.B组:全凭静脉麻醉组,丙泊酚-端芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉.观察并记录不同时间点2组心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、所需麻醉维持药量、术毕清醒及出现疼痛时间.结果 2组患者各观察点血流动力学变化比较,差异无统计学意义;胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻组麻醉维持不需要静脉镇痛药瑞芬太尼和肌松药阿曲库铵,只需复合充分的丙泊酚镇静,就能满足手术需求;术后苏醒早;拔管时间(11±4)min,相对于全凭静脉麻醉组(23±16)min明显缩短(P<0.05):躁动例数显著减少;术后出现疼痛时间(7.4±2.6)min相对于全凭静脉麻醉组(0.5士0.3)min明显延长(P<0.01).结论 胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻用于开胸手术快通道麻醉是一种安全、经济、有效并有利于患者术后恢复的麻醉方法.     

不同麻醉和镇痛方法对胸科手术胰岛素抵抗及相关因素影响的研究

目的 研究不同麻醉和术后镇痛方式对胸科手术后胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)的影响及相关因素.方法 60例胸科手术患者按随机数字表法随机分为两组:对照组(GA组,n=30),实验组(GEA组,n=30).GA组行全麻+术后静脉镇痛;GEA组行硬膜外麻醉复合全麻+术后硬膜外镇痛.分别于麻醉前、术毕...     

Epidural block during general anesthesia attenuates urinary trypsin inhibitor excretion in lower abdominal surgery

Purpose. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether urinary trypsin inhibitor excretion differs between general anesthesia (GA) and epidural block during general anesthesia (EPI) in lower abdominal surgery. Methods. Sixteen women undergoing abdominal total hysterectomy were assigned to the GA and EPI groups. The GA group received propofol induction and maintenance with isoflurane, nitrous oxide, and vecuronium. The EPI group received epidural block, followed by propofol induction and maintenance with isoflurane and nitrous oxide. The levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol during anesthesia and on postoperative days 1, 2, and 3, and the levels of urinary trypsin inhibitor in 12-h urine from the day of surgery to postoperative day 3, were measured. Results. As compared with the EPI group, the GA group had a higher level of adrenocorticotropic hormone at the completion of anesthesia, higher levels of cortisol at the completion of anesthesia and postoperative day 2, and higher excretion of urinary trypsin inhibitor on the day of surgery and postoperative days 1 and 2. Conclusion. The present results suggest that excretion of urinary trypsin inhibitor into the urine under epidural block during general anesthesia is lower than that under general anesthesia alone in lower abdominal surgery. This is probably due to the difference in endocrine response to surgery between the two types of anesthesia. Received for publication on August 26, 1998; accepted on March 16, 1999     

Epidural blockade modifies perioperative glucose production without affecting protein catabolism

BACKGROUND: Epidural blockade with local anesthetic has been shown to blunt the increase in plasma glucose concentration during and after abdominal surgery. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that epidural blockade inhibits this hyperglycemic response by attenuating endogenous glucose production. The authors further examined if the modification of glucose production by epidural blockade has an impact on perioperative protein catabolism. METHODS: Sixteen patients undergoing colorectal surgery received either general anesthesia and epidural blockade with local anesthetic (n = 8) or general anesthesia alone (control, n = 8). Glucose and protein kinetics were assessed by stable isotope tracer technique ([6,6-2H2]glucose, L-[1-13C]leucine) during and 2 h after surgery. Plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, free fatty acids (FFA), cortisol, glucagon, and insulin were also determined. RESULTS: Epidural blockade blunted the perioperative increase in the plasma concentration of glucose, cortisol, and glucagon when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of lactate, FFA, and insulin did not change. Intra- and postoperative glucose production was lower in patients with epidural blockade than in control subjects (intraoperative, epidural blockade 8.2 +/- 1.9 vs. control 10.7 +/- 1.4 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.05; postoperative, epidural blockade 8.5 +/- 1.8 vs. control 10.5 +/- 1.2 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.05), whereas glucose clearance decreased to a comparable extent in both groups (P < 0.05). Protein breakdown (P < 0.05), protein synthesis (P < 0.05), and amino acid oxidation (P > 0.05) decreased with both anesthetic techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural blockade attenuates the hyperglycemic response to surgery through modification of glucose production. The perioperative suppression of protein metabolism was not influenced by epidural blockade.     

Epidural anesthesia during hysterectomy diminishes postoperative pain and urinary cortisol release

Purpose To examine the hypothesis that epidural anesthesia throughout lower abdominal surgery would depress both postoperative pain and cortisol release. Methods Forty adult patients undergoing abdominal total hysterectomy were studied. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups. Group G received general anesthesia alone (sevoflurane 1.5%–2.5%); group E received a combination of epidural anesthesia (1.5% mepivacaine) with a light plane of general anesthesia (sevoflurane<0.5%). Postoperative analgesia was obtained epidurally by patient-controlled analgesia. Postoperative pain at rest and during movement was assessed by a visual analogue scale (VAS) at 2, 24, and 48 h following surgery. The plasma concentration and urinary excretion of cortisol were measured during the perioperative period. Results VAS values were lower in group E than in group G during movement at 24h (4.6±0.5vs 6.1±0.4 cm). Urinary cortisol excretion on the first postoperative day was less in group E than in group G (192±34vs 480±120μg). Conclusions Epidural blockade prior to surgical stimuli and throughout lower abdominal surgery reduces the postoperative dynamic pain and stress response.     

Epidural Blockade Modifies Perioperative Glucose Production without Affecting Protein Catabolism

Background: Epidural blockade with local anesthetic has been shown to blunt the increase in plasma glucose concentration during and after abdominal surgery. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that epidural blockade inhibits this hyperglycemic response by attenuating endogenous glucose production. The authors further examined if the modification of glucose production by epidural blockade has an impact on perioperative protein catabolism.

Methods: Sixteen patients undergoing colorectal surgery received either general anesthesia and epidural blockade with local anesthetic (n = 8) or general anesthesia alone (control, n = 8). Glucose and protein kinetics were assessed by stable isotope tracer technique ([6,6-2H2]glucose, L-[1-13C]leucine) during and 2 h after surgery. Plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, free fatty acids (FFA), cortisol, glucagon, and insulin were also determined.

Results: Epidural blockade blunted the perioperative increase in the plasma concentration of glucose, cortisol, and glucagon when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of lactate, FFA, and insulin did not change. Intra- and postoperative glucose production was lower in patients with epidural blockade than in control subjects (intraoperative, epidural blockade 8.2 +/- 1.9 vs. control 10.7 +/- 1.4 [mu]mol[middle dot]kg-1[middle dot]min-1, P < 0.05; postoperative, epidural blockade 8.5 +/- 1.8 vs. control 10.5 +/- 1.2 [mu]mol[middle dot]kg-1[middle dot]min-1, P < 0.05), whereas glucose clearance decreased to a comparable extent in both groups (P < 0.05). Protein breakdown (P < 0.05), protein synthesis (P < 0.05), and amino acid oxidation (P > 0.05) decreased with both anesthetic techniques.     

The anticatabolic effect of neuraxial blockade after hip surgery

Although the protein-sparing effect of neuraxial blockade after abdominal surgery is well established, its metabolic effect after operations on the lower extremities remains unclear. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that combined spinal and epidural blockade (CSE) inhibits amino acid oxidation after hip surgery. Sixteen patients undergoing hip replacement surgery received either general anesthesia followed by IV patient-controlled analgesia with piritramide (control; n = 8) or CSE using bupivacaine 0.5% for spinal anesthesia and ropivacaine 0.2% with 0.5 microg/mL of sufentanil for postoperative epidural analgesia (CSE; n = 8). Glucose and protein kinetics were assessed by stable isotope tracer technique ([6,6-2H2]glucose, L-[1-13C]leucine) on the day before and one day after surgery. Plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, free fatty acids, cortisol, glucagon, and insulin were also determined. CSE prevented the increase in plasma glucose concentration during and immediately after the operation (60 min after skin incision: CSE 4.9 +/- 0.7 versus control 6.2 +/- 0.7 mmol/L; P < 0.05; postanesthesia care unit: CSE 5.0 +/- 0.9 versus control 7.3 +/- 1.1 mmol/L; P < 0.05). Intraoperative cortisol plasma concentrations were smaller in the CSE group than in the control group. One day after the operation, however, glucose plasma concentration, glucose production, and glucose clearance were comparable in both groups. CSE inhibited the postoperative increase in leucine oxidation rate (CSE 30 +/- 12 versus control 43 +/- 8 micromol.kg(-1).h(-1); P < 0.05). There were no differences between the groups in protein breakdown, whole body protein synthesis, and plasma concentrations of lactate, free fatty acids, insulin, and glucagon. In conclusion, CSE prevents hyperglycemia during hip surgery and inhibits protein catabolism thereafter. IMPLICATIONS: We studied the effect of combined spinal/epidural blockade (CSE) on protein and glucose metabolism during and after hip surgery. In comparison to general anesthesia followed by intravenous patient-controlled analgesia, CSE inhibits the increase in glucose plasma concentration during surgery and prevents protein loss on the first postoperative day.     

七氟醚复合全麻对上腹部手术应激反应的影响

目的 探讨吸入七氟醚全麻基础上复合硬膜外阻滞或瑞芬太尼靶控输注对上腹部手术患者应激反应的影响。方法选择60例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级拟行上腹部手术患者随机分为3组（n=20）：对照组（七氟醚维持）、瑞芬太尼组（七氟醚＋瑞芬太尼靶控输注）、硬外组（七氟醚＋硬膜外阻滞）。所有患者入室后常规监护ECG、血压、血氧饱和度,行中心静脉穿刺及桡动脉穿刺测压后,快速诱导插管。记录三组麻醉前（T1）、插管后即刻（T2）、手术开始即刻（T3）、手术开始后30min（T4）及术毕（T5）的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、脑电双频谱指数（BIS）及测量末梢血糖（Glu）、乳酸（Lac）、血浆皮质醇（Cor）浓度。记录拔管时间及术后恶心呕吐。结果硬膜外组及瑞芬组术中皮质醇浓度均较对照组低,术后皮质醇浓度瑞芬组低于对照组及硬膜外组。结论七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注或硬膜外阻滞的全麻比单用七氟醚更有效减轻术中应激反应。