基于谱聚类特征向量分析的模态划分方法

在实际生产过程中,过程数据的多模态特性会对数据建模产生一定的影响,进行模态划分有利于获取精确的模型。目前常用的模态划分方法,如k-means、c-means等聚类方法,在有过渡过程的模态划分应用中,有时不能得到理想的结果。本文提出了一种通用的模态划分方法,以谱聚类算法中相似矩阵的特征向量分析为基础,基于相似矩阵的特征向量与其所包含的聚类信息的关系,使用高斯曼哈顿距离构造模态标签,并用小窗口思想实现动态多模态过程的模态划分。通过对稳态与带过渡过程的多模态数据的实验验证了该算法的有效性。     

A decision support system to improve medical diagnosis using a combination of k-medoids clustering based attribute weighting and SVM

The use of machine learning tools has become widespread in medical diagnosis. The main reason for this is the effective results obtained from classification and diagnosis systems developed to help medical professionals in the diagnosis phase of diseases. The primary objective of this study is to improve the accuracy of classification in medical diagnosis problems. To this end, studies were carried out on 3 different datasets. These datasets are heart disease, Parkinson’s disease (PD) and BUPA liver disorders. Key feature of these datasets is that they have a linearly non-separable distribution. A new method entitled k-medoids clustering-based attribute weighting (kmAW) has been proposed as a data preprocessing method. The support vector machine (SVM) was preferred in the classification phase. In the performance evaluation stage, classification accuracy, specificity, sensitivity analysis, f-measure, kappa statistics value and ROC analysis were used. Experimental results showed that the developed hybrid system entitled kmAW?+?SVM gave better results compared to other methods described in the literature. Consequently, this hybrid intelligent system can be used as a useful medical decision support tool.     

基于减法聚类产生具有优化规则的模糊神经网络及其软测量建模

提出了一种通过调整减法聚类半径优选模糊规则的软测量建模方法。首先用减法聚类建立T—S模糊模型，然后通过调整聚类半径优选模糊规则数，以取得具有良好泛化性能的模型，之后利用梯度下降混合最小二乘算法精调参数。最后用该方法对初馏塔石脑油干点进行软测量建模，结果表明能较快确定优化模型，并能满足软测量建模精度要求。     

细乳液法制备聚硅氧烷-Ag纳米复合微球及其抗菌性

模糊建模是一种有效的非线性系统建模方法,因为非线性系统的复杂性,仍有很多问题难以处理。针对T-S模糊模型,提出了一种改进的建模及优化方法。首先,将快速搜索密度峰聚类和模糊C均值聚类(FCM)算法相结合,使用快速搜索密度峰聚类算法找到聚类个数和初始聚类中心后,再用FCM算法进行聚类;然后,通过最小二乘法辨识结论参数得到初始T-S模糊模型,使用改进的差分进化(DE)算法整体优化模型的结构和参数,获得最终的T-S模型;最后,选择代表性实例,使用MATLAB程序进行仿真分析和比较,验证了本文方法能有效提高T-S模糊模型的辨识精度和速度。     

Fuzzy Expert System based on a Novel Hybrid Stem Cell (HSC) Algorithm for Classification of Micro Array Data

In the growing scenario, microarray data is extensively used since it provides a more comprehensive understanding of genetic variants among diseases. As the gene expression samples have high dimensionality it becomes tedious to analyze the samples manually. Hence an automated system is needed to analyze these samples. The fuzzy expert system offers a clear classification when compared to the machine learning and statistical methodologies. In fuzzy classification, knowledge acquisition would be a major concern. Despite several existing approaches for knowledge acquisition much effort is necessary to enhance the learning process. This paper proposes an innovative Hybrid Stem Cell (HSC) algorithm that utilizes Ant Colony optimization and Stem Cell algorithm for designing fuzzy classification system to extract the informative rules to form the membership functions from the microarray dataset. The HSC algorithm uses a novel Adaptive Stem Cell Optimization (ASCO) to improve the points of membership function and Ant Colony Optimization to produce the near optimum rule set. In order to extract the most informative genes from the large microarray dataset a method called Mutual Information is used. The performance results of the proposed technique evaluated using the five microarray datasets are simulated. These results prove that the proposed Hybrid Stem Cell (HSC) algorithm produces a precise fuzzy system than the existing methodologies.     

Improved Fuzzy Clustering Algorithms in Segmentation of DC-enhanced breast MRI

Segmentation of medical images is a difficult and challenging problem due to poor image contrast and artifacts that result in missing or diffuse organ/tissue boundaries. Many researchers have applied various techniques however fuzzy c-means (FCM) based algorithms is more effective compared to other methods. The objective of this work is to develop some robust fuzzy clustering segmentation systems for effective segmentation of DCE - breast MRI. This paper obtains the robust fuzzy clustering algorithms by incorporating kernel methods, penalty terms, tolerance of the neighborhood attraction, additional entropy term and fuzzy parameters. The initial centers are obtained using initialization algorithm to reduce the computation complexity and running time of proposed algorithms. Experimental works on breast images show that the proposed algorithms are effective to improve the similarity measurement, to handle large amount of noise, to have better results in dealing the data corrupted by noise, and other artifacts. The clustering results of proposed methods are validated using Silhouette Method.     

Automated Identification of Exudates and Optic Disc Based on Inverse Surface Thresholding

This paper presents a new approach to detect exudates and optic disc from color fundus images based on inverse surface thresholding. The strategy involves the applications of fuzzy c-means clustering, edge detection, otsu thresholding and inverse surface thresholding. The main advantage of the proposed approach is that it does not depend on manually selected parameters that are normally chosen to suit the tested databases. When applied to two sets of databases the proposed method outperforms a method based on watershed segmentation.     

Evaluation of Fuzzy Relation Method for Medical Decision Support

The potential of computer based tools to assist physicians in medical decision making, was envisaged five decades ago. Apart from factors like usability, integration with work-flow and natural language processing, lack of decision accuracy of the tools has hindered their utility. Hence, research to develop accurate algorithms for medical decision support tools, is required. Pioneering research in last two decades, has demonstrated the utility of fuzzy set theory for medical domain. Recently, Wagholikar and Deshpande proposed a fuzzy relation based method (FR) for medical diagnosis. In their case studies for heart and infectious diseases, the FR method was found to be better than naive bayes (NB). However, the datasets in their studies were small and included only categorical symptoms. Hence, more evaluative studies are required for drawing general conclusions. In the present paper, we compare the classification performance of FR with NB, for a variety of medical datasets. Our results indicate that the FR method is useful for classification problems in the medical domain, and that FR is marginally better than NB. However, the performance of FR is significantly better for datasets having high proportion of unknown attribute values. Such datasets occur in problems involving linguistic information, where FR can be particularly useful. Our empirical study will benefit medical researchers in the choice of algorithms for decision support tools.     

基于变精度粗糙-模糊集模型的诊断知识获取

提出一种基于变精度粗糙-模糊集模型的诊断知识获取算法,利用相似性聚类方法自动获取模糊隶属函数,将连续属性表示成模糊值,通过定义模糊相似关系和模糊相似类给出了变精度粗糙-模糊模型的近似表示,并引入蚁群算法求取模糊相似关系下的属性约简,进行诊断知识的获取。将其应用于精对苯二甲酸生产过程尾氧浓度故障诊断知识获取中,结果表明:该算法可以从故障数据中提取更客观有效的诊断规则,在实际故障诊断中具有很好的应用价值。     

A data structure and function classification based method to evaluate clustering models for gene expression data

Objective: To establish a systematic framework for selecting the best clustering algorithm and provide an evaluation method for clustering analyses of gene expression data. Metlaods: Based on data struc-ture (internal information) and function classification (external information), the evaluation of gene expres-sion data analyses were carried out by using 2 approaches. Firstly, to assess the predictive power of cluster-ing algorithms, Entropy was introduced to measure the consistency between the clustering results from differ-ent algorithms and the known and validated functional classifications. Secondly, a modified method of figureof merit (adjust_FOM) was used as internal assessment method. In this method, one clustering algorithm was used to analyze all data but one experimental condition, the remaining condition was used to assess the predictive power of the resulting clusters. This method was applied on 3 gene expression data sets (2 from the Lyer‘‘s Serum Data Sets, and 1 from the Ferea‘‘s Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Data Set). Results: A method based on entropy and figure of merit (FOM) was proposed to explore the results of the 3 data sets obtained by 6 different algorithms, SOM and Fuzzy clustering methods were confirmed to possess the highest ability to cluster. Conclusion: A method based on entropy is firstly brought forward to evaluate clustering analyses. Different results are attained in evaluating same data set due to different function classification. According to the curves of adjust-FOM and Entropy-FOM, SOM and Fuzzy clustering methods show the highest ability to cluster on the 3 data sets.     

Automatic Identification of Human Erythrocytes in Microscopic Fecal Specimens

Traditional fecal erythrocyte detection is performed via a manual operation that is unsuitable because it depends significantly on the expertise of individual inspectors. To recognize human erythrocytes automatically and precisely, automatic segmentation is very important for extraction of characteristics. In addition, multiple recognition algorithms are also essential. This paper proposes an algorithm based on morphological segmentation and a fuzzy neural network. The morphological segmentation process comprises three operational steps: top-hat transformation, Otsu’s method, and image binarization. Following initial screening by area and circularity, fuzzy c-means clustering and the neural network algorithms are used for secondary screening. Subsequently, the erythrocytes are screened by combining the results of five images obtained at different focal lengths. Experimental results show that even when the illumination, noise pollution, and position of the erythrocytes are different, they are all segmented and labeled accurately by the proposed method. Thus, the proposed method is robust even in images with significant amounts of noise.     

基于加权模糊聚类的污水处理过程故障检测

模糊C均值（FCM）聚类是一种常用的聚类方法,在工业应用时,常因数据的强噪声和非线性导致聚类效果不够理想。提出了一种密度加权、核理论和可能性模糊C均值聚类（PFCM）相结合的聚类方法。该方法采用核函数,将数据映射到线性空间进行聚类分析,消除非线性影响;通过引入点密度概念,加快算法迭代,增强可分性,提高聚类准确率。将该聚类算法用于污水处理过程的故障检测,结果表明该方法不仅能解决非线性问题,而且能有效加快收敛速度。     

基于非齐次Markov随机场的无监督图像分割新算法

提出了一种基于非齐次Markov随机场(MRF)的图像分割算法,并运用模糊空间元素的模糊相似度模型,估计非齐次MRF的参数,改进了传统的基于齐次MRF的图像分割算法.通过对模拟脑部MR图像和临床脑部MR图像分割实验,表明该算法比传统的基于齐次MRF的图像分割算法和模糊C-均值等图像分割算法具有更精确的图像分割能力,并且运算简单、运算速度快、稳健性好.     

Multiple Imputation based Clustering Validation (MIV) for Big Longitudinal Trial Data with Missing Values in eHealth

Web-delivered trials are an important component in eHealth services. These trials, mostly behavior-based, generate big heterogeneous data that are longitudinal, high dimensional with missing values. Unsupervised learning methods have been widely applied in this area, however, validating the optimal number of clusters has been challenging. Built upon our multiple imputation (MI) based fuzzy clustering, MIfuzzy, we proposed a new multiple imputation based validation (MIV) framework and corresponding MIV algorithms for clustering big longitudinal eHealth data with missing values, more generally for fuzzy-logic based clustering methods. Specifically, we detect the optimal number of clusters by auto-searching and -synthesizing a suite of MI-based validation methods and indices, including conventional (bootstrap or cross-validation based) and emerging (modularity-based) validation indices for general clustering methods as well as the specific one (Xie and Beni) for fuzzy clustering. The MIV performance was demonstrated on a big longitudinal dataset from a real web-delivered trial and using simulation. The results indicate MI-based Xie and Beni index for fuzzy-clustering are more appropriate for detecting the optimal number of clusters for such complex data. The MIV concept and algorithms could be easily adapted to different types of clustering that could process big incomplete longitudinal trial data in eHealth services.     

A New Approach to Diagnosing of Importance Degree of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Pairwise AIRS and Fuzzy-AIRS Classifiers

Artificial Immune Recognition System (AIRS) classifier algorithm is robust and effective in medical dataset classification applications such as breast cancer, heart disease, diabetes diagnosis etc. In our previous work, we have proposed a new resource allocation mechanism called fuzzy resource allocation in AIRS algorithm both to improve the classification accuracy and to decrease the computation time in classification process. Here, AIRS and Fuzzy-AIRS classifier algorithms and one against all approach have been combined to increase the classification accuracy of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) that is an important disease that influences both the right and the left cardiac ventricle. The OSAS dataset consists of four classes including of normal (25 subjects), mild OSAS (AHI (Apnea and Hypoapnea Index) =5-15 and 14 subjects), moderate OSAS (AHI < 15-30 and 18 subjects), and serious OSAS (AHI > 30 and 26 subjects). In the extracting of features that is characterized the OSAS disease, the clinical features obtained from Polysomnography used diagnostic tool for obstructive sleep apnea in patients clinically suspected of suffering from this disease have been used. The used clinical features are Arousals Index (ARI), Apnea and Hypoapnea Index (AHI), SaO2 minimum value in stage of REM, and Percent Sleep Time (PST) in stage of SaO2 intervals bigger than 89%. Even though AIRS and Fuzzy-AIRS classifiers have been used in the classifying multi-class problems, theirs classification performances are low in the case of multi-class classification problems. Therefore, we have used two classes in AIRS and Fuzzy-AIRS classifiers by means of one against all approach instead of four classes comprising the healthy subjects, mild OSAS, moderate OSAS, and serious OSAS. We have applied the AIRS, Fuzzy-AIRS, AIRS with one against all approach (Pairwise AIRS), and Fuzzy-AIRS with one against all approach (Pairwise Fuzzy-AIRS) to OSAS dataset. The obtained classification accuracies are 63.41%, 63.41%, 87.19%, and 84.14% using the above methods for 200 resources, respectively. These results show that the best method for diagnosis of OSAS is the combination of AIRS and one against all approach (Pairwise AIRS).     

基于K-means的机构归一化研究

分析k-means算法的核心思想和基本步骤,借鉴现有基于频繁词集的文本聚类初始中心确定方法,提出一种面向大规模机构名称归一化处理应用的机构聚类方法,详细阐述机构聚类中心的生成、相似度算法的选择以及迭代次数问题,其实验和应用效果表现良好.     

中医证候研究中的分类算法方法学研究

中医证的研究一直是中医药现代化研究的关键之一,其核心是证候分类和诊断标准的研究,数据挖掘中的分类算法已经大量应用于中医证候的分类研究。本文评述了数据挖掘中分类算法在中医证候研究中的应用,对其中主要算法的特点、适用条件和范围进行综合分析,认为应该根据不同的研究目的,选择适当的分类算法。粗糙集和聚类分析不需要先验知识,适合进行探索性的研究;模糊集理论、神经网络和决策树需要先验知识,适合应用于分类目标比较明确的证候诊断标准研究;模糊集理论更适合与其他分类算法结合应用,产生模糊聚类、模糊神经网络、模糊粗糙集和模糊决策树等更适合中医证候分类研究的算法。在具体的辨证分类研究中,我们需要根据所研究的疾病和证型分类特点选择合适的分类算法及其组合,同时建议应该在集成多学科理论与技术的基础上进行创新,建立符合中医证候特点的分类算法。     

Fuzzy and crisp set-theoretic-based classification of health and disease

Conventional cluster analyses of patient populations are intended to assist in the identification and characterization of groups that may represent etiological or pathological subtypes within a particular disease class. These methods have been criticized as being insensitive to subtle patient differences, which may be masked as a result of the all-or-nothing concept of cluster membership intrinsic to crisp set-theoretic-based grouping algorithms. As an alternative to conventional clustering procedures, several investigators have studied the use of fuzzy classification methods. In general, these measure a patient's clinical status in terms of a real number defined on the closed unit interval, reflecting the extent or degree to which a particular grouping entity characterizes the patient. This paper compares and contrasts the applications of crisp and fuzzy settheoretic-based clustering procedures to a set of data describing the cognitive and intellectual functioning of a group of subjects participating in a longitudinal study of aging. Emphasis is placed on both qualitative and quantitative aspects corresponding, respectively, to the clinical interpretation of cluster definitions, and the robustness or sensitivity of the classification procedures to changes in patient profiles over time. The fuzzy set-theoretic-based model was found to be more sensitive to changes in subject level of functioning over time, to provide superior quantitative protrayals of patterns of aging, and to reflect properties of the aging process derived from other research.     

一种改进的自适应谱聚类图像分割算法

摘要：目的提出一种改进的自适应谱聚类图像分割算法,该算法能自动选择出最优尺度参数从而提高谱聚类算法分割的准确
率。方法利用约束条件优化相关准则函数,对相似度量函数自动学习迭代并得到最优尺度参数,再运用基于Nyström 估计的
谱聚类算法得到最后的图像分割结果。选择对不同性质的纹理图像采用适合的相似度量函数并应用本文的算法进行图像分
割,最后与k-均值算法和预分割后再使用人工调整到最优参数的谱聚类算法的分割结果进行了比较。结果这种改进的自动选
择最优尺度参数的谱聚类算法在分割效果上较其它两种聚类算法能得到更好的分割结果。结论本文提出的改进方法,能使谱
聚类算法的图像分割效果更理想。
     

Application of K- and Fuzzy c-Means for Color Segmentation of Thermal Infrared Breast Images

Color segmentation of infrared thermal images is an important factor in detecting the tumor region. The cancerous tissue with angiogenesis and inflammation emits temperature pattern different from the healthy one. In this paper, two color segmentation techniques, K-means and fuzzy c-means for color segmentation of infrared (IR) breast images are modeled and compared. Using the K-means algorithm in Matlab, some empty clusters may appear in the results. Fuzzy c-means is preferred because the fuzzy nature of IR breast images helps the fuzzy c-means segmentation to provide more accurate results with no empty cluster. Since breasts with malignant tumors have higher temperature than healthy breasts and even breasts with benign tumors, in this study, we look for detecting the hottest regions of abnormal breasts which are the suspected regions. The effect of IR camera sensitivity on the number of clusters in segmentation is also investigated. When the camera is ultra sensitive the number of clusters being considered may be increased.