应用灌注磁共振技术评价缺血性脑血管病的外科治疗

目的:应用灌注磁共振技术,评价缺血性脑血管病的外科治疗疗效。方法:回顾性分析23例接受外科治疗的缺血性脑血管病患者的临床及影像资料。结果:患者术前均以TIA、RIND发病,CT及MRI未见大面积脑梗塞,灌注磁共振(PWI)均显示rCBF正常或降低,MTT增大,血管造影显示颅内或颈动脉狭窄或闭塞,分别给与颈动脉内膜切除术、支架血管成形术或颈内、外动脉吻合术予以治疗,术后PWI改善达82.6％,随访发现87％的患者有不同程度的改善。结论:PWI能够准确地评价缺血性脑血管病的外科治疗疗效。     

单侧大脑中动脉狭窄的脑磁共振灌注成像研究

目的探讨大脑中动脉(MCA)不同狭窄程度时的脑磁共振灌注加权成像(PWI)表现。方法对31例经DSA诊断为单侧MCA狭窄或闭塞患者行脑磁共振PWI检查,并对不同程度MCA狭窄状态下患侧和健侧大脑半球的脑灌注参数局部脑血流量(rCBF)、局部脑血容量(rCBV)、局部平均通过时间(rMTT)、局部达峰时间(rTTP)进行定量分析。结果31例患者中,DSA诊断单侧MCA轻中度狭窄14例,其中脑灌注异常11例;患侧大脑半球rTTP较健侧显著延长(P0.01)。MCA重度狭窄或闭塞17例,均出现异常灌注;患侧大脑半球rTTP较健侧显著延长(P0.01),而患侧rCBF较健侧明显减少(P0.05),患侧rMTT健侧亦显著延长(P0.05)。结论通过脑灌注成像参数综合分析,磁共振PWI能准确评估MCA狭窄程度和脑组织血供情况,可为脑缺血的临床诊断提供重要价值。     

颞浅动脉大脑中动脉吻合术治疗缺血性脑病的临床研究

目的探讨颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉（STA—MCA）吻合术治疗MCA重度狭窄或闭塞所致缺血性脑病的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析20例MCA重度狭窄或闭塞所致缺血性脑病病人的临床资料，其中行STA—MCA吻合术12例，做为研究组；行药物治疗8例做为对照组。分析两组治疗有效率、并发症发生情况及治疗前后MCA血流动力学指标。结果研究组治疗有效率与对照组对比。差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组并发症主要包括失语症、运动或感觉障碍、脑出血、头皮局部坏死、脑缺血发作。对照组术后MCA血流动力学指标变化较术前无显著性差异（P〉0．05），而研究组有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论在适应证选择正确的前提下．STA—MCA吻合术在治疗MCA重度狭窄或闭塞所致脑组织低灌注效果满意，比内科药物治疗更能延缓疾病进展。     

PWI对单侧大脑中动脉狭窄及闭塞脑组织血流评价的研究

大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄、闭塞会导致脑组织血流动力学障碍,是缺血性脑卒中发作最常见的病因[1].大脑中动脉狭窄、闭塞患者血流动力学变化不同,治疗原则也不尽相同.本文依据PWI的4个参数(MTT、TTP、CBV、CBF)的变化,来评价大脑中动脉狭窄、闭塞患者的脑组织血流动力学状况,旨在为临床诊断、选择合理化的治疗方案提供影像依据.     

脑磁共振灌注成像对于大脑中动脉狭窄患者的临床意义

目的探讨脑磁共振灌注成像(perfusion-weighted imaging,PWI)对于大脑中动脉狭窄患者的临床运用价值。方法选取本院2013年1月~2014年1月神经内科经颅内数字减影血管造影(Digital subtraction angiography,DSA)诊断为单侧大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)狭窄或闭塞的35例患者,并行脑磁共振灌注成像(Perfusion Weighted Imaging,PWI)检查,并对不同程度MCA狭窄状态下患侧和健侧大脑半球的脑灌注参数局部脑血容量(r CBV)、局部脑血流量(r CBF)、局部平均通过时间(r M...     

64排CTA及CTP对大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄的诊断价值

目的采用64排CTA及CTP对大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄的诊断价值。方法对63例急性脑梗死合并MCA狭窄的患者行头颅CTA及CTP检查,分析MCA狭窄部位、狭窄程度及有无侧支循环,并对脑梗死区域rCBF、rCBV、MTT三个血流灌注指标进行量化分析。结果 63例中重度狭窄32例(50.8%),闭塞23例(36.5%),侧支循环建立17例(26.9%),63例患侧MCA梗死区与健侧比较,rCBF、MTT差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论采用头颅CTP及CTA联合检查,可获得MCA梗死区域及半暗带的血流动力学改变,及时诊断MCA的狭窄及闭塞程度,评估大脑侧支循环建立情况,对急性MCA脑梗死的诊断、治疗和预后评估有较大意义。     

单侧颈内动脉或大脑中动脉狭窄患者脑血管储备力的评估

目的 采用单光子发射计算机断层扫描（SPECT）结合二氧化碳（CO2）吸入试验评价单侧颈内动脉（ICA）或大脑中动脉（MCA）狭窄或闭塞患者的脑血管储备力（CVR）.方法 分别在静息状态下及CO2吸入试验后,对43例单侧ICA或MCA狭窄或闭塞患者行SPECT检查.设定12个感兴趣区（ROI）,左右对称各6个,计算各ROI的平均局部脑血流量比值（rCBF％）,比较正常侧与患侧rCBF％的差值及CO2吸入试验前后各ROI的rCBF％变化.结果 43例患者检测516个ROI,对CO2反应存在4种情况：①静息状态下和CO2吸入试验后,各ROIrCBF％均正常241个;②静息状态时ROI rCBF％正常,CO2吸入试验后减低190个;③静息状态时ROI rCBF％减低,CO2吸入试验后减低更为显著25个;④静息状态时ROI rCBF％减低,CO2吸入试验后较前升高65个.另43例患者中有13例（30.2％）CVR正常,其中单侧ICA狭窄患者7例,单侧MCA狭窄患者6例.结论 SPECT ROI rCBF％提示单侧ICA或MCA狭窄或闭塞患者脑血管CVR存在4种不同情况;单侧ICA或MCA狭窄或闭塞的患者中存在CVR正常者.     

症状性颈内动脉狭窄支架术后脑灌注变化

目的观察症状性颈内动脉狭窄患者支架置入术后脑灌注的变化。方法症状性颈内动脉狭窄血管成形术患者56例,术前及术后分别行CT脑灌注成像,观察局部脑血流速度(rCBF)、局部脑血容积(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)及达峰时间(TTP)的变化。结果 56例患者术前及术后CT灌注成像检查结果显示,术前患侧rCBF低于对侧,术后两侧比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);MTT术前、术后及对侧比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),TTP术前患侧较健侧延长,术后病变侧与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论采用颈内动脉支架置入术治疗颈内动脉狭窄安全有效,可明显改善患者脑灌注。     

大脑中动脉狭窄支架成形术后狭窄段血流动力学异常的可能机制

目的探讨大脑中动脉(MCA)支架成形术后短期内的血流动力学变化规律,分析术后狭窄段异常动力学改变的可能原因。方法对于抗栓治疗期间仍有症状发作的MCA中重度狭窄患者,完成MCA支架成形术。应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)技术,系统评价术前及术后3d内的血流动力学变化。根据血流动力学的变化,并结合临床及影像学改变分析血流动力学异常的可能机制。结果29例患者(31条MCA中)完成了支架成形术,27条动脉支架术后3d内狭窄段的TCD频谱恢复至接近正常的水平。4例患者(4条动脉)3d在狭窄段又出现了狭窄样频谱,2例CT显示颅内出血。可能的原因:3例考虑过度灌注综合征,1例MCA下干狭窄加重。结论对于MCA支架成形术后血管开通良好但TCD提示仍然存在或再次出现狭窄样频谱的患者,过度灌注综合征及其它部位的狭窄可能是常见原因。     

症状性颅内外动脉狭窄内支架成形术前后脑灌注CT成像的变化以及与临床疗效的关系

目的探讨颅内外动脉狭窄内支架成形术前后脑灌注CT成像的变化以及与临床疗效之间的关系。方法本研究纳入12例颅内外动脉狭窄的患者,其中表现为前、后循环TIA9例,颈内动脉系统有梗死病灶3例。所有患者均给予狭窄动脉行内支架成形术,并于支架术前、术后48h以及6~12个月的随访期内行头CT灌注成像检查。结果支架术前9例前、后循环TIA患者,灌注成像表现为7例rCBF下降,2例rCBF正常;3例rCBV增高、6例rCBV正常;8例TTP、MTT延长,1例TTP、MTT正常。术后6~12个月,7例rCBF正常,2例rCBF下降;6例rCBV正常,2例增高,1例轻度增高;5例TTP、MTT正常,4例TTP、MTT轻度延长。在6~12个月随访期内,有2例出现TIA,均出现支架后的再狭窄,灌注CT表现为rCBF下降、rCBV增高,TTP、MTT延长。3例行颈内动脉支架的脑梗死患者,支架术前3例rCBF下降;1例rCBV轻度增高,1例rCBV下降,另1例rCBV正常。术后6~12个月,2例rCBF正常,1例rCBF轻度下降;1例rCBV正常,2例rCBV轻度增高;3例TTP、MTT仍延长。3例术前NIHSS评分分别为7、5、6,术后随访期间转为3、3、2。其中1例显示支架后再狭窄,灌注CT表现为rCBF轻度下降,rCBV轻度增高。结论灌注CT成像各指标的转归与临床症状和体征的改善具有密切的相关性,灌注CT成像可作为评价临床症状转归的一个客观指标。     

大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞显微手术治疗单中心经验并文献复习

目的 探讨颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉(STA-MCA)搭桥术治疗成人大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞的疗效.方法 回顾性分析31例行STA-MCA搭桥术治疗的大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞患者的临床资料,术前均行全脑血管造影(DSA)评价颈外动脉-颞浅动脉、颈内动脉、大脑中动脉的狭窄程度,CT灌注成像(CTP)评估脑血流灌注情况.手术采用经额颞入...     

颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术治疗颈内动脉或大脑中动脉重度狭窄的血流动力学研究

目的探讨动态磁敏感对比增强灌注成像(DSC-PWI)在颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术中的应用价值,为颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术治疗颈内动脉或大脑中动脉重度狭窄和(或)闭塞提供脑血流灌注变化的影像学证据。方法共76例行单侧颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术患者,分别于术前1个月和术后1周内行头部MRI常规和DSC-PWI检查,观察手术前后基底节区层面(搭桥近端)和半卵圆中心层面(搭桥远端)大脑中动脉供血区脑血流动力学变化[包括相对脑血流量(r CBF)、相对脑血容量(r CBV)、相对平均通过时间(r MTT)和相对达峰时间(r TTP)]。结果术后患侧基底节区层面(搭桥近端)和半卵圆中心层面(搭桥远端)r CBF均较术前升高(P=0.000,0.001);仅基底节区层面r CBV较术前升高(P=0.021);基底节区层面和半卵圆中心层面r MTT(P=0.000,0.000)和r TTP(P=0.000,0.000)均较术前降低。结论颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥术可以改善大脑中动脉供血区脑血流灌注。DSC-PWI能够完成对脑缺血区域血流动力学的评价,是评价手术疗效和动态观察脑血流动力学变化的最佳无创性技术。     

Changes in cerebral hemodynamics after carotid stenting: evaluation with CT perfusion studies

PURPOSE: To determine changes in cerebral perfusion parameters, based on CT perfusion imaging, in patients after unilateral transluminal angioplasty and stent placement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 74 patients with symptomatic high - grade internal carotid artery stenosis (>70%) were studied with CT perfusion imaging before and - on average - 70 hours and 172 days after carotid stent placement. There were 50 patients with unilateral carotid artery stenosis and 24 with stenosis and accompanying contralateral internal carotid artery occlusion. CT examination was performed using a multidetector helical CT scanner (Light Speed Ultra Advantage, GE Healthcare, USA). Maps showing the absolute values of cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV) and mean transit time (MTT) were generated. RESULTS: In a group with unilateral carotid artery stenosis perfusion deficits were present in 84% of patients, ipsilaterally to stenosis. MTT elongation was noted (6.2-6.8s) together with decreased values of CBF (40-46ml/100g/min) and slightly increased CBV (3.2ml/100g). In this group, 3 days after stenting, 30% of patients had perfusion deficits, and after 6 months only 6%. In a group with carotid artery stenosis and contralateral artery occlusion severe perfusion deficits were noted in both hemispheres and they were present in 100% of patients. 6 months after stenting hypoperfusion was observed only in 17% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Brain perfusion deficits, observed in a majority of patients with carotid artery stenosis tend to improve considerably after carotid artery stenting, in long - term follow up.     

Regional cerebral perfusion and ischemic status after standard superficial temporal artery–middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass surgery in ischemic cerebrovascular disease

Background and purpose  

Standard superficial temporal artery–middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass surgery is an effective treatment for ischemic cerebrovascular diseases, including moyamoya disease and occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Our purpose in this study was to evaluate the ischemic status based on the imaging modality of computed tomographic perfusion (CTP) before and after STA-MCA bypass in patients with moyamoya disease and occlusive cerebrovascular disease.     

重度颈动脉狭窄患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定性对脑灌注的影响

目的 对比研究重度颈动脉狭窄患者稳定与易损动脉粥样硬化斑块间的脑灌注情况,探讨斑块性质与脑灌注的关系。方法 利用磁共振成像技术检测颈动脉动脉粥样硬化性病变,并筛选单侧颈内动脉狭窄程度为70％～99％患者30例。对30例患者行动态磁敏感对比增强磁共振成像,测定患侧与健侧大脑半球、额叶、顶叶、半卵圆中心、皮质分水岭前区、皮质分水岭后区的平均通过时间（MTT）、相对脑血流量（rCBF）、相对脑血容量（rCBV）比值。将颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的纤维帽是否完整、斑块表面是否有大片钙化、其内是否有近期出血及是否有较大的脂质中心作为易损斑块诊断标准,分为稳定和易损斑块两组,比较两组患者脑血流动力学参数的差异。结果 与稳定斑块组比较,易损斑块组在皮质分水岭前区和后区的MTT值明显延长(t =1.561,P =0.042和t =1.227,P =0.038),rCBF和rCBV无统计学差异。上述两组在其余部位的血液动力学参数比值无统计学差异。结论 颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定性和相应皮质分水岭供血区域灌注情况有关,易损斑块容易导致同侧皮质分水岭区低灌注,MTT是最敏感的指标。     

颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分流术治疗大脑中动脉狭窄性脑卒中的疗效观察

目的 探讨颞浅动脉（STA）-大脑中动脉（MCA）分流术治疗大脑中动脉狭窄致缺血性卒中的安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2016年12月STA-MCA分流术治疗的75例大脑中动脉狭窄引起的缺血性卒中的临床资料。结果 术中B超探查显示71例吻合口血流通畅满意,4例血流缓慢。术后3 d死亡2例,其余73例术后CT灌注成像检查显示脑血流灌注明显改善。术后7、14 d神经功能评分较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,术后6、12个月神经功能评分进一步好转（P<0.05）。术后随访12个月,73例未出现因搭桥血管狭窄或闭塞引起的新发脑梗死及TIA;67例CTA检查显示血管显影良好。结论 STA-MCA分流术是预防和治疗大脑中动脉狭窄性卒中安全、有效的手段。     

Evaluation of EC-IC bypass for patients with atherosclerotic occlusive cerebrovascular disease: clinical and positron emission tomographic studies.

The authors report clinical evaluations of extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass surgery for patients presenting with misery perfusion on positron emission tomography (PET) due to atherosclerotic occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Seven patients underwent PET both before and after undergoing EC-IC bypass surgery. Three of the 7 patients had transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) and 4 had minor strokes. Five of the 7 had unilateral superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis, one had bilateral STA-MCA anastomoses and one had STA-MCA anastomosis on one side and carotid endarterectomy on the other side. PET showed postoperative improvement in regional cerebral blood flow and metabolism in 5 of the 7 patients. In the remaining 2 patients, one showed no remarkable changes on PET and the other showed exacerbation on PET due to postoperative cerebral infarction. All three patients who had TIAs had no further TIAs after surgery. Two of the 3 patients postoperatively showed improvement in misery perfusion on PET. In the 4 patients who had minor strokes, 2 showed clinical improvements. One of the 2 showed improvement not only in motor function but also in the higher cortical functions such as verbal and performance intelligence quotients. Changes on PET correlated to the clinical improvement in 4 of 7 patients. The EC-IC bypass is therefore effective in patients with haemodynamic hypoperfusion syndromes by improving the state of low perfusion.     

缺血性脑血管病腔内成形术围手术期并发症的预防及处理

目的:探讨缺血性脑血管病腔内成形术围手术期并发症的预防及处理。方法:采用血管腔内成形术治疗52例缺血性脑血管病患者,其中症状性颅内动脉狭窄29例,颈动脉狭窄患者23例。结果:52例患者中共有51例成功置入56枚支架,技术成功率达98.1%。48例患者术后均未再发生脑缺血发作,1例因支架置入困难仅行PTA术,术后症状明显改善;基底动脉支架成形术后1例出现动眼神经麻痹;1例出现再灌注损伤;1例出现颅内出血;7例患者出现血压下降。结论:缺血性脑血管病腔内成形术围手术期可能发生严重的并发症,正确预防和处理这些并发症,是避免患者致残、致死的关键。     

Risk of stroke during coronary artery bypass graft surgery in patients with internal carotid artery disease documented by angiography

We retrospectively identified 144 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in the presence of angiographically documented greater than or equal to 50% internal carotid stenosis or occlusion. Of these, 115 patients had bilateral carotid lesions and received combined operations involving carotid endarterectomy on only one side. The remaining 29 patients, including 11 with bilateral carotid lesions, underwent coronary bypass alone. Nine cerebral infarcts occurred (6%), but only three strokes (2%) were appropriate to the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to unoperated carotid stenosis. There was one stroke (3%) among the 29 patients who did not undergo combined procedures. In the group of 115 patients with bilateral carotid disease who received unilateral combined carotid endarterectomy there were 8 perioperative strokes (7%), of which 6 were ipsilateral to the endarterectomy. Asymptomatic unilateral less than 90% ICA stenosis or ICA occlusion does not increase stroke risk during CABG surgery.     

Patterns of perfusion-weighted imaging in patients with carotid artery occlusive disease

BACKGROUND: The importance of hemodynamic factors in the pathophysiology of stroke and transient ischemic attacks in patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis or occlusion remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) could identify pathophysiologically meaningful categories in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic ICA occlusive disease. METHODS: Thirty-eight consecutive patients with occlusion (22 patients) or severe stenosis (16 patients) of the ICA, determined by ultrasonography or magnetic resonance angiography, were identified from the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Stroke Database, Boston, Mass. Thirty-five patients were symptomatic (29 who had strokes and 6 who had transient ischemic attacks) and 3 were asymptomatic. All symptomatic patients underwent PWI within the first 24 hours after symptom onset. The patterns of PWI were analyzed according to the degree of ICA stenosis and the clinical presentation. RESULTS: Three patterns of perfusion abnormalities were identified: extensive hypoperfusion involving the middle cerebral arterial and/or anterior cerebral arterial territories (25 patients), localized perfusion deficits involving predominantly the ipsilateral border zone areas (8 patients), and normal perfusion (5 patients). All 3 patterns were found whether or not the ICA was occluded. Patients who had acute stroke most frequently had extensive perfusion deficits involving 1 or 2 territories while patients who had transient ischemic attacks often had hypoperfusion affecting the border zone regions. All asymptomatic patients had normal perfusion. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample the pattern of PWI related to the clinical presentation but not to the degree of ICA disease (occlusive vs severe stenosis). Our study findings add further support to the hypothesis that hypoperfusion is a major contributing factor in the pathophysiology of carotid artery occlusive disease.