脑保护装置下颅外颈动脉狭窄血管内支架成形术的随访观察

目的探讨脑保护装置下颅外颈动脉狭窄血管内支架成形术的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析我科30例脑保护装置(保护伞)下行颈动脉支架置入术患者的临床资料,观察3种不同斑块类型在远端保护伞中组织碎片检出情况;围手术期缺血性脑血管病事件及脑过度灌注综合征、脑出血、心肌梗死等不良事件发生率;并对患者行术前、术后1月以及术后1年神经功能评价,比较术前和术后的差别。结果术前颈动脉造影平均狭窄程度为(82.3%±10.2%),术后平均狭窄程度(14.5%±10.7%),差异有统计学意义(t=29.212,P0.001)。通过Fisher确切概率法,得出硬斑、软斑、以及混合斑三种不同类型的颅外颈动脉狭窄患者其保护伞中组织碎片检出率的差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),软斑检出率最高(90%),硬斑最低(25%)。在术后1周和术后30d内不良事件发生4例(13.3%),1例脑血管痉挛,1例脑梗死,2例TIA,未出现脑过度灌注综合征及死亡病例;分别随访术后1月、1年,患者术前和术后神经功能评价均有所好转(χ2=53.073,P0.001)。结论脑保护装置下颈动脉支架置入术安全、有效。通过术前斑块性质的研究有助于术前、术中选择合适的策略和治疗方案。     

颈内动脉狭窄血管成形及支架置入术临床探讨

目的 分析颈动脉狭窄血管成形及支架置入术的围手术期治疗,总结操作经验,评价长期临床效果.方法 总结32例颈动脉狭窄患者,均经影像学诊断确诊,行DSA再证实,局麻下行血管成形及支架置入术,3例患者由于不配合改用全麻,6例患者由于高度狭窄,术前PWI评价脑灌注,行分次治疗,在支架置入2周后局麻下行球囊扩张术.结果 32例患者支架覆盖斑块良好,术后残余狭窄＜10%,1例患者同侧肢体偏瘫,经治疗6 h后恢复.术后8例低血压,经多巴胺静脉维持后好转,7例一过性心动过缓,经对症治疗后好转.经1 a随访,未出现脑卒中再发作,2例发生再狭窄行球囊扩张.结论 术前综合评价、术中轻柔操作、防止低血压为手术成功和降低并发症的关键,分次治疗可降低高度狭窄病人术后高灌注综合征的发生几率.     

颈动脉支架置入术与颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉狭窄的近期疗效及安全性观察

目的分析颈动脉狭窄患者分别行支架置入术及内膜切除术后的安全性及近期临床疗效。方法 80例颈动脉狭窄患者经会诊及患者同意后,按照手术方案不同分为CEA组和CAS组。其中CEA组40例行内膜切除术,CAS组40例行支架置入术。比较2组近期疗效及相关并发症情况。结果 2组治疗前后NIHSS评分比较无明显差异(P0.05),组内治疗后评分(4.1±1.7,3.9±1.8)均较治疗前(6.5±2.4,6.3±3.1)明显降低(P0.05);随访6个月,CEA组颈动脉再狭窄率5.0%,与CAS组的7.5%比较无明显差异(P0.05);不良反应组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论颈动脉支架置入术及内膜切除术治疗颈动脉狭窄疗效无差异。支架置入术患者住院时间短,恢复较快,且术后并发症较少,安全性较高。     

Willis环结构及功能对颈动脉重度狭窄患者支架置入术的决策影响

目的探讨CTA、CT灌注成像联合DSA评估单侧颈动脉重度狭窄患者,Willis环结构及功能对颈动脉支架置入的决策影响。方法根据CTA筛选出单侧颈动脉狭窄90%的患者80例,40例经DSA证实有通过前交通动脉和/或后交通动脉向狭窄侧代偿供血,称Willis环代偿组;另40例经DSA证实没有向狭窄侧的代偿血供,称Willis环无代偿组。两组均同时行CTP检查,测量并计算两组大脑中动脉供血区的相对脑血容量(rCBV)、相对脑血流量(rCBF)、相对平均通过时间(rMTT)和相对达峰时间(rTTP)。对40例Willis环无代偿组的颈动脉狭窄患者给与支架置入术,残余狭窄30%,术后7 d再次行CT灌注扫描。Willis环无代偿组术前、术后的相对灌注参数分别与Willis环代偿组比较。结果 Willis环无代偿组术前rMTT、rTTP与Willis环代偿组比较有统计学差异(P0.05),Willis环无代偿组术后与Willis环代偿组rCBV、rCBF、rMTT、rTTP比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论对单侧颈动脉重度狭窄的患者,Willis的结构和功能可明显改变脑血流分布,为颈动脉支架置入术的选择提供参考。     

颈动脉支架置入术与内膜剥脱术治疗颈动脉狭窄的疗效与安全性的Meta分析

目的通过Meta分析评价颈动脉支架置入术和内膜剥脱术治疗颈动脉狭窄的疗效及安全性。方法通过检索颈动脉支架置入术和内膜剥脱术治疗颈动脉狭窄的随机对照试验,使用Rev Man 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入13项随机对照试验研究,样本数为28103例。支架组术后3 m脑卒中、死亡事件及心肌梗死的发生率均略高于内膜剥脱组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);支架组术后1 y脑卒中、死亡事件及心肌梗死的发生率均高于内膜剥脱组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论颈动脉支架置入术与内膜剥脱术治疗颈动脉狭窄在术后短期的安全性及临床疗效上无明显差异;但内膜剥脱术的远期疗效及安全性显著优于支架置入术。     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术与颈动脉支架术的疗效及安全性的比较

目的比较颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)和颈动脉支架置入术(CAS)的疗效和安全性。方法对70例颈动脉狭窄患者进行颈动脉狭窄内膜剥脱术或颈动脉狭窄支架置入术,评价手术疗效及安全性。结果术后30d主要终点事件(卒中/心肌梗死/死亡)发生率CEA组为12.50%,CAS组为10.53%,差异无统计学意义;围手术期并发症发生率CEA组为21.86%,CAS组为21.05%,差异无统计学意义;术后1 y随访,远期并发症发生率CEA组为9.38%,CAS组为10.53%,差异无统计学意义;结论 CAS治疗颈动脉狭窄与CEA具有同样明确疗效和安全性。     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗中重度颈动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的以颈动脉支架置入术(CAS)为对照,分析颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)在治疗中重度颈动脉狭窄的临床价值。方法将100例颈动脉狭窄患者按手术方法不同分为观察组(CEA)和对照组(CAS),记录2组围术期手术相关并发症;记录手术用时、住院时间、治疗费用;随访12个月,记录2组包括死亡在内的不良反应发生率及改良Rankin评分情况。结果观察组与对照组在围术期手术相关并发症、住院时间、术后6个月不良反应发生率及改良Rankin评分比较均无明显差异(P均0.05)。但观察组治疗经费低于对照组(P0.05)。结论颈动脉支架置入术治疗中重度颈动脉狭窄效果良好,术后近期和远期疗效及治疗安全性与颈动脉内膜剥脱术相当,但颈动脉内膜剥离术费用成本较低,并发症少。     

冠心病冠脉旁路移植术前颈动脉狭窄介入治疗的安全性及有效性研究

目的探讨冠脉旁路移植术前对狭窄的颈动脉行介入治疗的安全性及有效性。方法共收集了自2013年12月至2016年5月河北医科大学第二医院收治的37例颈动脉狭窄合并严重冠脉病变患者的临床资料,其中男性33例,女性4例,年龄36~72岁,平均年龄(56.4±8.1)岁,所有患者均行冠状动脉造影及脑血管造影确诊为冠脉三支病变合并颈动脉重度狭窄(单侧34例,双侧3例)。所有患者均行颈动脉支架置入术,并在支架置入后7~13d,平均(9.4±2.2)d内行冠脉旁路移植术,对患者的围手术期并发症情况及6个月随访情况进行分析。结果所有患者均成功行颈动脉支架置入术及冠脉旁路移植术,颈动脉支架置入术后出现心率、血压下降10例,对症治疗后好转,围手术期无心绞痛、心肌梗死、脑卒中发生,随访6个月无不良事件发生。结论在冠脉旁路移植术前7~13d行颈动脉支架置入术解决颈动脉重度狭窄安全有效,能提高此类患者手术的安全性及术后生活质量。     

颈动脉内膜切除与支架置入治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄的疗效比较

目的 探讨颈动脉支架置入术与颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉狭窄的近期疗效及安全性.方法 195例症状性颈动脉狭窄(≥60％)患者,随机分为颈动脉内膜切除术组(CEA组,97例),颈动脉支架组(CAS组,98例).CEA组在全麻下行颈动脉内膜切除术,CAS组采用自膨式镍钛合金支架治疗.分别评价两组术中、术后7d、30 d和90 d内终点事件发生率(卒中/死亡)及治疗相关的并发症,术中、术后7d、术后30 d及90d行颈动脉超声,头颅CT/MRI、NIHSS评分.结果 CAS组术后7d内死亡1例,卒中2例,发生率3.1％.CEA组术后7d死亡1例,2例卒中,发生率为3.1％,两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术中及术后7 d CEA组术后并发脑神经损伤较CAS组高(P＜0.05),卒中/死亡、急性颈动脉闭塞、高灌注综合征、局部血肿形成,两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).CAS组与CEA组神经功能缺失表现均明显改善,两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后7d、30 d、90 d两组头颅CT/MRI差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 CAS及CEA在治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄,预防卒中复发方面具有相似的近期效果,但其远期效果有待于进一步研究.     

血管内支架置入术对无症状重度颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨血管内支架置入术对无症状重度颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能的影响。方法无症状重度颈动脉狭窄患者60例。按照患者及家属意愿,同意在常规内科治疗基础上接受血管内支架置入术为观察组,接受常规内科治疗的为对照组,每组30例。对比2组患者治疗半年后的颈动脉狭窄率,并用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo-CA)评价2组患者认知功能。结果 2组患者治疗前颈动脉狭窄率无显著差异,治疗后观察组狭窄率(21.2±3.1)%,明显低于对照组的(59.5±5.4)%;2组患者治疗前MMSE评分无显著差异,治疗后观察组MMSE评分(26.54±4.20)分,明显优于对照组的(21.21±3.51)分;2组患者治疗前MoCA评分无显著差异,治疗后观察组MoCA评分(21.9±3.8)分,明显优于对照组的(17.1±4.5)分,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血管内支架置入术对无症状重度颈动脉狭窄患者有很显著的效果,有利于减少颈动脉的狭窄率,改善患者认知功能,值得推广。     

CEA治疗伴对侧颈内动脉闭塞的颈动脉重度狭窄的疗效

目的评价颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗一侧颈内动脉重度狭窄伴对侧颈内动脉闭塞的疗效。方法回顾性分析11例患者的临床资料,包括围手术期并发症及近远期疗效;并比较术前及术后3个月颈部及大脑中动脉血管血流峰值。结果即刻成功率为100%,术后患者脑缺血症状均得到改善,围手术期无病例死亡或缺血性脑卒中等严重并发症发生,仅有1例出现皮下血肿、1例出现短暂声音嘶哑,经积极治疗后均好转。随访率100%,随访时间6~61(32.5±17.2)个月。患者均无术侧颈动脉再狭窄,其中1例再发对侧缺血性脑卒中。术后患者颈动脉血流峰值及大脑中动脉收缩期血流峰值与术前比较差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论对于一侧颈内动脉重度狭窄伴对侧颈动脉闭塞的高危患者,颈动脉内膜剥脱术具有满意的围手术期结果和较好的远期脑卒中预防疗效。     

Carotid artery stenting: Current state of evidence and future directions

Both carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) are common treatments for carotid artery stenosis. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have compared CEA to CAS in the treatment of carotid artery stenosis. These studies have suggested that CAS is more strongly associated with periprocedural stroke; however, CEA is more strongly associated with myocardial infarction. Published long‐term outcomes report that CAS and CEA are similar. A reduction in complications associated with CAS has also been demonstrated over time. The symptomatic status of the patient and history of previous CEA or cervical radiotherapy are significant factors when deciding between CEA or CAS. Numerous carotid artery stents are available, varying in material, shape and design but with minimal evidence comparing stent types. The role of cerebral protection devices is unclear. Dual antiplatelet therapy is typically prescribed to prevent in‐stent thrombosis, and however, evidence comparing periprocedural and postprocedural antiplatelet therapy is scarce, resulting in inconsistent guidelines. Several RCTs are underway that will aim to clarify some of these uncertainties. In this review, we summarize the development of varying techniques of CAS and studies comparing CAS to CEA as treatment options for carotid artery stenosis.     

上颌动脉与颈内动脉搭桥解剖学研究

目的 探讨上颌动脉(MA)与颈内动脉(ICA)搭桥的可行性.方法 5具成人尸头行双侧解剖,解剖颞浅动脉(STA)、MA、颈外动脉(ECA)、ICA并测量其血管外径;额颞瓣开颅,显露ICA床突上段并测量其外径;在蝶骨上磨一骨孔,测量MA与ICA之间距离以及ECA和ICA起始段到ICA床突上段之间距离,比较所测得数据和移植物行走路径.结果 MA血管外径(2.66±0.20)mm大于STA分叉部的血管外径(1.92±0.15)mm.MA与ICA之间的距离(4.69±0.34)cm小于ECA、ICA起始段与ICA床突上段之间的距离(17.76±0.47)cm和(18.11±0.51)cm.结论 MA与ICA之间搭桥在解剖上是可行的,具有移植血管短、路径直的优点.     

杂交支架用于重度颈动脉狭窄治疗的研究

目的 研究杂交支架治疗重度颈动脉狭窄的疗效和安全性.方法 使用杂交支架对21例缺血性脑血管病合并重度颈动脉狭窄患者进行颈动脉支架成形术.术后观察血管狭窄程度及不良反应,随访6个月观察脑血管事件的发生.结果 所有患者均顺利完成手术,共置入支架23枚.术后脑血管造影示颈动脉狭窄程度均≤20％.术中出现颈动脉窦综合征5例,血管痉挛2例,支架远端血管栓塞1例,经治疗均恢复.术后6个月时,患者均未发生与手术侧颈动脉相关的脑血管事件.结论 颈动脉杂交支架治疗重度颈动脉狭窄效果显著,能减少脑血管事件的发生,且比较安全.     

External Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stenting Followed by Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Anastomosis

A 31-year-old man presented with right hemiparesis, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a small infarct at left basal ganglia. Digital subtraction angiography showed left cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion and severe stenosis of the ipsilateral external carotid artery (ECA) with collateral cerebral circulation fed by ECAs. Based on the results of a functional evaluation of cerebral blood flow, we performed preventive ECA angioplasty and stenting for advanced ECA stenosis to ensure sufficient blood flow to the superficial temporal artery. Eight weeks later, superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis was performed. His postoperative course was uneventful and no additional transient ischemic attacks have occurred. To our knowledge, this is the first report of preventive angioplasty and stenting for advanced narrowing of an ECA before STA-MCA anastomosis for ipsilateral ICA occlusion.     

Congenital External Carotid‐Internal Carotid Artery Anastomosis Diagnosed by MR Angiography

We present what we believe is the first report of external carotid‐internal carotid artery anastomosis, which forms a large arterial ring at the proximal cervical internal carotid artery (ICA). If the small channel of the proximal cervical ICA is occluded, the remaining large channel of the external carotid artery may be diagnosed as a nonbifurcating cervical carotid artery .     

High rate of restenosis after carotid artery stenting in patients with high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis

OBJECTIVE: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is the gold-standard procedure for the majority of patients with high-grade symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis and also for specified high-grade asymptomatic stenoses; however, a proportion of patients are treated with carotid endovascular therapy. We aimed to document medium-term clinical and neurosonographical outcome after carotid artery stenting (CAS). METHODS: 53 patients (mean age: 65 +/- 8 years) with high-grade (> or = 70 % by means of duplex sonography) carotid artery stenosis were enrolled into the study. Nineteen patients had asymptomatic, 34 patients had symptomatic stenoses. All patients had a pre-interventional CT, Doppler and duplex sonography, and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) prior to the procedural DSA. All patients were offered CEA as the gold-standard procedure and as an alternative to CAS. Both clinical and Duplex sonographical follow-up was obtained at day 1 and 7, month 1, month 3, month 6, month 12, and every subsequent 6 months after the procedure. Mean follow-up time was 22 +/- 1.6 months (+/- SEM). RESULTS: 2/53 patients suffered from stroke. A further 2 patients suffered from carotid artery occlusion shortly after CAS. The cumulative rate of restenosis during follow-up was 24.5 % (13/53). Four of these (7.5 %) were of high-grade and led to further interventional or surgical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: A high rate of restenosis was found during follow-up after CAS. Our analysis of non-selected patients emphasizes that CEA remains the gold-standard procedure for the treatment of symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. The frequently performed endovascular treatment of carotid stenosis outside the setting of a randomized controlled trial is not supported by our data.     

Aberrant Ascending Pharyngeal Artery Mimicking a Partially Occluded Internal Carotid Artery

Doppler sonography has become a primary imaging modality for the diagnosis of carotid arterial stenosis. Carotid stenting for a severely stenotic but not completely occluded carotid artery is becoming an alternative to carotid endarterectomy in selected groups of patients. The authors discuss a case of complete occlusion of the internal carotid artery associated with an ipsilateral aberrant ascending pharyngeal artery originating from the proximal internal carotid artery, which mimicked a stenotic internal carotid artery on sonography. Meticulous Doppler sonographic examination may provide clues for this extraordinary condition, yet angiography is indicated for a definite diagnosis.     

Congenital absence of the right common carotid artery,internal carotid artery and external carotid artery associated with anterior communicating artery aneurysm: a rare case

Congenital absence of the common carotid artery (CCA), internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA) is very rare. We present such a rare case in a 53-year-old woman, associated with a saccular aneurysm of anterior communicating artery (ACA) presenting with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). An embryological hypothesis for the anomalies of the aortic arch is proposed. The correlation between the abnormal haemodynamic stress of the circle of Willis caused by the absence of the right ICA and the development of intracranial aneurysm is discussed.     

两种线栓法制作小鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型的比较

目的通过颈总动脉和颈外动脉两种栓塞途径插入线栓在小鼠身上建立短暂性大脑中动脉栓塞（MCAO）模型，比较分析两种模型实验动物的术后存活率、行为学、梗死体积、脑水肿程度以及神经细胞凋亡情况，从而筛选出更为可行有效的脑梗死模型建立方法。 方法42只C57BL/6雄性小鼠，体质量20~22 g，按照随机数字表法分为假手术组（6只）、MCAO模型颈外动脉插线组（18只，颈外组）、MCAO模型颈总动脉插线组（18只，颈总组）。颈外组从颈外动脉剪口插入线栓栓塞大脑中动脉起始部制备小鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型，颈总组从颈总动脉剪口插入线栓栓塞大脑中动脉起始部制备小鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型，假手术组结扎与模型组同侧颈总动脉相同，但不插入线栓。颈外组和颈总组缺血1 h、假手术组颈总动脉结扎1 h，其后拔出线栓解除结扎，同时再灌注24 h，其后采用Longa神经功能评分，灌流取脑TTC染色，计算梗死体积并测出脑组织含水量，观察神经细胞凋亡情况，从而进行比较分析。 结果颈外组和颈总组小鼠均出现脑卒中表现、神经功能评分升高、出现脑水肿、有明显梗死体积以及神经细胞凋亡，假手术组未出现与之相对的明显表征。颈总组与颈外组相比，梗死体积和脑水肿程度接近，神经细胞凋亡数量基本一致，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；颈总组相对颈外组，神经功能评分较高，死亡率较高，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论两种栓塞途径所造成的脑梗死比较结果一致，但考虑到部分实验需要长期给药观察，颈外动脉栓塞途径实验动物存活率更高，所以推荐采用颈外动脉插线方法制作大脑中动脉栓塞模型。