以进行性下肢乏力伴大小便失禁、认知损害为主要表现的硬脑膜动静脉瘘(附1例报告及文献复习)

目的提高临床医生对以进行性下肢乏力伴大小便失禁、认知损害为主要表现的硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的认知。方法回顾性分析1例以进行性下肢乏力伴大小便失禁、认知损害为主要表现的DAVF患者的临床资料、影像学表现等结果,结合文献复习进行讨论。结果患者男性,67岁。临床表现为进行性动作迟缓、行走不稳、少动-强直为主要特征,同时伴有反应迟钝、小便失禁。头颅MRI平扫示两侧脑白质含水量多,脑内少许缺血灶;增强扫描可见脑内强化血管影增多。脑血管DSA示双侧横窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘,右侧明显,以双侧颈外动脉供血为主,颈内动脉也有少量供血。经血管介入行DAVF栓塞术后,患者病情显著改善。结论以进行性下肢乏力伴大小便失禁、认知损害为主要临床表现的DAVF易漏诊,DAVF具有可治性,及时行DSA检查可确诊,手术治疗后预后较好。     

硬脑膜动-静脉瘘合并髓静脉扩张的临床及影像学表现(附1例报告及文献复习)

目的报道1例硬脑膜动-静脉瘘(DAVF)合并髓静脉扩张病例的临床资料,探讨DAVF合并髓静脉扩张的临床及影像学表现。方法回顾性收集1例DAVF合并髓静脉扩张患者的临床及影像学资料,并结合文献复习进行分析。结果患者以症状性癫痫起病。头颅MRI表现为脑白质内迂曲、扩张血管影,并继发性脑梗死和脑水肿;全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)提示右侧颈内动脉造影静脉期上矢状窦前1/3不显影,静脉晚期颅内多发髓静脉迂曲增粗,经室管膜下静脉-大脑内静脉回流,右侧颈外动脉造影示DAVF形成,大脑上静脉逆向回流,左侧颈内动脉造影示左侧发育性静脉畸形。经血管内介入栓塞DAVF治疗后患者病情改善。结论DAVF合并髓静脉扩张少见,可继发脑实质病变进而出现神经功能缺损症状与体征;影像学表现为头颅MRI提示髓静脉扩张涉及的疾病谱较多,需仔细鉴别;MRI和DSA联合检查能更好评价脑实质和血管情况。     

表现为后循环缺血性病变的小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床和影像学特点(附3例报告)

目的 探讨表现为后循环缺血性病变的小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的临床和影像学特点.方法 回顾性分析3例表现为后循环缺血性病变的小脑幕DAVF患者的临床和影像学资料.结果 本组患者起病形式多样,均表现头晕、恶心、呕吐,病变侧共济失调、水平眼震;1例患者出现交叉性感觉障碍、轻度延髓麻痹和不完全Horner征;头颅MRI均示小脑病变,其中1例合并延髓病变,病灶处均出现长T1、长T2及弥散加权成像高信号;2例MRI增强见小脑病灶强化及多条弯曲血管影;3例头部数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查均发现小脑幕DAVF瘘口.结论 小脑幕DAVF可引起小脑及脑干缺血表现,MRI增强扫描可见病灶强化及异常血管影,DSA检查可明确诊断.     

特殊类型硬脑膜动静脉瘘临床及影像表现

目的：加深对硬脑膜动静脉瘘（DAVF）临床表现、影像学表现的认识。方法分析1例少见类型DAVF患者的临床资料。结果临床表现主要为头痛、头晕、血管杂音;DSA示：双侧颈外动脉、左侧大脑后动脉均可见动静脉瘘,左侧较重,致颈内动脉显影不佳,左侧椎动脉颅内段不显影,左侧椎动脉颅外段可见明显动静脉瘘。结论 DAVF的临床表现多样且不特异,影像学诊断至关重要,对于不明原因出现头痛、头晕、血管杂音等症状,应高度注意是否存在 DAVF ,尽早行DSA检查。     

小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘临床及影像学特点

目的总结小脑幕硬脑膜动静脉瘘（DAVF）的临床表现及影像学特点。方法回顾分析11例小脑幕DAVF病例的临床及影像学资料。结果本组男7例,女4例,平均年龄56．2岁;急性起病6例,亚急性起病2例,慢性起病3例;临床主要表现头痛、头晕、恶心、呕吐、眼震、共济失调等;头颅CT联合MRI检查可提示颅内出血性病变、非出血性病变、血管流空或异常血管影;DSA检查可清楚显示小脑幕DAVF瘘口、供血动脉和引流静脉。结论小脑幕DAVF临床表现多变,一些MRI特征性改变可提供小脑幕DAVF诊断线索,但确诊依赖DSA检查。     

与板障静脉沟通的硬脑膜动静脉瘘并发颅内出血1例报道及文献复习

目的 总结与板障静脉沟通的硬脑膜动静脉瘘（DAVF）并发颅内出血的诊治经验。方法 回顾性分析血管内介入治疗的1例与板障静脉沟通的DAVF并发颅内出血的临床资料,并结合相关文献分析。结果 62岁男性,左侧肢体肌力0级,头部CT示右侧额顶叶出血;DSA示右侧额顶部DAVF,由右侧脑膜中动脉额顶支供血,经板障静脉、大脑镰静脉引流并因压力增高导致皮层静脉逆流致静脉高压性脑出血;经脑膜中动脉额支注入Onyx胶闭塞瘘口,术后复查造影发现引流静脉消失;术后半年,左侧肢体肌力恢复至4级。结论 与板障静脉沟通的DAVF并发颅内出血为罕见疾病,血管内治疗可达到治愈。     

表现为认知功能障碍、吞咽困难的直窦部硬脑膜动静脉瘘1例报告

硬脑膜动静脉瘘（dural arteriovenous fistula,DAVF）是一种发病率较低的颅内血管畸形,该病临床表现多样缺乏特异性,以认知功能障碍、吞咽困难起病,且瘘口位于直窦的患者更加罕见。本文对1例瘘口位于直窦的DAVF进行报道,经颅内DAVF介入栓塞术后临床症状明显好转,3个月后随访无明显不适。通过该病例进一步探讨DAVF的发病机制及临床表现,旨在提高临床医生对本病的认识,以便及时作出诊断,降低漏诊率。     

烟雾病合并颅内硬脑膜动静脉瘘1例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨烟雾病(MMD)合并颅内硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的病因及治疗方式。方法 回顾性分析1例MMD合并颅内DAVF患者的临床资料,并对相关文献进行复习。结果 本例患者为青年女性,以脑室出血为首发症状,DSA诊断为MMD合并左横窦乙状窦DAVF,行右侧颅内外血管吻合术后6个月复查示桥血管通畅,瘘口消失。结合文献复习,MMD合并DAVF分为同时伴发或继发两类,临床表现多为与MMD相关的脑缺血或脑出血。治疗常采用颅内外血管吻合术,而DAVF大多数保守治疗。结论 MMD合并DAVF少见,病因不明,可能与促血管生长因子增加有关。治疗策略取决于患者临床表现和DAVF分型。     

向脊髓引流的硬脑膜动静脉瘘诊治体会

目的探讨向脊髓表面引流的硬脑膜动静脉瘘（DAVF）的临床特点及治疗。方法回顾性分析2009年2月。2012年10月诊治的5例向脊髓引流DAVF患者的临床资料。4例单纯行栓塞治疗,1例行栓塞后手术切除。结果术后DSA示5例患者的瘘口均完全消失,达到解剖治愈。4例随访6个月-2年,肢体肌力及感觉均有一定恢复,MRI示脊髓表面迂曲血管流空影消失,DsA示瘘口消失、无复发。结论向脊髓引流的DAVF患者脊髓血管造影常显示正常,应注意行脑血管造影,避免漏诊、误诊,治疗主要以血管内栓寨为丰。     

引起脊髓功能障碍的硬膜动静脉瘘的临床特点

目的 回顾性研究引起脊髓功能障碍的硬膜动静脉瘘（DAVF）的临床特点，促进此类疾病的早期诊治。方法 对15例引起脊髓功能障碍的DAVF患者进行诊治。手术相关性DAVF1例，自发性DAVF14例。缓慢起病11例，急性起病4例。磁共振T2加权脊髓周围异常血管流空11例，脊髓被增强7例。血管造影证实硬膜瘘口位于小脑幕1例，颈段4例，胸段7例，腰骶尾段3例。手术靠近瘘口切断引流静脉6例，介入栓塞瘘口6例，介入后手术2例，保守治疗1例。结果 1例手术治疗患者失随访，1例拒绝手术治疗的患者确诊后1周死亡，其余13例患者随访时间为6-58个月。5例手术治疗的患者均治愈；6例介入治疗的患者，3例治愈，2例好转，1例无变化；2例介入后手术治疗的患者，1例好转，1例双下肢顽固性疼痛无变化。结论 掌握引起脊髓功能障碍的DAVF的起病形式、磁共振特点和血管造影检查要点，有利于DAVF的早期诊治、提高治愈率和患者的生命质量。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。