罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定肋间神经阻滞用于胸腔镜术后镇痛的效果

目的 探讨罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定行肋间神经阻滞对胸腔镜手术患者术后的镇痛效果.方法 拟行胸腔镜手术患者50例,随机均分为两组:右美托咪定组(DEX组),右美托咪定1μg/kg+0.375％罗哌卡因至30 ml;对照组(C组),0.375％罗哌卡因30 ml.观察两组患者术后4、8、12、24和48 h静息状态和躯体活动(如咳嗽)时的疼痛VAS评分及Ramsay镇静评分,并观察两组患者术后镇痛维持时间及术后不良反应发生情况.结果 术后4、8、12 h DEX组静息状态、躯体活动时的VAS评分均明显低于C组(P＜0.01),术后4、8、12 h Ramsay镇静评分DEX组明显高于C组(P＜0.05).DEX组术后镇痛维持时间明显长于C组(P＜0.01),两组均无肋间神经阻滞的相关并发症.结论 1μg/kg右美托咪定可显著增强0.375％罗哌卡因肋间神经阻滞效果,延长胸腔镜术后镇痛时效.     

右美托咪定复合罗哌卡因胸椎旁神经阻滞在单侧开胸手术后的镇痛效果

目的观察右美托咪定复合罗哌卡因胸椎旁神经阻滞(thoracic paravertebral nerve block,TPVB)应用于单侧开胸手术的安全性及术后镇痛效果。方法选择40例单侧开胸食管癌手术患者,随机分为两组,每组20例。全麻诱导前行开胸肋间TPVB,R组注入0.5%罗哌卡因15ml,D组注入含有右美托咪定0.75μg/kg的0.5%罗哌卡因15ml,30min后开始全麻诱导。术后行椎旁自控镇痛。记录注药前(T0)、注药后5、10、15、20、30min(T1~T5)、气管插管前(T6)、气管插管后(T7)的MAP、HR、BIS以及椎旁阻滞起效时间、阻滞平面宽度及并发症等。记录术后24h追加吗啡镇痛次数、咪达唑仑镇静次数、呕心呕吐及患者镇痛满意度等。结果两组TPVB范围及起效时间差异无统计学意义。与T0时和R组比较,T4、T5时D组HR明显减慢,MAP、BIS明显降低(P0.05)。与T6时比较,T7时R组HR明显增快、MAP、BIS明显升高(P0.05)。术后镇痛期间,与R组比较,D组追加吗啡和咪达唑仑次数、呕心呕吐发生率明显减少(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定0.75μg/kg复合0.5%罗哌卡因15 ml诱导前行TPVB,术后右美托咪定0.1μg·kg-1·h-1及0.5%罗哌卡因2ml/h持续TPVB,可安全用于单侧开胸手术和术后镇痛,较单用0.5%罗哌卡因TPVB具有明显的优势。     

罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定收肌管阻滞对膝关节置换术后镇痛分析

目的探讨罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定收肌管阻滞对膝关节置换患者术后镇痛效果。方法将2018年1月至2019年4月本院收治的72例重度膝骨性关节炎接受全膝关节置换手术的患者作为研究对象,根据随机数字表法将其为联合组与对照组各36例患者。对照组患者仅接受单纯罗哌卡因收肌管阻滞,而联合组患者接受罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定收肌管阻滞,比较两组患者术后12、24、48小时Ramsay镇静评分与VAS疼痛评分,并比较术后不良反应发生率。结果联合组患者术后12、24、48小时Ramsay镇静评分、VAS疼痛评分及术后不良反应均优于对照组(P0.05)。结论罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定收肌管阻滞对全膝关节置换患者的术后镇痛镇静效果明显优于单纯罗哌卡因组,该联合用药方案值得临床推广。     

七氟醚麻醉下右美托咪定复合罗哌卡因行髂腹下/髂腹股沟神经阻滞的效果

目的观察七氟醚麻醉下右美托咪定复合罗哌卡因行髂腹下/髂腹股沟神经阻滞在老年患者腹股沟疝手术中的效果。方法选择择期行腹股沟无张力疝修补术老年男性患者60例,年龄65~75岁,体重55~75kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为右美托咪定组(D组)和对照组(C组),每组30例。患者术中吸入七氟醚,保留自主呼吸,并行超声引导下髂腹下/髂腹股沟神经阻滞,其中D组为右美托咪定1μg/kg+0.375%罗哌卡因20ml,C组为0.375%罗哌卡因20ml。记录感觉阻滞起效时间及镇痛持续时间,观察术后不良反应的发生情况。结果 D组感觉阻滞起效时间明显短于C组[(10.6±4.3)min vs(14.4±5.1)min,P0.05],镇痛持续时间明显长于C组[(832.7±136.6)min vs(669.8±140.1)min,P0.05]。D组术中有2例(6.7%)患者发生心动过缓。术后所有患者均未发生麻醉相关不良反应。结论右美托咪定复合罗哌卡因应用于超声引导下髂腹下/髂腹股沟神经阻滞可缩短感觉阻滞起效时间,延长术后镇痛持续时间。     

右美托咪定滴鼻联合腹股沟韧带上髂筋膜阻滞对股骨近端骨折老年患者术前镇静效果的影响

目的 探讨右美托咪定滴鼻联合腹股沟韧带上髂筋膜阻滞(suprainguinal fascia iliaca block,SIFIB)对股骨近端骨折老年患者术前镇静效果的影响。方法 收集60例行股骨近端骨折手术的老年患者,按随机数字表法分为1ug/kg右美托咪定滴鼻组(D1组)、2ug/kg右美托咪定滴鼻组(D2组)及对照组(C组)。患者入室后分别经鼻滴注右美托咪定1、2ug/kg,对照组给予等量生理盐水滴鼻,容量均为2ml。三组患者均于滴鼻后,行超声引导下腹股沟韧带上髂筋膜阻滞(0．375%罗哌卡因30 mL),神经阻滞起效后开始摆体位穿刺。记录滴鼻前(Ｔ0)、神经阻滞时(Ｔ1)、神经阻滞后10min(Ｔ2)、体位摆放成功即刻(Ｔ3)四个时间点的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)及脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、VAS评分、Ramsay 镇静评分和焦虑评分。结果三组患者麻醉前的HR变化、镇静程度及焦虑程度有显著性差异( P <0.001)。T2时,D1组、D2组HR慢与C组, D2组Ramsay 镇静评分高于D1组和C组,焦虑评分低于D1组和C组。T3时,D1组、D2组HR慢与C组,D2组焦虑评分低于D1组和C组。结论 股骨近端骨折手术患者麻醉前给予右美托咪定2.0μg/kg 滴鼻联合腹股沟韧带上髂筋膜阻滞可获得良好的镇静效果,减少患者的焦虑。     

右美托咪定静脉输注联合罗哌卡因局部浸润在腹腔镜妇科手术镇痛的效果

目的观察右美托咪定静脉输注联合罗哌卡因局部浸润对腹腔镜妇科手术镇痛效果。方法 80例腹腔镜妇科手术患者随机均分为右美托咪定组(D组):静脉右美托咪定;罗哌卡因组(R组):0.5%罗哌卡因局部浸润;右美托咪定复合罗哌卡因组(DR组):静脉右美托咪定联合0.5%罗哌卡因局部浸润;对照组(C组):不用右美托咪定和罗哌卡因。记录术毕苏醒时间、拔管时间及第一次排气时间。记录入PACU、术后6、12、24h时VAS评分,如患者VAS评分6分,则给予哌替啶50mg,并记录24h内使用哌替啶例数。记录术后24h时BCS评分及不良反应发生情况。结果四组患者苏醒时间和拔管时间比较差异无统计学意义。与C组比较,DR组第一次排气时间明显缩短(P0.05)。与C组比较,术后PACU、6hR组、D组、DR组和术后12、24hDR组VAS评分明显降低(P0.05)。与R组和D组比较,DR组术后6、12、24hVAS评分明显降低(P0.05)。24h内使用哌替啶C组8例,其他三组均未使用哌替啶(P0.05)。与DR组比较,术后24hR组、D组和C组BCS评分4分例数明显减少(P0.05)。而DR组无一例患者发生恶心呕吐,C组有9例、R组有3例、D组有2例。此外,C组有1例患者发生苏醒躁动。结论右美托咪定静脉输注联合罗哌卡因局部浸润用于腹腔镜妇科手术比单纯应用罗哌卡因或右美托咪定的镇痛效果好、镇痛时间长。     

右美托咪啶预先给药对罗哌卡因诱发大鼠心肌毒性阈值的影响

目的 探讨右美托咪啶预先给药对罗哌卡因诱发大鼠心肌毒性阈值的影响.方法 健康Wistar大鼠28只,雌雄不拘,8～12周龄,体重250～350 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为4组(n=7):罗哌卡因组(R组)、低剂量右美托咪啶+罗哌卡因组(D1组)、中剂量右美托咪啶+罗哌卡因组(D2组)和高剂量右美托咪啶+罗哌卡因组(D3组).D1组、D2组和D3组分别经10 min静脉输注右美托咪啶5、10、15 μg/kg,R组给予等容量生理盐水0.5 ml,停止给予右美托咪啶后4组均静脉输注1％罗哌卡因1 ml/h至发生心肌毒性.记录发生心肌毒性时罗哌卡因剂量和时间,发生心肌毒性时采集动脉血样,测定血浆罗哌卡因浓度.结果 与R组比较,D1组、D2组和D3组罗哌卡因剂量增加,发生心肌毒性时间延长,血浆罗哌卡因浓度升高(P＜0.05);D1组、D2组和D3组间上述指标差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 右美托咪啶预先给药可升高罗哌卡因诱发大鼠心肌毒性的阈值,但是与右美托咪啶剂量无关.     

不同剂量右美托咪定防治腰麻剖宫产术中牵拉反应的效果

目的探讨静脉单次泵注不同负荷剂量右美托咪定防治腰麻剖宫产术中牵拉反应的效果。方法腰麻下行剖宫产术的足月初产妇200例,随机分为四组,每组50例。断脐后2 min,D1、D2、D3组分别给予右美托咪定0.6、0.8、1.0μg/kg静脉泵入,时间设定为10 min,C组给予相同剂量的生理盐水。记录给药前(T0)、给药后10 min(T1)及探查清理腹腔(T2)时产妇的SBP、DBP、HR、Ramsay评分及牵拉痛情况。结果 T0、T1时四组患者牵拉反应分级差异无统计学意义。T2时C组和D1组牵拉反应分级明显高于D2组和D3组(P0.05)。T1、T2时D2组和D3组Ramsay镇静评分明显高于D1组与C组(P0.05)。T1时D3组SBP、DBP明显高于其它三组,HR明显慢于其它三组(P0.05)。T2时C组和D1组SBP、DBP明显高于D2组和D3组,HR明显快于D2组和D3组(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定0.8μg/kg可有效抑制蛛网膜下腔阻滞下剖宫产术中牵拉反应,且对循环影响较小。     

右美托咪定添加到罗哌卡因中对腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞及镇静的影响

目的观察右美托咪定添加到罗哌卡因中对腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞及镇静的影响。方法择期在腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞下行单侧膝关节检查、美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiology,ASA)分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级的患者120例,按照数字生成的方法随机分为不使用右美托咪定(R组)、腰丛阻滞给予右美托咪定(RLD组)、坐骨神经阻滞给予右美托咪定(RSD组),腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞均给予右美托咪定(RD组),每组30例。记录腰丛和坐骨神经的感觉和运动阻滞起效时间、阻滞持续时间及患者第一次需要镇痛药的时间(镇痛时间)。记录患者麻醉前(T0)、麻醉后15分钟、30分钟、45分钟、60分钟(T1~T4)的镇静评分(Ramsay评分)、心率、血氧饱和度、平均动脉压及局麻药中毒的发生率。结果四组间腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞起效时间比较,差异无统计学意义,RLD组、RD组、RSD组和R组腰丛感觉和运动维持时间(min)分别为1008.00±104.99、800.00±97.56,922.00±149.05、732.00±139.52,768.00±108.48、602.00±84.09和742.00±129.44、612.00±109.62,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);RLD组、RD组、RSD组和R组坐骨神经阻滞感觉和运动维持时间分别为1006.00±117.58、810.00±105.41,932.00±144.18、744.00±136.09),738.00±120.16、582.00±96.04和708.00±126.45、548.00±111.12,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。RLD、RSD及RD组在T1~T4点的Ramsay评分高于R组,心率低于R组(P0.05)。RLD组、RD组、RSD组和R组镇痛持续时间分别为1004.00±135.48、918.00±83.60、898.00±131.34和808.00±1 19.72,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。无局麻药中毒发生。结论右美托咪定能随着剂量的增加而增强罗哌卡因腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞效果。右美托咪定能起到镇静作用,同时导致患者心率下降。     

右美托咪定或地塞米松复合罗哌卡因对椎旁神经阻滞效果的影响

目的 比较右美托咪定或地塞米松复合罗哌卡因对椎旁神经阻滞(PVB)效果的影响.方法 择期行胸腔镜肺叶切除术患者128例,男43例,女85例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为三组:对照组(C组)、右美托咪定组(D组)和地塞米松组(S组).使用0.5％罗哌卡因共15 ml对C组患者行PVB,D组和S组分别使用0.5％罗哌卡因复合右...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.