100例腔隙性脑梗死临床分析

本文对经CT证实100例腔隙性脑梗死住院患者进行回顾性分析如下. 1 临床资料 本组男57例,女43例,年龄32～93岁,平均65岁;既往有高血压史81例,脑梗死病史10例(非腔梗),糖尿病史9例,冠心病史6例,脑出血病史1例.有高血压史患者中合并糖尿病6例,合并脑梗死5例(非腔梗),合并冠心病3例,合并脑出血1例.冠心病合并脑梗死1例(非腔梗).     

2型糖尿病合并缺血性脑卒中患者113例分析

目的分析2型糖尿病合并急性缺血性脑卒中的发病机制以及临床特点。方法选择2010-01—2013-03在我院住院的急性缺血性脑卒中患者226例为观察对象。其中113例属于2型糖尿病合并急性缺血性脑卒中患者设为观察组,另选择113例不伴有2型糖尿病的急性缺血性脑卒中患者为对照组,总结2组患者头颅CT扫描图像特点;根据对照组患者病情给予扩血管药物或(和)解除血管痉挛药物、抗血小板凝集药物、营养脑神经药物等,有高血压患者给予降压药,血脂高患者给予调脂药物,对梗死面积大急性期伴有脑水肿颅内压增高患者给予脱水治疗,维持水电解质及酸碱平衡,积极预防或控制感染等并发症。观察组患者在对照组治疗基础上行饮食控制及药物治疗,控制血糖水平,纠正酮症酸中毒以及代谢紊乱,同时对症支持治疗,评价治疗康复的效果。结果观察组大面积脑梗死、腔隙性脑梗死、多发性脑梗死及再发性脑梗死发生率显著高于对照组,2组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组有效率69.91%,显著低于对照组的89.38%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=13.21,P<0.05)。结论结论2型糖尿病合并缺血性脑卒中的发生、病情和预后与血糖水平密切相关,高血糖又是急性缺血性脑卒中的独立危险因素,治疗上应尽早控制血糖,使血糖水平尽可能接近正常,并控制好血压、血脂。     

缺血性脑卒中亚型及其危险因素与脑白质变性的关系

目的探讨缺血性脑卒中亚型及其危险因素与脑白质变性(LA)的关系。方法对213例伴LA的缺血性脑卒中患者的LA程度进行分级(LA1、LA2、LA3),分析其与缺血性脑卒中亚型(短暂脑缺血发作、腔隙性脑梗死、动脉血栓形成和心源性脑梗死)及其危险因素(年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病及冠心病等)的关系。结果213例伴LA的缺血性脑卒中患者中,LA2和LA3患者的年龄明显高于LA1患者(均P<0.05);腔隙性脑梗死患者LA3的发生率明显高于其他缺血性脑卒中亚型(均P<0.05);与LA程度明显相关的因素为年龄(OR 0.69,95%CI:0.49~0.97)和腔隙性脑梗死(OR 0.01,95%CI:0.00~0.33)(均P<0.05)。结论与LA相关的危险因素是高龄和腔隙性脑梗死;可能的机制为穿支动脉硬化和血压调节障碍影响脑白质血流供应,引起白质局部坏死、腔隙形成或弥漫性LA。     

急性缺血性脑卒中构音障碍及磁共振弥散加权影像特点研究

目的通过分析急性缺血性脑卒中构音障碍的临床及磁共振弥散加权影像特点,探讨构音障碍与脑梗死损害部位关系。方法总结155例早期表现构音障碍的急性缺血性脑梗死患者的临床表现,同时进行磁共振T1加权、T2加权、FLAIR及弥散加权成像检查(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI),分析构音障碍患者临床与DWI显示梗死灶部位关系。结果155例急性缺血性脑梗死患者中,8例表现为单纯构音障碍(5.2%),141例伴有肢体偏瘫(91%),123例伴有椎体束征(79.4%)。DWI显示梗死病灶主要位于幕上96例(61.9%),病变灶位于左侧。28例患者的DWI显示为腔隙性梗死,其中20例(71%)临床表现为典型的伴构音障碍的腔隙性梗死综合征。结论急性脑梗死引起构音障碍多伴随其它神经功能障碍。梗死病灶多沿皮质延髓束分布,以幕上梗死多见,病灶多位于左半侧,可能与左侧半球对言语功能控制占优势有关。     

糖尿病并发脑卒中的临床与相关因素探讨

目的　探讨糖尿病并发脑卒中的临床特点与相关因素 ,便于卒中防治。方法　住院糖尿病并发脑卒中患者 90例 ,均行颅脑CT检查 ,5例行MRI(1例行MRA)检查。并同时进行空腹血糖、血脂和血液流变学测定。结果　 90例根据影像学改变分为腔隙性脑梗死 5 0例 (其中多发性腔梗 36例 ,单发性腔梗 14例 ) ,脑梗死 2 5例 ,脑出血 8例 ,出血性脑梗死 3例 ,椎基底动脉供血不足 4例。病变部位 :基底节区 38例 ,侧脑室周围 2 0例。其余病例分布于额叶、小脑、脑干、丘脑等部位。脑梗死的平均空腹血糖值明显高于腔隙性脑梗死 (P <0 .0 1)。脑梗死的LDL c平均值也明显高于腔隙性脑梗死 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　糖尿病并发脑卒中以腔隙性脑梗死多见 (占 5 5 .6 % ) ,且病灶多发 ,分布广泛。病变好发部位以基底节区为主。高血糖及LDL c增高可能是糖尿病并发脑卒中的重要危险因素。     

经颅多普勒检测中青年缺血性脑血管病临床研究

目的 分析中青年人缺血性脑血管病TCD特点.方法 对75例中青年缺血性脑卒中患者TCD结果进行回顾性分析.结果 75例患者中,异常54例,异常率72.0%.大面积脑梗死患者血管异常率明显高于小面积脑梗死和腔隙性脑梗死(P<0.05).结论 TCD检测对于中青年缺血性脑血管病的早期筛查诊断具有重要的临床价值.     

腔隙性脑梗死合并脑微出血临床及影像学特征研究

目的探讨腔隙性脑梗死患者合并脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)的临床及其影像学特征。方法采用前瞻性研究方法,连续收集2013年8月~2015年9月在本院神经内科住院的腔隙性脑梗死患者120例,根据有无CMBs将患者分为有CMBs组(39例)和无CMBs组(81例),比较2组间基本临床资料、生化指标及影像学特点是否存在差异,并采用多因素逐步Logistic回归模型分析CMBs发生的独立危险因素。结果 120例腔隙性脑梗死患者中合并CMBs39例(32.5%),其中2组年龄(t=6.373,P0.001)、高血压病(χ~2=5.385,P=0.02)、高尿酸(χ~2=4.474,P=0.04)、腔隙性脑梗死数目(t=8.773,P0.001)以及脑白质疏松程度评分(t=7.964,P0.001)比较差异具有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、高血压病、腔隙性脑梗死数目以及脑白质疏松程度评分是腔隙性脑梗死患者发生CMBs的独立危险因素。结论腔隙性脑梗死患者CMBs发生与年龄、高血压病、腔隙性脑梗死数目以及脑白质疏松程度有关。     

2型糖尿病合并脑梗死的临床特点分析

目的　探讨 2型糖尿病合并脑梗死的临床特点及危险因素。方法　对经头颅CT扫描确诊的 64例 2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者 ,进行临床特点和头颅CT扫描结果对照分析 ,并设同期住院的 2型糖尿病患者 60例作对照组。结果　与对照组相比 ,糖尿病合并脑梗死存在多种致动脉硬化因素 ,如高血压、血脂异常、胰岛素抵抗、血糖控制不良等。脑梗死以多发性、腔隙性多见。结论　 2型糖尿病合并脑梗死存在多种致动脉硬化危险因素 ,以多发性脑梗死常见     

脑卒中合并糖尿病患者便秘的护理

正现将我院神经内科收治的82例脑卒中合并糖尿病患者便秘的护理总结报告如下。1临床资料我院神经内科2015-02—2015-08诊治脑卒中合并糖尿病的患者82例,均经头颅CT或核磁共振成像检查确诊为缺血性脑卒中或出血性脑卒中,并符合2004年《中国糖尿病防治指南》的糖尿病诊断标准。其中男53例,女29例;年龄41~87岁;病史1~14a;脑梗死42例,脑出血16例,蛛网膜下腔出血13例,混合型脑卒中11例;糖尿病史1~16a。住     

60例脑卒中后继发癫癎临床分析

1资料及方法1.1一般资料本组60例继发癫癎患者中男32例,女28例;年龄36～83岁,平均(64±13.5)岁;其中缺血性卒中24例(24/60),原发病为脑梗死10例,脑栓塞14例,出血性卒中36例(36/60),其中脑出血16例,蛛网膜下腔出血20例。1.2诊断标准1.2.1脑卒中诊断标准:所有患者根据第4届全国脑血管病学术会议制定的标准[1],经头颅CT或MRI证实。1.2.2脑卒中继发癫癎的诊断标准及分类标准:癫癎分类根据年中华医学会第届全国癫癎发作分类方法[2]     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.