外来器械与植入物的双闭环管理

目的完善外来器械与植入物的管理流程,降低植入物提前放行率,确保医疗安全。方法采用双闭环管理模式对外来器械与植入物进行管理。医院层面闭环管理是利用医院耗材管理系统,实现外来器械与植入物的信息化管理,使临床科室、供应商、医学工程科、消毒供应中心、手术室、财务科各部门对外来器械的管理工作环环相扣;消毒供应闭环管理是将CSSD质量追溯系统与医院耗材管理系统对接,实现接收、清洗、消毒、包装、灭菌、使用、使用后再清洗消毒处理的信息化管理。结果实施闭环管理后植入物提前放行率由实施前的8.20%降低至1.59%。结论闭环管理模式明确了医院相关部门在外来器械与植入物管理环节中的职责,使临床科室医生对外来器械与植入物使用的风险有了足够的认识;使医院管理更趋精细化和规范化,有效规避因各环节过程管理中的疏漏带来的医疗风险,保障医疗安全。     

综合管理模式在手术室外来器械管理中的应用效果

目的探讨综合管理模式在手术室外来器械管理中的应用效果。方法比较实施综合管理模式前后的器械遗失损耗和更换频次、无菌检验一次合格率、锐器损伤发生率、物品包装合格率及器械有效验收率。结果管理后手术室外来器械的更换频次、遗失损耗率及锐器损伤发生率明显少于管理前,无菌一次检验合格率、微生物限度一次检验合格率、物品包装合格率及器械有效验收率均明显高于管理前,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论消毒供应室综合管理模式可以有效提高清洗和灭菌效果,同时提高器械使用频率。     

PDCA循环法在手术室外来器械追溯系统管理中的应用

目的探讨PDCA循环法在手术室外来器械追溯系统管理中的应用效果。方法将1 462件外来器械按时间段分为对照组(673件)和观察组(789件)。对照组采用常规外来器械管理流程进行管理,观察组采用PDCA循环法进行外来器械追溯管理。结果观察组器械有效验收率、清洗质量合格率、器械灭菌后湿包率、数量缺失率、术后器械去向明确率、术后器械遗失率与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论运用PDCA循环法进行外来器械追溯系统管理可保障外来器械安全供应,降低医疗风险,保障患者安全,提高护理管理质量。     

骨科围手术期的护理配合和器械及外来植入物的管理

目的探讨骨科围手术期的护理配合和器械及外来植入物的管理。方法对1 634例骨折患者进行术前访视及心理护理,完善外来器械消毒流程,熟练进行术中配合和术后管理。结果 1 634例患者均安全顺利完成手术,康复良好,对手术护理满意度100%。结论完善的术前准备,严格的器械消毒和质量可追溯性,及专科手术护士与术者的密切配合是手术成功的重要保证。     

应用PDCA循环改进外来骨科器械清洗质量

目的在消毒供应中心外来骨科器械清洗质量管理中引入PDCA循环,以提高器械的清洗质量。方法按PDCA循环即计划、实施、检查、处理4个阶段对外来骨科器械进行清洗质量管理。结果实施1年后工作人员对外来骨科器械名称、拆卸方法与清洗流程掌握情况评分、外来骨科器械清洗合格率比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论外来骨科器械清洗质量管理引入PDCA循环理论,有助于找出问题的根本原因,制定和落实质量改进计划,评估和改进清洗质量,建立持久有效的质量改进机制和形成形象化的质量管理思维。     

医院外来器械的可追溯管理

目的探讨可追溯管理对外来器械的质量控制效果。方法运用可追溯管理体系,从准入、流程、质量、记录四方面实施追溯管理。实施1年后评价效果。结果实施可追溯管理后外来手术器械差错率从实施前的7.01%下降至5.95%,植入器械差错率从6.14%下降至3.68%(均P0.01)。结论可追溯管理可提高外来器械管理质量。     

浅谈分散式到集中式管理临床再生器械的体会

目的:探讨医疗器械包从临床科室分散式管理到供应中心集中管理模式的转变,以提高及保证治疗包质量,控制医院感染.方法:供应中心集中管理采用分布实施,分析临床科室管理弊端,逐步取消临床科室管理医疗器械,由供应中心逐步实施集中管理,比较分散与集中管理的差异.结果:从临床科室管理弊端六个项目中可以看出,分散式管理模式合格率明显低于集中式管理模式,只有采用集中式管理模式才能为医院节省人力及资金并保证质量.结论:供应中心集中式管理医疗器械包,做好医疗器械清洗和灭菌各个环节的质量控制,能有效提高医疗器械包的质量,有利于控制医院感染,降低医疗成本,提高服务质量.     

眼科手术室显微器械的优化管理

目的 探讨眼科手术室显微器械的有效管理方法.方法 对精密度高、结构复杂、价格昂贵、清洗难度大的眼科显微器械由手术室护士负责清洗和包装、供应室负责灭菌、手术室专人管理的传统管理模式,转向为手术室与供应室一体化、人人参与管理的全程质量控制管理模式,并对两种模式的管理质量进行比较.结果 优化管理后,显微器械的清洁度、器械完好率显著优于优化管理前(均P<0.01).结论 对眼科手术室显微器械管理运用手术室与供应室一体化、人人参与的全程质量控制管理模式,既保证了显微器械灭菌质量,又大幅度提高了显微器械的完好率,延长了显微器械的使用寿命,同时也提高了手术室护理质量,和谐了医护关系与护患关系.     

多学科协作集中式回收消毒门诊手术室眼科器械

目的探讨多学科协作集中式回收消毒门诊手术室眼科器械的效果。方法组建包括护理部、门诊手术室、消毒供应中心、院感科、设备科、耗材采购科、信息科、器械供应公司8方人员参与的多学科协作团队,配置足够基础物资,进行人员培训,规范流程、强化环节管理等,实施6个月后评价效果。结果器械清洗消毒合格率显著高于实施前,器械损耗率显著低于实施前(均P0.01)。结论多学科协作集中式回收门诊手术室眼科器械,有利于提高清洗消毒效果和减少耗损。     

不同控制方法对骨科植入手术器械清洗效果的影响

目的探讨骨科手术器械的最佳清洗管理效果。方法对器械公司自行清洗器械和医院规范化培训管理后清洗器械进行比较,放大镜目测检查手术器械清洗质量。结果两组间目测检验结果比较χ2=96.3,P<0.01,差异有统计学意义;对照组内手术器械与植入物品比较χ2=20.75,P<0.001,差异有统计学意义。管理组内手术器械与植入器械清洗结果比较χ2=1.05,P>0.05,差异无统计学意义。结论加强骨科植入器械的清洗管理和培训工作可有效提高手术器械清洗合格率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.