经导管~(192)Ir近距离放射治疗局部晚期肝门部胆管癌

目的：观察局部晚期肝门部胆管癌姑息性引流术后１９２Ｉｒ腔内放疗的疗效。方法：先行手术探查尽可能刮除肿瘤并放置Ｕ型管引流，术后再经导管腔内放疗。参考点距离放射源中心轴１０ｍｍ，总量２４～３０Ｇｙ／３次。３例配合肝动脉区域性灌注化疗，１例配合外照射ＤＴ４５Ｇｙ／４．５周。结果：生存期６～２６个月，中位生存期１１．５月。１５例死亡，１例目前存活８个月。全组１年生存率３７．５％，２年生存率６．０％，结论：局部晚期肝门部胆管癌姑息性引流术后腔内放疗可提高生存期及生活质量     

Chemoradiation and brachytherapy in biliary tract carcinoma: long-term results

PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term effects of chemoradiation and intraluminal brachytherapy in terms of local control, disease-free survival, overall survival, and symptom relief in patients with unresectable or residual extrahepatic biliary carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-two patients with unresectable (17 patients) or residual (5 patients) nonmetastatic extrahepatic bile tumors received external beam radiation therapy (39.6-50.4 Gy) between 1991 and 1997. In 21 patients, 5-fluorouracil (96-h continuous infusion, Days 1-4, 1,000 mg/m2/day) was administered. Twelve patients received a boost of intraluminal brachytherapy with 192Ir wires (30-50 Gy) 1 cm from the source axis. RESULTS: During external beam radiotherapy, 10 patients (45.4%) developed Grade 1 to 2 gastrointestinal toxicity. In patients with unresectable tumor who could be evaluated, the clinical response was 28.6% (4 of 14). Two patients showed complete response. In all 22 patients, median durations of local control, disease-free survival, and overall survival were 44.5 months, 16.3 months, and 23.0 months, respectively. Two patients who received external beam radiation therapy and intraluminal brachytherapy developed late duodenal ulceration. In patients with unresectable tumors, median survival was 13.0 months and 22.0 months in those treated with and without brachytherapy, with 16.7% and no 5-year survival, respectively (p=0.607). Overall 5-year survival was 18.0%: 40% and 11.7% in patients treated with partial resection and in those with unresectable tumor, respectively (p=0.135). CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the role of concurrent chemoradiation in advanced biliary carcinoma; the role of intraluminal brachytherapy boost remains to be further analyzed in larger clinical trials.     

Combined modality treatment in unresectable extrahepatic biliary carcinoma

PURPOSE: Cancers of the extrahepatic biliary tract are rare. Surgical resection is considered the standard treatment, but is rarely feasible. Several reports of combined modality therapy, including external beam radiation, often combined with chemotherapy and intraluminal brachytherapy, have been published. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemoradiation plus intraluminal brachytherapy on response, local control, survival, and symptom relief in patients with unresectable or residual extrahepatic biliary carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From February 1991 to December 1997, 20 patients (14 male, 6 female; mean age 61 +/- 12 years; median follow-up 71 months) with unresectable (16 patients) or residual (4 patients), nonmetastatic extrahepatic bile tumors (common bile duct, 8; gallbladder, 1; Klatskin, 11) received external beam radiation (39.6-50.4 Gy); in 19 patients, 5-fluorouracil (96-h continuous infusion, days 1-4 at 1,000 mg/m(2)/day) was also administered. Twelve patients received a boost by intraluminal brachytherapy using (192)Ir wires of 30-50 Gy, prescribed 1 cm from the source axis. RESULTS: During external beam radiotherapy, 8 patients (40%) developed grade 1-2 gastrointestinal toxicity. Four patients treated with external-beam plus intraluminal brachytherapy had a clinical response (2 partial, 2 complete) after treatment. For the total patient group, the median survival and time to local progression was 21.2 and 33.1 months, respectively. Distant metastasis occurred in 10 (50%) patients. Two patients who received external beam radiation plus intraluminal brachytherapy developed late duodenal ulceration. Two patients with unresectable disease survived more than 5 years. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that chemoradiation plus intraluminal brachytherapy was relatively well-tolerated, and resulted in reasonable local control and median survival. Further follow-up and additional research is needed to determine the ultimate efficacy of this regimen. New chemoradiation combinations and/or new treatment strategies (neoadjuvant chemoradiation) may contribute, in the future, to improve these results.     

Biliary tree malignancies: The University of Minnesota experience

Because of its slow-growing natural history, most patients with extrahepatic biliary tree malignancies present with inoperable disease. For the minority of patients with operable disease, surgical resection remains the treatment of choice and offers the patient the best chance for long-term local control. The role of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the management of these patients in the definitive, adjuvant, and palliative setting is expanding, although unsettled. Response rates with chemotherapy have been low and will most likely find a place in a combined multimodality setting. Radiotherapy (external beam, intraoperative, and intraluminal brachytherapy using ¹⁹²Ir) has played a major role in the treatment of these cancers. The close proximity of bowel, kidney, and liver limits the external beam radiotherapy doses that can be safely delivered. Since most patients require placement of percutaneous transhepatic biliary catheters to relieve jaundice, this route has been utilized to deliver higher doses of radiation to the tumor area with intraluminal ¹⁹²Ir ribbons. The University of Minnesota has treated 15 patients with extrahepatic bile duct cancers. Most were located at the bifurcation of the common bile duct and were treated with intraluminal brachytherapy alone or with external beam radiotherapy. Our results are comparable to previously reported retrospective data with a median survival of 8 months and three long-term survivors. J. Surg. Oncol. 1997;65:298–305. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

肝外胆管癌的放射治疗：附12例分析

During the past 8 years, 12 patients with extrahepatic bile duct adenocarcinoma which was contra-indicated to operation or who underwent conservative resection wer treated by radiotherapy in our hospital. Five patients were given post-operative radiation of 60-70 Gy/7-9 weeks, 3 patients received 12 Mev beta beam of one single 30 Gy intra-operative radiotherapy and 4 were treated by intra-operative radiotherapy of 20 Gy plus external irradiation of 40 Gy/5 weeks after the operation. The results indicated that most of the patients died around 1 year and 2 are still alive for over 2 years. The present results are more favorable as compared with those treated before 1980 because biliary drainage had been done before timely high dose radiotherapy after the operation. The author considers that intra-operative radiotherapy or its combination with external irradiation might be helpful to improve the prognosis in extrahepatic bile duct cancer.     

Combination of external beam irradiation and high-dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy for inoperable carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility and therapeutic benefits of a combination of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and high-dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy (ILBT) for treating patients with inoperable carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Of 31 patients who received RT at the Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine in Seoul, Korea between 1986 and 1995, 17 patients underwent EBRT alone (Group 1) and 14 patients were treated with EBRT in combination with high-dose-rate ILBT (Group 2). After external drainage, EBRT was delivered with a total dose ranging from 36 to 55 Gy (median 50.4) in both groups. High-dose-rate ILBT for the patients in Group 2 was performed using a high-intensity (192)Ir source (Gamma-med remote afterloading system) within the expandable intrabiliary prosthesis (Gianturco stent), inserted transhepatically at the site of the obstruction. The radiation dose of the high-dose-rate ILBT was prescribed at 1.5 cm from the center of the source with a single daily dose of 5 Gy to a total of 15 Gy given in three fractions. The response rate, patterns of treatment failure, treatment morbidity, and survival data in the two groups were compared. RESULTS: Although locoregional recurrence was the most common pattern of failure in both groups, no statistically significant difference was found in the recurrence rates between those who did and did not receive ILBT (53% for Group 1 vs. 36% for Group 2; p > 0.05). However, a prolongation of the median time to tumor recurrence was observed in the Group 2 patients (5 months for Group 1 vs. 9 months for Group 2; p = 0.06). When the EBRT dose delivered was >50 Gy, most patients experienced various degrees of GI symptoms, but the frequency of radiation-induced complications in the two groups was similar. No enhancement in treatment morbidity was attributed to the addition of high-dose-rate ILBT to EBRT. With a median follow-up of 12 months, the overall actuarial 2-year survival rate for Group 2 patients was significantly better than that for Group 1 patients (0% for Group 1 vs. 21% for Group 2; p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: Given these observations, we believe that the combined use of EBRT and high-dose-rate ILBT is a beneficial, relatively safe, and effective method of improving the treatment outcome in selected patients with inoperable carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts.     

28例不能手术的肝外胆道系统肿瘤放化疗疗效分析

目的 评价放疗晚期肝外胆道系统肿瘤的疗效。方法 对28例手术不可切除的肝外胆道系统肿瘤采用放化疗，其中胆囊癌13例，肝外胆管癌15例。15例采用常规放疗，中位照射剂量45Gy（30～60Gy），13例采用三维适形放疗（3DcRT）多野（3～5个野）照射或加量，中位照射剂量55Gy（50～70Gy）。12例单纯放疗，16例放化结合。化疗方案为氟尿嘧啶500mg，2次／周，或氟尿嘧啶500mg＋顺铂30mg，1次／周，疗程3～6个周期。结果 全部患者近期有效率14％。全组中位生存期9．4个月（2～28个月）。1、2年生存率分别为38％、15％；其中1年生存率胆囊癌为46％，肝外胆管癌为27％，3DCRT为42％，常规放疗为33％，单纯放疗为37％，放疗＋化疗为31％；〈50Gy的为29％，≥50Gy的为45％。只有照射剂量（≥50Gy）对1年生存率有影响（X^2=5．31，P=0．023）。急性消化道反应1～2级为57％，3级为18％，仅有25％的出现1～2级血液毒性反应。结论 对晚期肝外胆道系统肿瘤采用放化疗可取得一定疗效，且副作用可耐受。     

高剂量率~(192)Ir后装腔内加外照射治疗宫颈癌的远期疗效分析

目的　分析高剂量率192 Ir后装腔内加外照射治疗宫颈癌的远期疗效及并发症。方法　对12 8例Ⅱ、Ⅲ期放疗后宫颈癌进行了回顾分析。其中Ⅱ期 47例 ,Ⅲ期 81例。全盆腔外照射DT2 0Gy/ 10次 ,全盆中间挡铅 4cmDT2 0Gy～ 30Gy/ 10次～ 15次 ;后装A点剂量 48Gy～ 5 6Gy/ 6次～ 7次。 结果　 1、3、5年生存率分别为 91 6 1%、81 8%和 6 7 36 % ;Ⅱ、Ⅲ期 1、3、5年生存率无统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;远期严重并发症的发生率 7 0 3% (9/ 12 8)。结论　高剂量率192 Ir后装腔内加外照射治疗宫颈癌疗效肯定 ,并发症少。盆腔局部复发仍是放疗失败的主要原因。     

Brachytherapy boost to the tumour bed in high risk patients after limited surgery for breast cancer

The results of treatment for 174 patients at high risk of local recurrence, referred for radiotherapy after conservative surgery for early breast cancer, are evaluated. Microscopic margin involvement, extensive carcinoma in situ, and vascular/lymphatic invasion were the main risk factors for local recurrence. Whole-breast irradiation (40 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks) followed with a brachytherapy boost (Ir192 wire implant or PDR Ir192) of 25 Gy was applied. Median follow-up was 80 months. The actuarial 6-year overall survival rate was 91% and the within breast recurrence-free survival was 88%. The most common risk factor among those recurring within the breast was involved surgical margins (13 out of 17). Cosmesis was reported to be good or excellent in 79% of cases. In patients at high risk for local recurrence, tumour-bed boost with brachytherapy can provide satisfactory local control after limited surgery and external radiotherapy.     

Long term results of definitive radiotherapy for cervical carcinoma using four applications of high dose rate afterloading.

BACKGROUND: In definitive radiotherapy for cervical carcinoma, combined modality treatment using external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy is standard. Although the optimal number of afterloading applications is controversial, the majority of authors recommend three applications. METHODS: In this study, the authors investigated the use of 4 applications with iridium-192 afterloading with a dose of 7.5 grays (Gy). Standardized radiotherapy doses were adapted to the individual tumor anatomy using a prospective schedule. RESULTS: In the 73 study patients, actuarial and tumor-related 5-year survival rates by T classification were: T1b: 30% (100% cause specific survival); T2a: 55% (76% cause specific survival); T2b: 50% (60% cause specific survival); T3a: 50% (67% cause specific survival); T3b: 39% (50% cause specific survival); and T4a: 40% (40% cause specific survival). Morbidity, graded according to the National Cancer Institute's Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) were low: CTC Grade 1: 7 patients (7.6%); CTC Grade 2: 7 patients (7.6%); CTC Grade 3: 1 patient (1.4%); and CTC Grade 4: 1 patient (1.4%). In a multivariate analysis, the T classification was the only significant independent prognostic factor for actuarial survival, tumor related (cause specific) survival, local tumor control and freedom of metastatic disease. The number of afterloading applications was an independent prognostic factor for local tumor control. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the long term results of the current study, external beam radiotherapy combined with 4 afterloading high dose rate applications (total of 30 Gy) appears to be clinically feasible and results in satisfactory survival rates and few side effects.     

Interstitial microwave hyperthermia combined with iridium-192 radiotherapy for recurrent tumors

From 1985 through 1987, 44 tumors in 39 patients with recurrent cancer were treated with interstitial microwave hyperthermia (HT) combined with interstitial 192Ir radiotherapy (RT). All patients had unresectable and previously treated tumors (mean RT dose 57.6 Gy). Diagnoses were squamous cell carcinoma in 27 (62%), adenocarcinoma in 11 (25%), melanoma in 5 (11%), and soft tissue sarcoma in 1 (2%) site. Interstitial RT dose was from 25 to 50 Gy (mean 38.3 Gy). The first HT session was scheduled immediately before the loading of 192Ir, and the second was scheduled following its removal. Each session lasted 45-60 min at therapeutic temperature (42.5 degrees C). Complete response (CR) was obtained in 28 (64%) sites and partial response (PR) in 15 (34%) sites. None of the CR patients had local recurrence. Tumor volume was the most important factor influencing CR (p less than 0.001). The treated site, radiation dose, and thermal dose were not significant factors for CR (p = 0.03). The overall median survival was 39 weeks, with a 2-year survival of 22%. The treatment was well tolerated, with two patients developing focal skin necrosis.     

Brachytherapy of glioblastoma recurring in previously irradiated territory: predictive value of tumor volume

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of tumor volume on survival of patients reirradiated with (192)Ir for recurrent glioblastoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1993 and 1997, 42 patients with recurrent glioblastomas (29 males and 13 females, age 18-69 years, median age 49) were treated with (192)Ir implantation. Previous treatments included surgery, external beam radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Maximum diameter of the recurrent tumor was 1.2-10.1 cm (median: 5.7 cm) and tumor volume was 1.6-122 cm(3) (median: 23 cm(3)). Karnofsky performance status score was 50-100 (median: 80). Brachytherapy dose was 40-60 Gy. RESULTS: Probability of overall survival was 80% at 6 months, 48% at 1 year, and 11% at 2 years. Median survival was 50 weeks. Univariate analysis showed that both tumor volume (T < or T > or = 30 cm(3)) and Karnofsky performance status score were significant predictors of survival. Multivariate analysis showed that smaller tumor volumes were associated with a higher probability of survival (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Tumor volume less than 30 cm(3) was associated with a higher probability of, and quality of, survival than larger lesions for patients reirradiated by brachytherapy for recurrent glioblastoma.     

非根治剂量的体外照射配合腔内放疗加根治术治疗宫颈癌

目的 总结分析外照射配合腔内放疗加根治术治疗Ⅰb-Ⅲa期宫期癌的5年生存率和晚期并发症。方法 106例宫颈癌均行广泛性子宫切除和盆腔淋巴结清除术,其中78例行术前放疗（体外加腔内放疗,下同）,16例采用腔内放疗＋手术,12例术后放疗。外照射采用^60Co治疗机,给予合盆或盆腔四野照射,B点剂量术前放疗者为25－30Gy,术后放疗者为40－50Gy;腔内放疗采用^192Ir高剂量率后装机,A点剂量6－18Gy。结果 （1）5年生存率：Ⅰb-Ⅲa期术前放疗组为78.2%（61／78）,腔内＋手术组为68.8%（11／16）,术后放疗组为33.3%（4／12）。术前放疗组与术后放疗组相比,差异有显著性（P＜0.05）。术前放疗组中,Ⅱ期患者的5年生存率(77.6%,45／58）高于术后放疗组（1／4,P＜0.05）。（2）主要并发症：多为放射性直肠炎和膀胱炎。术前放疗组、腔内放疗＋手术组和术后放疗组的并发症发生率分别为34.6%(27/78）、31.3%（5／16）和33.3%(4/12),差异无显著性（P＞0.05）。结论 非根治量的体外照射配合腔内放疗加根治术治疗宫颈癌,可提高Ⅰb-Ⅲa期患者总的5年生存率和Ⅱ期患者的5年生存率,晚期并发症发生率差异无显著性。     

Interstitial and external radiotherapy in carcinoma of the soft palate and uvula

Forty-three patients, all male, with limited epidermoid carcinoma of the soft palate and uvula were treated by interstitial implant usually associated with external radiotherapy. Most patients received 50 Gy external irradiation to the oropharynx and neck followed by 20-35 Gy by interstitial iridium-192 wires using either guide gutters or a plastic tube technique. Twelve primary tumors and two recurrences after external irradiation alone had implant only for 65-75 Gy. Total actuarial local control is 92% with no local failures in 34 T1 primary tumors. Only one serious complication was seen. Overall actuarial survival was 60% at 3 years and 37% at 5 years but cause-specific survivals were 81% and 64%. The leading cause of death was other aerodigestive cancer, with an actuarial rate of occurrence of 10% per year after treatment of a soft palate cancer. Interstitital brachytherapy alone or combined with external irradiation is safe, effective management for early carcinoma of the soft palate and uvula but second malignancy is a serious problem.     

Prevention of implantation metastases after resection of proximal bile duct tumours with pre-operative low dose radiation therapy.

AIMS: Pre-operative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with biliary drainage is associated with a greater risk of implantation metastases after resection of proximal bile duct tumours. In a previous study among patients who had undergone biliary drainage before resection, eight patients (20%) developed implantation metastases, within 1 year following resection. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the results of pre-operative irradiation with regard to a possible reduction of implantation metastases. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with proximal bile duct tumours who had undergone resection following pre-operative irradiation were retrospectively analysed. Pre-operative radiation therapy consisted of three fractions of 3.5 Gy external beam irradiation of the hilar area. RESULTS: Pre-operative biliary drainage was performed in 19 patients (90%). All patients received pre-operative radiotherapy during which no complications were noted. None of the patients developed implantation metastases within a follow-up time of 2 to 79 months. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that pre-operative radiotherapy in patients with a resectable proximal bile duct tumour who have undergone pre-operative drainage, decreases the risk of implantation metastases. To be certain about the role of pre-operative radiotherapy, a randomized study is required. Until then, we advocate standard low dose radiotherapy preceding resection in all patients with lesions suggestive of a proximal bile duct tumour who have undergone biliary drainage.     

The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of bile duct carcinoma

Forty-two patients with irresectable bile duct carcinoma (n = 31) or with microscopic evidence of tumor rest after aggressive surgery for bile duct carcinoma (n = 11) were given radiotherapy consisting intentionally of external-beam therapy and intraluminal 192Iridium (192Ir) wire application(s) following bile drainage procedures. The treatment was well tolerated; complications were mainly infectious and related to the success of the drainage. A median survival of 10 months was achieved for the group as a whole. Patients treated following microscopically incomplete resection survived longer than patients with an irresectable tumor (15 vs 8 months median survival, p = 0.06). Gross lymph node involvement also proved to be a prognostic factor.     

Radiotherapy and multimodality management of cholangiocarcinoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of radiotherapy in cholangiocarcinoma patients managed with various combinations of chemotherapy and surgical resection with selective liver transplantation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From January 1990 to December 1995, 61 patients with histologically confirmed biliary duct adenocarcinoma were seen in the Radiation Oncology Department of the University of Pittsburgh. Median follow-up was 22 months (1 to 91 months). The extent of surgery was complete resection in 23 patients (including 17 with orthotopic liver transplant), partial resection in 4, and biopsy in 34. All patients had radiotherapy; median dose was 49.5 Gy. Thirty patients received chemotherapy: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-leucovorin with interferon alpha (IFNalpha) in 27, and taxol in 3. RESULTS: The median survival was 20 months (95% CI 15-25 months). The 5-year actuarial survival was 23.8 +/- 6.8%. The only significant variable in multivariate analysis was achieving a complete resection with negative margins through conventional surgery or liver transplantation (p = 0.001, hazard rate ratio [HRR] = 0.25, 95% CI 0.12-0.54). Patients with complete resections had a 5-year actuarial survival of 53.5 +/- 10.9%. CONCLUSION: Combined modality therapy that includes complete surgical resection with or without transplantation can be curative in the majority of patients with biliary duct carcinoma. Further study is needed to better define the roles of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cholangiocarcinoma.     

Early stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma: radiotherapy dose and time factors in tumor control

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate radiotherapy dose and length of treatment in the control of early stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated with a combination of external radiotherapy and brachytherapy, MATERIALS & METHODS: We reviewed the records of 133 patients with early stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (stage I or II, AJC/UICC staging system) who received definitive radiotherapy in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from 1979 to 1991. The median follow-up time was 7.1 years with a minimum of 2 years. All patients were treated with megavoltage external radiotherapy to the nasopharynx area (63-72 Gy) followed by high dose rate intracavitary brachytherapy (5-16.5 Gy in one to three fractions, spaced 1-2 weeks apart). The median total dose and time of irradiation was 75 Gy (69.8-81.4 Gy) and 11.6 weeks (7.8-20 weeks) respectively. Survival analysis was used to examine the effect of several variables on prognosis. RESULTS: The 5-year rates were 86.4% for local control, 84.7% for disease free survival, 88.5% for actuarial survival and 84.2% for overall survival. The treatment group (combination of time and dose of irradiation) was the most important prognostic factor according to Cox's proportional hazard model. Patients receiving radiation at a total dose of < or = 75 Gy completed in < 12 weeks showed the best prognosis. CONCLUSION: Treatment time and total treatment dose are both important factors in treating early stage NPC. Decreasing the total radiation time to < 12 weeks and not exceeding a radiation dose of 75 Gy gave the best results.      

高剂量率192铱后装机腔内加外照射治疗宫颈癌60例临床分析

目的:探讨高剂量率192铱后装腔内加体外照射治疗宫颈癌的疗效及副作用等。方法:2005年3月至2007年1月本院放疗中心共60例宫颈癌患者,采用8MV-X线直线加速器全盆照射,开始体外全盆腔照射,5次/周,2Gy/次,剂量25-40Gy;然后中间挡铅,4个野照射,5次/周,2Gy/次,宫旁剂量20-25Gy:同时腔内治疗,1次/周,6Gy/次,剂量为35-40Gy。腔内治疗采用ZL-HDR18铱高剂量率后装治疗机,全部病例均宫颈阴道同时进行。腔内治疗每周1次,A点剂量36-40GY/6-7F/6-7w,腔内治疗当日停体外照射,治疗时间56-77天。结果:CR+PR 100%,随访超过3年,随访率达95%,3年生存率Ⅱ期88.3%,Ⅲ期82.9%;早期放射性直肠反应发生率为12.4%,膀胱反应发生率5.2%;晚期放射性直肠炎发生率13.8%,膀胱炎3.8%。结论:高剂量率192铱后装机腔内加体外治疗宫颈癌的疗效满意,患者生存率较高,耐受好,并发症少。     

Radiotherapy and razoxane in advanced bile duct carcinomas

OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the radiation sensitivity of bile duct carcinomas. The current study was undertaken to prospectively assess the objective response rates in bile duct carcinomas treated with radiotherapy and razoxane. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-three patients with advanced cancer of the biliary tree were irradiated together with the radiosensitizer razoxane at a dose of 125 mg twice daily by mouth. There were 16 females and 7 males, median age 68 years. They received a total tumor dose of 48 Gy (range 1.7-60) at the ICRU point with single fractions of 1.7 to 2 Gy. RESULTS: Among the 23 patients, 14 had measurable disease. Objective tumor responses were seen in 4/4 gallbladder carcinomas (1 CR, 3 PR), 4/5 extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (2 CR 2 PR), and 1/5 hepatobiliary cancers (1 PR), leading to an overall response rate of 64%. The tumors remained locally controlled in 12 out of 16 assessable patients (75%). On an intention-to-treat basis, all patients with different biliary cancer without distant metastases had a median-survival time of 10 months (range 1 to 48) from the start of the radiotherapy; the 1-year survival was 43%. No patient survived beyond 4 years. Tolerance to the treatment was fairly good. Nausea and vomiting of grade 1 and 2 (WHO) was noted in 61%, and reversible leukopenia of grade 3 and 4 in 9% of the cases. The rate of inherent complications was high. CONCLUSION: Combined radiotherapy and razoxane led to local response rates which are superior to data from the literature when radiotherapy alone is used. Obstacles to the treatment were complications of the disease and frequent metastasis.