左侧腹股沟皮样囊肿超声表现1例

患者女,48岁.10年前发现左侧腹股沟区有一黄豆大小的无痛性肿物,进行性肿大,仅有轻度不适而来院就诊.超声所见:左侧腹股沟区皮下见一大小5.1 cm×4.6 cm椭圆形包块,形态似睾丸回声,边界清晰,质软,活动局限,外形规则,呈囊性感,内部为中等密集小点状回声,分布均匀(图1).CDFI:包块内未见明显彩色血流信号.超声提示:(1)左侧腹股沟区皮样囊肿可能性大;(2)皮下脂肪瘤.后经手术,病理诊断为左侧腹股沟皮样囊肿.     

超声诊断宫内、宫外同时妊娠1例

<正>患者女,23岁,因停经39 d,反复阴道流血、下腹痛5 d就诊。妇科检查:无接触性出血,举摆痛(±)。血β-HCG:41 255.00 mU/ml。超声检查:宫内见一大小为27 mm×15 mm×12 mm的无回声区,形态不规则,边界清晰,周边回声增强,内见一大小为5 mm×3 mm的团状稍强回声;CDFI示团状稍强回声,其内未探及血流信号(图1)。右侧卵巢内见2个大小分别为25 mm×24 mm和23 mm×21mm的混合性包块;CDFI示周边探及环状血流信号(图2)。右侧附件区见一大小为58 mm×18 mm的条索状团状低回声,边界清楚,内见一大小为20 mm×18 mm×16 mm的混合性包块,边界清楚;CDFI示右侧附件区混合性包块周边探及星点状血流信号(图3)。子宫直肠窝液     

股动脉假性动脉瘤的超声表现1例

患者男,70岁。3个月前行冠脉造影术加支架术,出院后不久发现右腹股沟处有一核桃大小的包块,随行冷敷,未见肿块有明显变化。因无明显不适,故未再做治疗及检查。现肿块逐渐增大,为明确诊断,来我科检查。超声所见:右侧腹股沟处股动脉旁探及一6.2cm×6.7cm×4.1cm混合性回声包块(图1),轮廓清晰,肿块中部为不规则低回声区,可见有与股动脉一致的血管搏动。CDFI示此处血流信号呈红、蓝变换的动脉频谱,血流速为54cm/s。在包块的后壁处,紧贴股动脉旁探及宽约0.2cm管道样回声,CDFI示此破口处为五彩镶嵌的血流信号,可录得动脉高速血流频谱,收缩期最…     

头皮肌上皮癌超声表现1例

患者男,31岁,因发现左侧枕部包块2年入院。体格检查：左侧枕部皮下包块,可活动,无压痛,未触及波动感。超声检查：左侧枕部皮下见一个大小约1．6cm×1．1cm以囊性为主的混合性包块（图1）,探头轻压可见细密点状强回声蠕动。CDFI：内部及周边未见确切血流信号。超声提示：左侧枕部皮下混合性占位。术中发现左侧枕部皮下一包块,呈灰白色,直径约2．0cm,质地软,分界清晰（图2）。病理报告：头皮皮肤附件肿瘤（考虑低度恶性肌上皮瘤）,见图3。     

支气管囊肿并感染超声误诊1例

患者女,41岁,因发现左侧颈前肿物10年,近觉肿物明显增大就诊.体格检查:左侧颈前区可触及一核桃大小包块,质韧,局部有压痛,可随吞咽上下移动.超声检查:左侧甲状腺上极探及一大小约4.6 cm×2.8 cm混合性回声,以液性为主,界清,形态规则,与甲状腺分界不清(图1),CDFI示其内未探及彩色血流信号(图2).超声诊断...     

小儿腋窝淋巴结结核超声表现1例

患儿男,1岁.发现左侧腋窝肿物1 d,既往有卡介苗接种史.胸片未见明显异常.超声所见:左侧腋窝可见大小为2.6 cm×2.1 cm的低回声团块(图1),边界清晰,内部回声欠均匀,其内及周边可见点状强回声斑,该包块前内侧还可见2.0 cm×1.1 cm的低回声包块,其内可见粗大强回声斑.CDFI:未探及血流信号.超声诊断:左侧腋窝低回声团块伴钙化(考虑淋巴结结核).术中所见:肿块有完整包膜,与周围组织分界清楚,内可见黏稠脓液并伴有钙化.病理诊断:左侧腋窝淋巴结结核.     

腹股沟蔓状血管瘤超声表现1例

患者女,42岁.无意间发现右侧腹股沟包块3h.否认外伤史,无红肿、热痛.触诊包块质软、光滑、稍活动、无压痛,站立时明显,平卧时变小.临床诊断:腹股沟疝.超声检查:右侧腹股沟肌间见大小约5 cm×2.2 cm×3.9 cm无回声区,边界清晰,形态不规则,内有带状分隔,不与腹腔相通.CDFI:无回声区内未探及血流信号(图1),适当加压内探及丰富血流信号(图2),频谱多普勒显示动静脉血流频谱.超声提示:右侧腹股沟囊性占位,血管瘤可能性大.手术见右侧腹股沟腱膜下一囊性肿块,浅蓝色,内容物为淡红色血性液,包块与腹膜紧贴并粘连,但与腹腔不相通,远端游离.术后病理诊断:蔓状血管瘤.     

睾丸腺泡状横纹肌肉瘤超声表现1例

患者男,18岁.发现右侧睾丸无明显诱因的进行性肿大3月余入院.查体:右侧阴囊大小10 cm×8 cm,质硬,双侧腹股沟可扪及肿大淋巴结,左侧睾丸及精索均未触及异常.生化检查:β-HCG 0.24IU/L,AFP 2.0μg/L.门诊以"右侧睾丸肿瘤"收入院.超声检查:右侧睾丸大小47 mm×33 mm×21mm,右侧附睾显示不清,右侧睾丸后下方探及91mm×68 mm不均质稍减弱回声,似为多个结节相互融合,与正常睾丸组织分界清晰(图1).CDFI:其内可见点线状血流信号,并记录到搏动性血流频谱,RI=0.55,右侧睾丸鞘膜腔可见间距30 mm无回声区.右侧腹股沟区可见多个大小不等的类圆型低回声.超声提示:(1)右侧睾丸后下方实性占位,性质待定;(2)右侧睾丸鞘膜腔积液;(3)右侧腹股沟淋巴结肿大.手术所见:右侧睾丸明显增大变硬,大小10 cm×8 cm,与右侧附睾界线不清,双侧腹股沟部分淋巴结受浸润,完整切除睾丸、附睾及受累淋巴结.病理诊断:(右侧睾丸)腺泡状横纹肌肉瘤.     

超声诊断脾脏异位妊娠1例

患者女,32岁,孕2产2,停经56天,腹痛并阴道流血2天入院.妇科检查:阴道通畅,宫颈充血,举痛明显,后穹隆压痛明显,盆腔触痛明显.超声检查:子宫大小正常,形态规则,宫内回声均匀,未见明确孕囊回声;右侧卵巢显示清晰,大小正常,未见异常回声;左侧附件区多切面扫查,未见异常包块及积血回声.沿左侧盆腔及腹腔向上顺序扫查:于脾脏下极近脾门外上方可见一大小4.8 cm×4.3 cm的囊实性包块,边界清晰,形态尚规则,其内可见妊娠囊大小约3.0 cm×2.8 cm,囊内可见大小约1.4 cm×1.0 cm的胎芽回声,未见明确胎心搏动.囊实性包块与脾脏下极部分粘连(图1).CDFI示其周边可见粗点状及条形血流信号.     

左侧隐睾并右侧睾丸大细胞钙化型支持细胞瘤1例

正患儿男,11岁,因偶然发现左侧阴囊空虚入院。查体:左侧阴囊空虚,同侧腹股沟区可触及活动性包块,右侧阴囊肿大,质硬,无明显触痛;其余身体特征未见异常。超声印象:左侧腹股沟管远端可见大小约1.2cm×0.6cm中等偏低回声结节,边界清,外形规则,CDFI:未见明显血流信号,见图1a。右侧睾丸大小约2.7cm×1.4cm,内可见范围约2.3cm×1.4cm弧形强回声团块,后方伴声影,见图1b。实时弹性成像显示右侧睾丸病灶处以绿色区域为主伴部分红色及黄色区域相间,见图1c。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.