胎儿Meckel-Gruber综合征超声表现

目的 观察胎儿Meckel-Gruber综合征的超声表现。方法 回顾性分析5胎Meckel-Gruber综合征胎儿的产前超声表现、基因检测结果、病理结果及引产后表现。结果 5胎Meckel-Gruber综合征胎儿均经产前超声明确诊断,诊断孕周11⁺⁶~21⁺⁶。产前超声5胎均表现为脑膜（脑）膨出,4胎多囊性肾发育不良,4胎多指（趾）;伴发异常表现包括枕部颅骨缺损3胎,脑积水、Blake囊肿、小眼畸形、脊髓圆锥低位、肢体短小、胫骨短小并成角畸形、足内翻、羊水过少、无羊水各1胎。2胎接受基因检测,1胎结果为CEP290基因c.4240del和CEP290基因c.3777-3778del杂合突变,另1胎为MKS3基因c.1365C>T存在纯合突变。孕妇均选择终止妊娠,引产后大体标本所见与产前超声表现相符。对1胎引产后标本进行尸检,发现双侧多囊性肾发育不良。结论 Meckel-Gruber综合征胎儿超声表现具有特征性,产前超声可于早孕期明确诊断。     

11~13+6孕周超声筛查胎儿肢体畸形

目的 探讨11~13⁺⁶孕周产前超声筛查胎儿肢体畸形的价值。方法 对2011年1月-2013年3月接受11~13⁺⁶孕周胎儿颈项透明层检查的8158名孕妇（共8346胎）,采用连续顺序追踪法进行胎儿肢体检查,记录胎儿肢体畸形情况并追踪随访。结果 共5055胎获得随访结果,存在肢体畸形39胎。超声正确诊断肢体畸形22胎,产后或引产后发现漏诊16胎,[包括指(趾)畸形8胎、足内翻4胎、肢体姿势异常4胎],超声误诊1胎。结论 11~13⁺⁶孕周超声筛查可检出部分胎儿肢体异常,但肢体远端指（趾）畸形漏诊率高。     

产前超声与MRI联合诊断胎儿中线处硬脑膜窦畸形

目的 观察胎儿中线处硬脑膜窦畸形（DSM）的产前超声与MRI特征。方法 回顾性分析5胎经产前超声及MRI诊断为脑中线处DSM胎儿,并与引产尸检结果对照,观察中线处DSM的产前影像学特征。结果 产前超声诊断3胎DSM,其中1例合并血栓形成;5胎均表现为中线处囊性回声肿物,其中4胎于扩张的静脉窦内见云雾状细密点状回声;合并血栓者于囊性回声区内见高回声团块,CDFI未见明显血流信号。产前MRI诊断5胎均为DSM,其中2胎合并血栓形成;4胎主要表现为中线处窦汇区三角形或楔形瘤样扩张,并向邻近上矢状窦后部延伸,T1WI多呈等或高信号、T2WI多呈低信号,合并血栓时周围可见低信号环绕。5胎均接受引产,1胎尸检见胎儿上矢状窦偏后部及窦汇区呈瘤样扩张及血栓形成。结论 胎儿中线处DSM具有典型产前超声与MRI表现;产前超声不能除外胎儿DSM时,建议行MR检查。     

产前超声鉴别诊断胎儿颈部肿块

目的 探讨产前超声鉴别诊断胎儿颈部肿块的价值。方法 回顾性分析50胎颈部肿块胎儿的影像资料及部分胎儿染色体结果,与产后新生儿特殊检查或病理结果相比较,总结其声像图特征、鉴别诊断要点与预后。结果 129 173胎胎儿（127 577例孕妇）产前超声共检出50胎颈部肿块。32胎经产后CDFI、MRI、CT或术后病理随访确诊,诊断淋巴管瘤20胎、血管瘤4胎、梨状窝囊肿8胎;18胎淋巴管瘤经引产后尸体解剖证实。超声对颈部肿块的诊断符合率为98.00%（49/50）。26胎淋巴管瘤超声表现为多房囊性,内见粗或细分隔带回声,肿块边界不清;12胎为单房囊性,囊壁薄,囊内透声好;CDFI示6胎肿块周边及分隔上星点状血流信号,32胎肿块无血流信号。颈部血管瘤超声表现为混合性或稍低实性,内部为厚壁囊性,呈蜂窝状,边界清晰;CDFI示肿块周边及内部丰富血流信号,其中1胎示动静脉瘘血流信号。6胎梨状窝囊肿超声显示为单房薄壁囊性,2胎合并感染囊壁增厚,囊内显示液平面;CDFI示6胎囊肿周边无血流信号,2胎囊肿周边星点状血流信号。结论 产前超声可应用于胎儿颈部肿块的鉴别诊断。     

早孕期超声筛查双胎妊娠的价值

目的 探讨超声在早孕期（孕11~13⁺⁶周）双胎妊娠筛查中的价值。方法 选取接受早孕期超声筛查的196名双胎孕妇,判断其绒毛膜性及羊膜性,测量胎儿头臀长及颈项透明层（NT）厚度,系统检查胎儿结构,检查胎儿是否存在结构畸形,并随访妊娠结局。结果 196名双胎孕妇中,双绒毛膜囊双羊膜囊（DCDA）双胎149名,单绒毛膜囊双羊膜囊（MCDA）双胎43名,单绒毛膜囊单羊膜囊（MCMA）双胎4名。超声筛查共发现36名孕妇存在异常胎儿,包括DCDA双胎30名,MCDA双胎4名,MCMA双胎2名。DCDA双胎中异常胎儿30胎,均为双胎之一异常,其中1胎为多发畸形（脊柱及双下肢发育异常）,1胎可见颈部水囊瘤,25胎停止发育,3胎NT增厚。MCDA共检出异常胎儿6胎,1胎双胎之一为无心畸胎;1胎双胎之一颈部水囊瘤形成;双胎中1胎胚胎停育,另1胎颈部水囊瘤形成;双胎均停止发育。MCMA双胎中,1胎双胎之一脑膜脑膨出,另2胎为胸腹连体双胎。结论 早孕期超声检查对于确定绒毛膜性和羊膜性双胎以及筛查胎儿严重结构畸形和双胎特有并发症具有重要临床意义。     

四肢淋巴管瘤的影像学与病理对照

目的 探讨四肢淋巴管瘤的CT、MRI表现及病理改变,提高对本病的认识。方法 搜集经手术病理学证实的四肢淋巴管瘤20例,其中接受CT检查6例,MRI检查18例,2例接受MRI增强。分析其影像学表现,并与病理结果对照。结果 囊性淋巴管瘤4例,表现为单房或多房分叶状囊性肿物;海绵状淋巴管瘤12例,表现为皮下软组织增厚,呈网格样改变,可见多发扩张淋巴管;血管淋巴管瘤4例,表现为多房囊腔,周围可见增粗纡曲血管影,淋巴管囊内出血可见液-液平面。结论 影像学检查对病变的诊断具有重要价值,其中MRI较CT更优越。     

经腹联合经阴道超声诊断11-13+6胎儿体蒂异常的价值

目的 探讨经腹联合经阴道超声诊断11~13⁺⁶周胎儿体蒂异常(BSA)的价值。方法 回顾性分析11~13⁺⁶周经腹联合经阴道超声诊断的BSA胎儿声像图特征。结果 超声诊断的11胎BSA胎儿, 均经引产证实, 超声诊断准确率100%, 11胎均存在腹(胸)壁缺损内脏外翻及脐带异常, 10胎脊柱侧弯曲或扭曲, 6胎肢体发育异常, 3胎颅脑畸形、均可见羊膜束带;颈部淋巴水囊瘤2胎, 颈项透明层增厚3胎。结论 经腹联合经阴道超声诊断11~13⁺⁶周胎儿BSA方便、准确, 对BSA的早期诊断具有重要价值。     

11~13+6周规范化超声检查的临床应用

目的 评估11~13⁺⁶周规范化超声检查筛查胎儿严重畸形的效能。方法 分析接受11~13⁺⁶周超声检查且有随访结果的3 515胎胎儿早孕期超声表现,并评估11~13⁺⁶周规范化超声检查诊断胎儿畸形的价值。结果 11~13⁺⁶周规范化超声检查诊断胎儿畸形的敏感度为80.00%（60/75）、特异度为99.42%（3 420/3 440）、准确率为99.00%（3 480/3 515）,阳性预测值为75.00%（60/80）、阴性预测值为99.56%（3 420/3 435）。严重结构畸形分布5大系统,共21种畸形。结论 11~13⁺⁶周规范化超声检查可筛查胎儿异常包括胎儿严重结构畸形及染色体畸形。     

双胎输血综合征：胎儿MR成像诊断

目的 分析双胎输血综合征（TTTS）胎儿的MRI表现,探讨MRI对TTTS的诊断价值。方法 收集有完整MR资料并经临床确诊的TTTS孕妇18例,孕妇孕周为21~31周。MR检查前均接受胎儿超声检查。采用1.5T MR行轴位turbo FLASH T1W序列和矢状位、冠状位及轴位true FISP T2^*W序列扫描。在MRI上测量胎儿相关数据,进行分期诊断,并与超声及临床结果对照。结果 本组胎儿经临床和产后病理均证实为TTTS。所有TTTS胎儿MRI均能直接显示单胎盘双羊膜囊双胎妊娠和双胎之间羊水量的差异（受血胎羊水增多）。双顶径、腹横径、大腿横径测量结果显示双胎发育不平衡,受血胎发育优于供血胎。3胎膀胱明显充盈,12例双胎脐带直径存在差异,4例受血胎皮肤水肿,5例出现1胎胎儿死亡。同时检出1胎供血胎中枢神经系统异常。临床分期结果为Ⅰ期4例,Ⅱ期3例,Ⅲ期2例,Ⅳ期4例,Ⅴ期5例。MR将2例Ⅱ期分为Ⅲ期,超声将1例Ⅰ期分为Ⅲ期,2例Ⅰ期分为Ⅱ期。结论 TTTS有典型的MRI表现,胎儿MR可实现分期诊断,可作为超声诊断TTTS的重要补充。     

正常胎儿脾脏及脾动脉超声特征

目的 探讨正常中、晚孕期胎儿脾脏形态及脾动脉血流特点。方法 收集551胎正常中、晚孕期单胎胎儿, 中孕期胎儿分为21~22⁺⁶孕周和23~24⁺⁶孕周组, 晚孕期胎儿分为28~31⁺⁶孕周、32~35⁺⁶孕周和36~40孕周组。产前超声观察胎儿脾脏及脾动脉特征, 测量并比较各组间脾脏及脾动脉各参数差异, 分析各参数与孕周的相关性。结果 99.27%(547/551)胎儿可完整显示脾脏, 其横切面上呈半月形、月牙形或三角形, 呈均匀低回声;脾动脉起自腹腔动脉, 沿胃泡后缘自右向左走行, 经脾门进入脾脏。中孕期23~24⁺⁶孕周胎儿脾脏周长、面积和厚度以及脾动脉收缩期峰值流速(PSV)均大于21~22⁺⁶周胎儿(P均 <0.05), 脾动脉舒张末期血流速度(EDV)和阻力指数(RI)两组差异无统计学意义(P均 >0.05);晚孕期胎儿脾脏周长、面积和厚度及脾动脉PSV和EDV随孕周增加逐渐增加(P均 <0.05), 脾动脉RI无明显改变(P >0.05)。中、晚孕期脾脏周长、面积、厚度、脾动脉PSV以及晚孕期脾动脉EDV与孕周之间呈线性正相关。结论 正常中、晚孕期胎儿脾脏的超声显示率较高, 正常胎儿脾脏超声形态特征及正常参考值范围可为评估相关疾病提供依据。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.