Eating habits, obesity related behaviors, and effects of Danhak exercise in elderly Koreans

The aims of this study were to evaluate obesity-related dietary behaviors and to determine long-term exercise effects on obesity and blood lipid profiles in elderly Korean subjects. A total of 120 subjects, aged 60-75 yr, were recruited, and obesity-related dietary behaviors were determined. An exercise intervention was conducted with 35 qualified elderly females for 6 months, and body composition and blood lipids were measured 6 times at 4 week intervals. At baseline, mean BMI (kg/m²) was 24.8 for males and 23.1 for females. The females had better eating habits than the males and were more concerned with reading nutrition labels on food products (P < 0.001); they also preferred convenience foods less than the male subjects (P < 0.05). Obese individuals were more likely than overweight or normal weight individuals to misperceive their weight (P < 0.001). Those with a high BMI responded feeling more depressed (P < 0.01), lacking self-confidence (P < 0.01), and feeling isolated (P < 0.01), as well as having more difficulty doing outdoor activities (P < 0.01). After exercise, body fat (%) and WHR were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), while body weight and BMI were also decreased without statistical significance. Total cholesterol and blood HDL were significantly improved (207.1 mg/dl vs. 182.6 mg/dl, HDL: 45.6 mg/dl vs. 50.6 mg/dl, P < 0.05). Other benefits obtained from exercise were improvements in self-confidence (26.4%), movement (22.6%), stress-relief (18.9%), and depression (13.2%). In conclusion, elderly females had better eating habits and were more concerned with nutrition information and healthy diets compared to elderly males. However, misperceptions of weight and obesity-related stress tended to be very high in females who were overweight and obese, which can be a barrier to maintain normal weight. Long-term Danhak practice, a traditional Korean exercise, was effective at reducing body fat (%) and abdominal obesity, and improved lipid profiles, self-confidence, and stress.     

Associations between overweight and obesity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and fatty liver in young offenders serving community orders

Abstract

The health of young offenders supervised in the community has not been studied previously. This paper describes the prevalence of overweight, obesity and obesity-associated cardiovascular and hepatic risk factors in a sample of young offenders supervised in the community in New South Wales, Australia. During 2003–05, 800 (85% male) young offenders took part in a comprehensive health survey that included direct measurement of height and weight as well as blood sampling. The prevalence of combined overweight and obesity was 33.7% in boys and 35.3% in girls; both rates were higher than those of a comparable community sample. Cardiovascular risk factor prevalence was extremely high compared with other published studies, with over 40% of boys and over 20% of girls having low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and over 10% of both boys and girls having elevated low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Risk factors for fatty liver disease were also prevalent, with almost 15% of boys, and 30% of girls having raised alanine aminotransferase (ALT), suggesting hepatic cell injury. Cardiovascular and fatty liver disease risk factors were significantly associated with overweight and obesity among boys but not girls in this sample. Young people of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander decent were at no greater risk than the rest of the population. Young offenders are among the most disadvantaged people in Australian society and are particularly vulnerable to a range of health problems. The high prevalence of risk factors represents a substantial health burden for these young people in early adulthood. Timely intervention is required to address the complex health needs of this under-served population.     

北京市牛街社区婴幼儿家庭喂养行为与超重/肥胖的相关性研究

目的探讨婴幼儿家庭喂养行为与婴幼儿超重/肥胖间的关系,为婴幼儿超重/肥胖防治措施的制订提供参考依据。方法采用喂养人自填问卷,对北京市牛街社区176名0~3岁婴幼儿家庭主要喂养人的喂养行为进行调查,同时,测量儿童的身高、体重,并计算体质指数(BMI);依据BMI将儿童分为正常体重、超重/肥胖组。将调查对象按照体重分为不同组别(正常体重、超重/肥胖组),运用χ~2检验分析比较不同体重组间主要喂养人喂养行为的差异。结果经BMI计算分类,北京市牛街社区婴幼儿超重儿童占12.5%,肥胖儿童占8.5%。分析结果显示,喂养人喂养行为中强迫型喂养行为在不同体重组(正常、超重/肥胖组)间差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论婴幼儿家庭喂养行为中强迫型喂养行为与超重/肥胖密切相关,通过干预家庭强迫型喂养行为可降低婴幼儿超重/肥胖的风险。     

Estimates of food intake and dietary habits in a random sample of adolescents in south-east Spain

Dietary habits and food intake of the six basic food groups (milk, meats, cereals, fruits, vegetables and fats) were investigated in a random sample of 206 adolescents (aged 10–15 years) from a region of south-east Spain (Murcia). Adolescents were interviewed on their recall of food intake over the previous 24 h. The results showed a very low consumption of vegetables, some deficiencies in the intake of the milk and fruits, and an excessive intake of fats. Intake of foods belonging to the cereal and meat groups was adequate, agreeing with the recommendations for the adolescent population. Within the meat group, the distribution of foods consumed was not satisfactory; an excessive consumption of meats and sausages was observed, while the intake of fish and pulses was insufficient. In our study, nutritional advice was given to mothers and adolescents. The use of Spanish portions from the six basic food groups proved to be a very helpful method to popularize the principles of balanced diet in our population. Our results seem to indicate some nutritional imbalances in the diets of the adolescents in the study, especially deficits in fibre and calcium and an excess in saturated fats. The study reveals that although Murcia is a typically Mediterranean Region, the characteristics of the diet of Murcian adolescents are quite different in some respects from the typical alimentary habits of the Mediterranean diet.     

针对饮食行为的肥胖早期干预效果分析

【目的】对0~3岁婴幼儿针对饮食行为的肥胖早期干预的效果进行初步分析,为探索儿童肥胖症的有效早期干预方法提供依据。【方法】在沈阳、青岛、重庆、厦门每个城市随机选择干预社区和对照社区各4个,收集0~1岁儿童及其家长作为研究对象。采用WHO体质指数标准作为儿童超重的判定标准。干预组通过群体宣教与个体咨询相结合的方法对婴幼儿家长进行喂养和营养方面的健康教育,培养婴幼儿健康的饮食行为和生活方式,并针对超重儿进行饮食和生活习惯的调整。通过干预前后儿童的饮食行为、超重率等指标的变化判断干预效果。【结果】干预结束时干预组不健康食物的进食明显少于对照组。多元Logistic回归显示对超重影响最大的是干预前的状况(OR为2.445,95%CI为1.950~3.066),干预时间、4个月内纯母乳喂养、月龄均为保护因素[OR及其95%CI分别为0.835(0.776~0.900),0.744(0.590~0.938)和0.925(0.895~0.957)],而父母体质指数(body mass index,BMI)均增加儿童超重的风险(OR分别为1.045,95%CI为1.005~1.087和1.052,95%CI为1.011~1.094)。【结论】干预措施虽然尚未显示出对肥胖的作用,但可有效改善婴幼儿的饮食行为。     

超重肥胖少儿血清促甲状腺激素水平研究

目的 探讨促甲状腺激素水平和儿童、青少年超重肥胖的关系,为临床干预及其治疗提供依据。方法 选取2016年4月-2017年4月期间在温州医科大学附属第二医院体检的385名3~18岁的儿童、青少年(对照183人、超重116人和肥胖86人)纳入本研究,比较其临床资料。结果 对照、超重、肥胖三组间血促甲状腺激素水平(TSH)浓度逐渐升高,谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)、尿酸(UA)、空腹胰岛素(Fins)、HOMA稳态模型(HOMA-IR、HOMA-β)均逐步增高(P<0.05)。且在超重肥胖人群中,有15.30%的儿童、青少年都出现了不同程度的甲状腺功能异常,根据TSH浓度分组后,高TSH组肥胖率显著升高(P<0.01)。随着TSH的升高,ALT、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、TG呈升高趋势,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)呈下降趋势(P<0.05)。经Logistic回归分析后,结果显示TSH并不独立影响儿童、青少年的超重肥胖。结论 在超重肥胖儿童、青少年人群中会出现如肝酶、血脂、尿酸升高等代谢异常,同时在肥胖少儿中都出现了不同程度的甲状腺功能异常,TSH的浓度都有不同程度的升高,且TSH升高可能是肥胖出现后产生的适应性改变。     

Eating styles, overweight and obesity in young adult twins

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association of eating styles with overweight and obesity in young adults, controlling for identical genetic background in monozygotic twins. DESIGN: Prospective twin cohort study. SETTING: Finland, 1991-2002. SUBJECTS: Two-hundred and thirty-three women and 2060 men from the FinnTwin16 study, aged 16 years at baseline (T1), and ranging from 22 to 27 years at the time of the nutritional assessment (T4). METHODS: Eating styles (Restrictive/overeating, health-conscious, snacking, emotional and externally induced), self-reported at T4, were contrasted with body mass indices (BMIs) at T1 and T4. RESULTS: At T4, obesity (BMI>or=30Kg/m(2)) was significantly cross-sectionally associated with restrictive eating, frequent snacks, eating in the evening, avoiding fatty foods and failure to maintain healthy eating patterns. These associations were independent of BMI at T1. Obese women self-reported more vulnerability to external eating cues and comfort eating than normal-weight women. However, in a multivariable model, only restrictive/overeating and health-conscious eating styles were significant correlates of obesity at T4, independent of gender and BMI at T1. When we controlled for genetic background restricting the analysis to the 39 female and 45 male monozygotic twin pairs discordant for obesity or overweight (BMI>or=25Kg/m(2)), restrictive/overeating eating style was still statistically significantly associated with excess weight. CONCLUSIONS: The eating styles of obese young adults differ from their normal-weight counterparts: restrictive eating, overeating and fewer healthy food choices are associated with obesity. Different eating styles may partially explain weight differences in individuals with identical genetic background.     

Prevalence of overweight in kindergarten children in the centre of Israel - association with lifestyle habits

Objectives   (1) To determine the prevalence of overweight and at risk for overweight in a sample of 4- to 6-year-old Israeli children; and (2) to delineate factors which may be associated with excess of overweight such as food intake, food habits physical and sedentary activity, family and socio-economic factors.
Methods   In a cross-sectional survey in six kindergartens in the centre of Israel, 204 children (104 boys), mean age 5.5 years were studied.
Results   In total, 40% of the children were either at risk for overweight (25%) or overweight (15%). Parents of one-third of all children reported their children ate unbalanced meals; however, caloric intake was not different between the weight groups. Overweight children were reported to eat according to mood status and preferred eating candies. Knowledge of dietary requirements was fairly good and similar in all three weight groups. Screen viewing time was more than twofold greater than the recommended in all weight groups. The rate of parental obesity was not different in the weight groups.
Conclusions   A high rate of overweight was documented among pre-schoolers in the centre of Israel. Poor lifestyle habits were noted in about one-third of all children; however, no association was found between the poor lifestyle habits and overweight but more overweight children eat according to mood status and preferred eating candies as a snack.     

防控儿童超重肥胖是一项十分紧迫的任务

与许多发达国家曾走过的历程一样,近十几年来,中国儿童青少年超重肥胖流行趋势呈加速态势。本文介绍了国内外超重肥胖防控的策略,我国不同年龄儿童青少年超重肥胖的流行现状、影响因素及超重肥胖对个体健康和社会带来的负面影响,呼吁应将儿童超重肥胖防控作为一项紧迫的任务。     

饮食行为及饮食习惯对学龄前期儿童超重肥胖的影响

目的 了解苏州市工业园区学龄前期儿童超重肥胖的现状,探讨其中饮食相关因素,提供预防方法。方法 采用随机抽样的方法,在苏州工业园区斜塘街道所属于幼儿园随机抽取5所3～6岁儿童2 034名作为本次研究的调查现场,进行问卷调查和相关体格测量。结果 超重肥胖检出率为16.8%,进食膨化食品次数多(χ2=9.200,P<0.05)、喜欢看食品广告(χ2=13.069,P<0.05),尤其膨化食品和甜饮料广告(P<0.05)、临睡前进食主食和零食、食欲好、吃饭时间短、边看电视边吃零食(P均<0.05)为学龄前儿童超重肥胖的危险因素。结论 为儿童营造健康的饮食环境,培养儿童良好的饮食行为,可有效预防儿童超重肥胖的发生。     

学龄前儿童饮食行为与超重/肥胖的相关性研究

目的 探讨学龄前儿童饮食行为与超重/肥胖间的关系,为学龄前儿童超重/肥胖防治措施的制订提供参考依据。方法 采用学龄前儿童饮食行为试用量表对387名3~6岁儿童的饮食行为进行调查,同时,测量儿童的身高、体重,并计算体质指数(body mass index,BMI);依据BMI将儿童分为正常体重、超重和肥胖组。运用单因素方差分析比较不同体重组间饮食行为的差异;采用阶层线性回归分析检验学龄前儿童饮食行为与BMI间的相关性。结果 单因素分析结果显示,不良进食习惯、外因性进食、挑食、情绪性进食、过饱响应和食物响应6个维度得分在不同体重组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),食物喜好和主动进食维度得分在不同体重组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。阶层回归分析显示,当排除性别、年龄、母亲文化程度影响后,量表6个维度得分与儿童BMI具有相关性(P<0.01)。反映食物趋向的各维度得分与BMI呈正相关(β:0.09~0.21),反映食物逃避各维度得分与BMI呈负相关(β:-0.47~-0.36)。 结论 学龄前儿童饮食行为与超重/肥胖密切相关,通过干预儿童饮食行为可降低学龄前儿童超重/肥胖的风险。     

长沙市13～18岁青少年超重和肥胖流行现状

目的 了解长沙市12~18岁青少年的超重和肥胖的流行现状,认识青少年肥胖问题的严峻性,为制定控制肥胖的干预措施提供参考依据。方法 2009年9-12月期间采用整群抽样的方法随机抽取长沙市12所中学和12所高中,共纳入13～18岁中学生16 843名,并按照WHO的要求测量体重和身高。结果 本次研究的中学生共16 843名,超重人数1 703名,超重率为10.11%,肥胖人数838,肥胖率为4.98%,其中男女生超重率分别为952/8 149(11.68%)和751/8 694(8.64%),男女生肥胖率分别为578/8 149(7.09%)和260/8 694(2.99%)。不同性别儿童超重率和肥胖率差异均有统计学意义(χ²=42.89,149.73,P均<0.001)。随着年龄增长男生超重率呈现先增加后下降的趋势,肥胖率一直呈现增加的趋势。女生超重率随着年龄增长呈现增加趋势,肥胖率呈现先增加后降低的趋势。结论 长沙市13～18岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖率高,存在性别差异,应该动员家庭、幼儿园/学校、社区在内的所有相关群体采取综合干预措施,减少肥胖发生。     

体力活动联合视屏时间对南京市儿童青少年超重肥胖的影响

目的探讨南京市儿童青少年体力活动和视屏时间与超重肥胖之间的关联,为防控儿童青少年肥胖提供参考依据。方法采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,于2018年5—6月选择南京市36所学校4～12年级学生(9～17岁儿童青少年)共4 401人进行问卷调查和身高、体重测量。根据性别、年龄和体质指数(BMI)将调查对象划分为超重肥胖组和体重正常组,采用国际体力活动问卷调查体力活动水平和视屏时间,logistic回归方法分析体力活动和视屏时间对南京市儿童青少年超重和肥胖的影响。结果南京市儿童青少年超重肥胖率为27.7%(1 219人),体力活动充足率为21.1%(930人),视屏时间较短率为96.3%(4 237人)。体力活动充足以及视屏时间较短的学生BMI值分别低于体力活动不充足以及视屏时间过长学生。体力活动不充足且视屏时间过长组超重肥胖的发病率最高(39.7%)。在调整了相关混杂因素后,logistic回归分析结果显示,体力活动不充足且视屏时间较短组以及体力活动充足且视屏时间较短组超重肥胖的风险分别为体力活动不充足且视屏时间过长组的0.54倍(95%CI=0.37～0.77)和0.64倍(95%CI=0...     

上海普陀区青少年超重、肥胖流行现状与高血压关系

目的 了解上海市普陀区青少年超重、肥胖和高血压的流行病学资料,探讨青少年超重、肥胖与高血压的关系。方法 以普陀区3 662名初中学生为研究对象,测量身高、体重、腰围、血压。依据我国青少年性别、年龄百分位标准判断超重、肥胖,高血压前期和高血压。比较不同性别青少年超重、肥胖率以及正常体重、超重、肥胖组的高血压前期、高血压检出率。结果 超重、肥胖检出率分别为19.88%、13.49%,男生超重22.56%、肥胖18.29%检出率明显高于女生17.07%,8.45%(P<0.01)。收缩压、舒张压比较肥胖组高于超重组和正常体重组,超重组高于正常体重组(P<0.01)。高血压和高血压前期的检出率比较肥胖组高于超重组和正常体重组,超重组高于正常体重组(P<0.01)。结论 普陀区青少年超重及肥胖发生率高于全国平均水平,高血压的发生与超重、肥胖相关。青少年肥胖的防治工作应引起重视。     

济南市城区6～17岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖流行现状

目的采用国内外儿童超重肥胖筛查标准描述济南市城区儿童青少年超重和肥胖流行现状,为政府和教育部门制定儿童肥胖干预策略提供基础数据。方法数据来源于2012年9月-2014年9月开展的"十二五"国家科技支撑计划项目"儿童心血管疾病预警、诊治技术研究"分课题济南调查点。共纳入济南市城区7 840名6~17岁儿童青少年。使用中国标准、美国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)标准、国际肥胖问题工作组(IOTF)标准和世界卫生组织(WHO)标准描述济南市城区学龄儿童超重肥胖流行现状,并计算加权kappa值(kw)比较中国标准与国际标准之间的一致性。结果采用4种BMI筛查标准,济南市城区6~17岁儿童青少年超重率分别为21.0%(中国标准)、17.2%(CDC标准)、21.0%(IOTF标准)和22.1%(WHO标准),肥胖率分别为19.9%(中国标准)、17.4%(CDC标准)、12.4%(IOTF标准)和18.6%(WHO标准)。无论采用何种标准,男生肥胖率显著高于女生,6~11岁组肥胖率显著高于12~17岁组。中国标准与三种国际标准即CDC、IOTF和WHO标准之间的一致性很好,kw值分别为0.88、0.80和0.91。结论济南市城区6~17岁儿童青少年超重肥胖流行现状严峻,主要集中在男童和6~11岁儿童,提示相关部门应尽早采取干预措施。     

The Effects of COVID-19 on the Eating Habits of Children and Adolescents in Italy: A Pilot Survey Study

Nutrition during childhood and adolescence is very important for growth and can have long-term health implications. The COVID-19 lockdown caused significant changes in everyday life, including in children and adolescents. This study evaluated the effects of the first COVID-19 lockdown on eating habits and body weight in children and adolescents. An online cross-sectional survey was carried out among the parents of children (5–9 years) and adolescents (10–14 years) living in Italy. The online self-administered questionnaire included demographic and anthropometric data (reported weight and height) weight and dietary habit changes during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy (March to June 2020). A total of 439 participants were included. We found a change in eating habits with an increase in consumption of sweet packaged snacks (34%) and processed meat (25%), as well as bread, pizza and bakery products (47%). We also found an increase in vegetable, fresh fruit and legume intake (19%), and a reduction in sweet beverage and candy intake. A total of 59.7% of the participants reported body weight gain, with adolescents gaining more than children (67% vs. 55%, p = 0.010, respectively). In children, body weight gain was associated with a change in body height and increased consumption of dairy products and sweet packaged snacks, while in adolescents it was associated with an increased intake of comfort foods and processed meat. Our data highlighted the need to carefully monitor eating behaviors to avoid the establishment of unhealthy eating habits and prevent obesity in children and adolescents during periods of self-isolation.     

广东省2002-2012年6~17岁儿童青少年超重/肥胖变化趋势分析

目的 分析2002-2012年广东省6～17岁儿童青少年超重/肥胖的流行状况及其变化趋势。方法 2002年营养调查采用多阶段分层与整群随机抽样方法,在全省抽取13个监测点共7 075名6～17岁儿童青少年进行调查。2009-2012年的广东省居民营养调查采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,在广东省9区/县城乡调查点抽取2 319名6～17岁儿童青少年,进行身高和体重测量。结果 2009-2012年广东省6～17岁儿童青少年平均超重率和肥胖率分别为7.3%和4.5%,男生超重率和肥胖率（8.9%和6.5%）均高于女生（5.3%和2.2%）,城市超重率和肥胖率（9.3%和5.6%）均高于农村（4.7%和3.2%）;以9～11岁组超重率（8.8%）和肥胖率（6.0%）最高。与2002年比较,除城市女生肥胖率下降外,城市男生、农村男生和女生的超重率和肥胖率均明显上升,其中农村超重和肥胖增幅高于城市,男生增幅高于女生。结论 广东省6～17岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖率较2002年有较大上升,其中农村、男生和9～11岁超重/肥胖比例较高,应重点关注。