先天性内耳道狭窄的多层螺旋CT和MRI表现

目的 总结先天性内耳道狭窄的多层螺旋CT(multiple slices CT,MSCT)和MRI影像学特点,提高对该病的认识.方法 回顾性分析13例(15耳)先天性内耳道狭窄患者MSCT和MRI检查的影像资料.结果 先天性内耳道狭窄单侧11例,双侧2例.MSCT显示内耳道管腔不同程度狭窄.孤立性内耳道狭窄3耳,合并其他畸形12耳,其中10耳仅合并内耳畸形,1耳同时合并内、中、外耳畸形,另1耳同时合并内、中、外耳畸形及额骨发育畸形.MRI检查15耳均显示前庭蜗神经发育细小;其中7耳蜗神经未显示,7耳蜗神经发育细小,1耳蜗神经显示不清;其中2耳面神经发育细小.容积再现(volume rendering,VR)图像可立体显示内耳道狭窄程度及伴发的内耳畸形.结论 MSCT 可显示内耳道狭窄的程度及伴发畸形,MRI则可显示其神经发育情况.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate multiple slice computed tomography ( MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging( MRI) features of congenital stenosis of the internal auditory canal (CSIAC) and improve the ability for diagnosis.Method Thirteen cases with fifteen ears were studied.In all cases a MSCT and MRI was performed.Results Eleven cases were unilateral,and 2 cases were bilateral.MSCT could show the narrowness of IAC.Three cases were isolated,but the others were combined with inner ear malformations.One ear had inner,middle and outer ear malformations.One ear had inner,middle,and outer ear malformations with a frontal bone malformation.MRI demonstrated that all of the vestibulocochlear nerves were hypoplastic.The cochlear nerve in seven ears was not present,in seven ears the nerve was thinner,and in the last case it was poorly visualized.The facial nerve in two ears was hypoplastic.Volume rendering( VR) could present the degree of the narrowed internal auditory canals,combined with other inner ear anomalies.Conclusion MSCT will show the degree of the narrow internal auditory canals and combined anomalies,while the MRI can further demonstrate the nerves' development.     

咽旁间隙肿瘤的影像学诊断

目的：通过对咽旁间隙肿瘤CT、MRI检查资料的分析研究，探讨影像学检查在咽旁间隙肿瘤诊断中的意义。方法：收集1988年1月～2005年1月我科收治的咽旁间隙肿瘤患者138例，咽旁间隙的转移性肿瘤和侵及咽旁间隙的鼻咽癌未计人内。所有病例均作CT或（和）MRI检查。结果：CT和MRI可较好地提供肿瘤的位置、大小、范围、肿瘤的边缘是否光滑及与颈部大血管的关系，为制订手术方案提供重要的参考意见。结论：术前行CT、MRI检查对咽旁间隙肿瘤治疗方案和手术径路的选择有重要意义。     

真菌球型鼻窦炎的临床及影像学特征

目的　回顾性分析35例真菌球型鼻窦炎患者的临床及影像学特征。方法　本文收集2010年4月～2013年7月35例在西京医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科行经鼻内镜鼻腔鼻窦 手术,术后病理确诊为真菌球型鼻窦炎患者的临床及影像学资料。总结及分析临床表现（年龄、性别、主要症状等）,以及术前CT、MRI影像特征。结果　35例真菌球型鼻窦炎患者均累及单侧;患者年龄分布23～80岁,平均年龄为50.2岁,其中女19例,略占优势（54.3%）;71.4%患者居住于城市（21/35）;临床最常见的症状主要表现为鼻塞和脓涕;11%患者过敏原检测结果呈阳性（2/19）,31.4%患者同时伴有息肉（11/35）;8.6%患者有糖尿病病史（3/35）;组织学分型提示最常见的病原体为曲霉菌（6/35）;48.6%患者CT检查局部密度增高且不均匀,有星状分布钙化点（17/35）;16例患者的T2加权MRI扫描中有局灶性低密度区表现者占100%（16/16）。结论　老年、女性更易患真菌球型鼻窦炎;CT扫描未能确诊的病例,有必要进行MRI扫描。     

咽鼓管影像学

目的探讨咽鼓管影像学检查的临床应用情况。方法回顾性分析39例咽鼓管相关病变的影像学资料,重点观察咽鼓管及其周围结构被肿瘤侵犯的程度以及中耳渗出情况。结果部分咽鼓管相关疾病的常规轴位和冠状位CT和MRI图像可以很好的显示咽鼓管咽口、圆枕、咽鼓管纤维软骨部是否受累。相关疾病(肿瘤)压迫或侵犯咽鼓管软骨部造成咽鼓管阻塞,可以导致中耳和/或乳突积液,这种阻塞解除之后,中耳积液可以消失;如果病变只压迫了咽鼓管咽口或者只侵犯了圆枕,并不引起中耳积液。部分CT和MRI图像上重点显示了肿瘤本身情况,因此咽鼓管相关部位及中耳乳突观察不理想,全部病例的咽鼓管骨部显示都不明确,从而影响临床诊断。结论咽鼓管相关疾病的影像学资料能提示咽鼓管的部分结构是否受累,并对诊断提供一定帮助。     

迷路炎的影像学

目的 探讨迷路炎的影像学检查方法及其诊断价值.方法 观察27例31耳临床提示为迷路炎同时存在异常影像学表现的病例的高分辨率CT(high resolution CT, HRCT)及MRI图像,总结其内耳在HRCT及MRI图像上的不同改变.结果 进行了HRCT扫描的22耳中,内耳1个或多个结构表现为密度增高者6耳,密度增高且发生变形者8耳,单纯变形者1耳,内耳迷路内腔局部或完全硬化消失者7耳.在22耳中除上述改变外亦有内耳骨质缺损者4耳.进行了HRCT及MRI检查的9耳中,7耳在HRCT上可见内耳不同程度的异常改变,2耳内耳未见异常改变.MRI图像上9耳均可见内耳迷路内腔1个或多个结构T2WI信号减低或消失.行增强扫描的6耳中,4耳可见明显强化,2耳未见强化.31耳中,耳蜗受累30耳,其中仅基底周受累5耳,中顶周受累2耳,耳蜗各周均受累23耳;半规管受累26耳;前庭受累20耳;前庭窗受累18耳;蜗窗受累19耳.结论 HRCT可以较好显示骨迷路迷路炎的异常改变,MRI对于显示迷路内腔有重要价值,二者在迷路炎的影像检查与诊断中的作用是互补的,对迷路炎的临床诊断起着重要的辅助作用.     

内耳CT形态学测量方法的探讨

目的 寻找准确、可行的内耳CT形态学测量方法 ,评价不同测量者之间的一致性.方法 对60例外、中、内耳结构正常者的颢骨高分辨力CT图像进行多平面重组(multi-planarreforamtions,MPR),在显示耳蜗最大剖面的MPR图像上测量耳蜗的高度和宽度,在可完整地显示半规管形态的MPR图像上测量各个半规管所环绕的骨岛面积.对两位测量者的结果 进行统计学分析.结果 MPR获得了良好的耳蜗和半规管的影像解剖学显示.配对t检验显示两位测量者的结果 之间差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05),相关分析表明二者所测结果 之间具有良好的一致性(r值均>0.9).其中耳蜗高度(x±s,下同)为(4.26±0.28)mm,耳蜗宽度为(7.03±0.39)mm,前半规管环绕骨岛面积为(25.49 ±3.84)mm<'2>,后半规管环绕骨岛面积为(20.07 ±2.93)mm<'2>,外半规管环绕骨岛面积为(11.50±1.94)mm<'2>.结论MPR可分别显示内耳各结构的中轴层面,在此基础上的测量具有良好的可重复性,可提供可靠的内耳形态学参数.     

听神经瘤影像学诊断

听神经瘤为临床常见病。本文概述了听神经瘤的影像学诊断特点,重点叙述了听神经瘤的影像检查方法、影像学表现、影像诊断及鉴别诊断及其比较影像学。     

内耳CT形态学测量方法的探讨

Objective The aim of this study was to find an accurate and feasible measurement technique for the inner ear structures using computed tomograpby and to check the inter-observer agreement. Methods Sixty patients without abnormal structure of temporal bones confirmed by means of high-resolution computed tomograpby were included in this study. The multi-planar reformations (MPR) were performed to show the maximum profile of cochlear, and to measure the height and width of cochlear. Areas of bony island encircled by three semicircular canals were measured on the MPR images that could show the whole canal. The data measured by two readers independently was compared to check the inter-observer agreement. Results The application of MPR yielded satisfactory anatomic presentation of inner ear for radiologic measurements. There was good inter-observer agreement revealed by the paired t-test and correlation analysis (P > 0. 05, r > 0. 9). The height of cochlear(x±s) was (4. 26± 0. 28) mm while the width of cochlear was (7.03 ±0. 39)ram. The areas of bony islands encircled by the anterior, posterior and lateral semicircular canals were (25.49 ± 3. 84)mm<'2>, (20. 07 ± 2. 93)mm<'2 >and (11.50 ± 1.94) mm<'2>, respectively. Conclusions MPR can display structures of cochlear and semicircular canals on planes along their central axis. Normative measurements on these MPR images derive excellent repeatability and provide reliable morphologic parameters of inner ear structures.     

内耳CT形态学测量方法的探讨

Objective The aim of this study was to find an accurate and feasible measurement technique for the inner ear structures using computed tomograpby and to check the inter-observer agreement. Methods Sixty patients without abnormal structure of temporal bones confirmed by means of high-resolution computed tomograpby were included in this study. The multi-planar reformations (MPR) were performed to show the maximum profile of cochlear, and to measure the height and width of cochlear. Areas of bony island encircled by three semicircular canals were measured on the MPR images that could show the whole canal. The data measured by two readers independently was compared to check the inter-observer agreement. Results The application of MPR yielded satisfactory anatomic presentation of inner ear for radiologic measurements. There was good inter-observer agreement revealed by the paired t-test and correlation analysis (P > 0. 05, r > 0. 9). The height of cochlear(x±s) was (4. 26± 0. 28) mm while the width of cochlear was (7.03 ±0. 39)ram. The areas of bony islands encircled by the anterior, posterior and lateral semicircular canals were (25.49 ± 3. 84)mm<'2>, (20. 07 ± 2. 93)mm<'2 >and (11.50 ± 1.94) mm<'2>, respectively. Conclusions MPR can display structures of cochlear and semicircular canals on planes along their central axis. Normative measurements on these MPR images derive excellent repeatability and provide reliable morphologic parameters of inner ear structures.     

内耳CT形态学测量方法的探讨

Objective The aim of this study was to find an accurate and feasible measurement technique for the inner ear structures using computed tomograpby and to check the inter-observer agreement. Methods Sixty patients without abnormal structure of temporal bones confirmed by means of high-resolution computed tomograpby were included in this study. The multi-planar reformations (MPR) were performed to show the maximum profile of cochlear, and to measure the height and width of cochlear. Areas of bony island encircled by three semicircular canals were measured on the MPR images that could show the whole canal. The data measured by two readers independently was compared to check the inter-observer agreement. Results The application of MPR yielded satisfactory anatomic presentation of inner ear for radiologic measurements. There was good inter-observer agreement revealed by the paired t-test and correlation analysis (P > 0. 05, r > 0. 9). The height of cochlear(x±s) was (4. 26± 0. 28) mm while the width of cochlear was (7.03 ±0. 39)ram. The areas of bony islands encircled by the anterior, posterior and lateral semicircular canals were (25.49 ± 3. 84)mm<'2>, (20. 07 ± 2. 93)mm<'2 >and (11.50 ± 1.94) mm<'2>, respectively. Conclusions MPR can display structures of cochlear and semicircular canals on planes along their central axis. Normative measurements on these MPR images derive excellent repeatability and provide reliable morphologic parameters of inner ear structures.     

外耳道胆脂瘤的影像学特征和处理方法的选择

目的：探讨外耳道胆脂瘤（EACC）的表现特征和处理方法。方法：对17例（21耳）入院手术治疗的EACC患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,分析其病因、病史、临床表现和影像学特点,探讨这些特点对临床处理方法的影响。结果：8耳行外耳道成形和EACC切除;1耳术中仅行外耳道成形和EACC切除,待二期行鼓室成形手术;3耳清理鼓室内病变后将颞肌筋膜内植,行鼓膜修补。9耳采用耳后切口,行开放式乳突根治。结论：EACC的病因学特点和病变的范围决定其处理方式,颞骨CT有助于了解病变的范围,制定手术计划。     

高分辨率CT颅中窝径路定位内耳道的解剖研究

目的 研究术前高分辨率CT (high resolution computerized tomography,HRCT)个体化测量,利用颧弓根、棘孔与锤骨头三者的距离关系经颅中窝径路定位内耳道及面神经的可行性.方法18例福尔马林固定的成人颞骨标本,分为A组10耳,B组8耳,常规行HRCT扫描后进行测量.A组行颅中窝径路手术,比较各解剖实测值与CT测量值之间的关系,建立CT数据模型.B组行颅中窝径路手术时在CT测量值辅助下以颧弓根、棘孔及锤骨头为标志物寻找内耳道.采用配对t检验分析两种方法在各解剖结构测量结果间的差异,以P＜0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 A组中锤骨头与周围重要解剖结构距离的CT测量值与解剖实测值间结果差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).在HRCT辅助下行颅中窝手术时,B组利用颧弓根到锤骨头及棘孔到锤骨头的CT测量距离指导手术,在1.5～3.7 mm范围内均可正确定位锤骨头;8耳中除1耳其内耳道-锤骨头连线与颧弓根-锤骨头参考线夹角为15°,余7耳颧弓根、锤骨头、内耳道均位于一条直线上.结论 颞骨HRCT可以较为真实地反映锤骨头与颧弓根、棘孔、内耳道等解剖结构之间的距离关系.在行颅中窝手术时,可以借助HRCT通过颧弓根及棘孔来定位锤骨头,进而在其他解剖标志点不清时利用锤骨头安全地定位内耳道.     

伴皮肤窦道的先天性外耳道狭窄及胆脂瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨先天性外耳道狭窄合并胆脂瘤的临床特征,提高其诊治率.方法 回顾性分析2003年3月至2006年6月间收治的伴有窦道形成的先天性外耳道狭窄合并胆脂瘤患者的临床资料,共10例(10耳).结果 10耳均有耳后皮肤破溃流脓史,外耳道口直径约2 mm,颞骨CT显示10耳均有外耳道区域骨质吸收缺损,致骨性耳道增宽,增宽的外耳道内被软组织密度影填充.术中见10耳之外耳道内均充满胆脂瘤,且伴有耳道后上壁及下壁骨质压迫吸收.10耳均行外耳道成形术,其中8耳同时行听力重建术.术后病理报告均为胆脂瘤组织,未见腮裂囊肿及瘘管组织.10耳术后外耳道均通畅,行听力重建术的8耳,听力改善(听力级)20～35 dB.随访1～3年,未见胆脂瘤复发.结论 先天性外耳道狭窄伴发胆脂瘤者,其外耳道骨壁极易受累及,从而出现外耳道骨壁缺损及耳后或颈部窦道形成,颞骨CT检查可发现外耳道骨壁缺损及胆脂瘤密度影.     

先天性耳廓畸形与中耳畸形的相关性分析

目的 探讨先天性耳廓畸形与中耳畸形的相关性及其意义.方法 收集自2008年1月至2009年12月在复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院就诊的86例先天性外中耳畸形患者的资料,其中男51例,女35例;单侧58例(右侧34例,左侧24例),双侧28例;共计114耳.收集所有患者颞骨高分辨率CT资料,参照Jahrsdoerfer评分标准对中耳畸形情况进行评分,同时按照Marx H分度标准对耳廓畸形进行分度,并将耳廓畸形分度与中耳畸形评分进行Spearman秩相关分析.结果 86例先天性外中耳畸形患者中耳廓畸形Marx H分度结果为:Ⅰ度12耳,Ⅱ度25耳,Ⅲ度77耳,相应的Jahrsdoerfer评分((-x)±s)分别为(7.8±2.4)、(6.8±2.6)、(6.0±2.8)分.耳廓畸形Marx H分度与中耳畸形Jahrsdoerfer评分呈现出负相关趋势(r=-0.2386,P=0.0106).结论 先天性外中耳畸形患者的耳廓畸形程度与中耳畸形程度具有一定的相关性.     

内听道斜矢状位磁共振成像在人工耳蜗置入术前评估中的初步应用

目的:探讨内听道(IAC)斜矢状位MRI在人工耳蜗置入术前评估中的应用价值。方法:应用斜矢状位三维快速自旋回波T2加权MRI技术对15例(30耳)拟行人工耳蜗置入术患者的IAC进行扫描。结果:所有患者顺利完成检查,IAC内神经结构显示清楚。13例蜗神经正常的患者行人工耳蜗置入术并已成功开机,2例双侧蜗神经异常者未行耳蜗置入。结论:IAC斜矢状位MRI能清晰显示IAC内蜗神经的形态、大小及IAC的大小,是人工耳蜗置入术前判断蜗神经发育状况的良好方法。     

内听道海绵状血管瘤(附1例报告并文献复习)

目的：探讨内听道海绵状血管瘤的诊断和治疗方法。方法：分析1例术后病理确诊为内听道海绵状血管瘤患者的临床表现、听力学、影像学及病理诊断等临床资料，并经扩大迷路进路行肿瘤切除术。结果：术后恢复良好，无面瘫、脑脊液漏等并发症发生，术后病理确诊为内听道海绵状血管瘤。结论：原发于内听道的海绵状血管瘤是一种极为罕见的内听道良性占位性血管性病变，和内听道其他常见的肿瘤如听神经瘤、面神经瘤等在临床表现、听力学及影像学上有许多相似之处，但也有其自身特点，确诊有赖于术后病理检查，结合临床表现和影像学（CT、MRI）特点，可为早期发现、选择合适的治疗方法提供信息。早期手术，其全切率及面、听神经功能的保存率较高。     

核磁共振成像在突发性聋诊治中的应用

目的：探讨核磁共振成像(MRI)在诊治突发性聋的价值。方法：回顾分析2000～2005年21例、21耳计算机X线断层摄影术检查无异常、经系统综合治疗1周后无好转,再行MRI检查的突发性聋患者的临床特点、听力学及治疗经过,并复习相关文献。 结果：21例患者中, 5例经MRI 检查发现有病理性改变。结论：对于经系统治疗1周左右、效果欠佳的突发性聋患者,建议加做MRI。