吸烟与糖尿病对龈沟液中天冬氨酸转氨酶活性水平的影响

目的 :研究吸烟、糖尿病对牙周龈沟液中天冬氨酸转氨酶 (GCF AST)水平的影响。方法 :选择 10 5例吸烟者、86例糖尿病患者及 90例对照者 ,测定牙周病指数 (PDI)、GCF AST水平并比较。结果 :吸烟组和糖尿病组PDI值均明显高于对照组 ,牙周健康区数低于对照组 ;牙龈炎区数 3组相近 ;牙周炎区数高于对照组。在PDI相同的情况下 3组GCF AST水平无显著性差异。结论 :吸烟、糖尿病是牙周病流行的高危因素 ,而对GCF AST水平无直接影响     

吸烟对牙周轻度破坏患者的影响

近来已有研究证明吸烟与牙周病有关,但是这些研究都针对中度和重度牙周炎患者,很少针对只有少量附着丧失的人群,也很少有关吸烟与牙龈退缩关系的研究。本文的目的是研究吸烟对那些无或仅有轻度牙周炎患者的附着丧失与龈退缩的影响。 受试者共193人,吸烟者51人,不吸烟者142人,无牙周炎或仅有轻度牙周炎。对受试者进行了血清可替宁检测,它是尼古丁稳定的原始代谢产物。血清可替宁水平<25ng/ml为不吸烟者,>75ng/ml为吸烟者。受试者每个牙齿测量颊侧近中、远中、中     

吸烟与非吸烟者慢性牙周炎龈下福赛类杆菌的检测

目的：利用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测吸烟与非吸烟者龈下福赛类杆菌（Bf）水平,通过Bf的检出率进一步探讨吸烟与牙周炎的关系。方法：健康者与慢性牙周炎伴吸烟与非吸烟患者共75例,用纸捻法提取每位观察者龈沟液,PCR检测。结果：慢性牙周炎组Bf检出率（59．5％）高于健康组（24．2％）,具有显著性差异（P〈0．01）;吸烟者慢性牙周炎组Bf检出率（72．0％）高于非吸烟者健康组、吸烟者健康组、非吸烟者慢性牙周炎组（15．8％、35．7％、41．2％）,P〈0．05。结论;Bf与吸烟及慢性牙周炎有密切关系。     

吸烟与牙周病关系的探讨

作者调查了西安地区３２９例吸烟者和２０３例非吸烟者的口腔卫生状况和牙周状况，以期了解吸烟对牙周病影响的程度，并探讨分析吸烟导致牙周病的机理。１资料和方法１．１调查对象选择西安地区身体健康无系统性疾病或慢性疾病的男性５３２人，其中吸烟者３２９人，年龄３...     

青年男性吸烟者龈沟液中碱性磷酸酶及前列腺素E2的检测

吸烟是牙周病的重要致病因素,大量吸烟者通常牙周袋较深并且牙槽骨吸收明显。龈沟液(gingival crevicular fluid,GCF)中碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)和前列腺素E2(pros-taglandin E2,PGE2)的改变与牙周炎的发病密切相关。本研究通过检测吸烟者上述2项指标,初步探讨吸烟造成牙周炎的内在机制。1材料与方法1.1研究对象选择男性吸烟者23人作为实验组,年龄30～40岁,平均38.5岁,持续吸烟史10～15年,平均12.5年,日平均吸烟量20支,1年内无牙周病治疗史。另选实验组中各自非吸烟且年龄差距小于5岁的亲兄弟或堂(表)兄弟作为对照组,该组…     

吸烟伴早发性牙周炎患者的临床及微生物学改变

吸烟是牙周病发展过程中的一个潜在危险因素,以往的研究认为吸烟与牙槽骨的吸收有关,吸烟患者牙周附着丧失比例较高,且在年轻时即可发生严重的疾病。本研究的目的即比较吸烟和不吸烟的早发性牙周炎患者其临床及龈下微生物的变化特点。 材料和方法 选取60例早发性牙周炎患者,其中男性40例,年龄24～35岁;女性20例,年龄22～35岁,吸烟和不吸烟者各30例。临床检查包括探诊深度,附着丧失,菌斑指数,牙龈指数;并观察每个牙6个部位的牙龈探诊出血及脓性分泌物情况,另从每个患者两     

吸烟与不吸烟患者对牙周炎非手术治疗效果的近期临床观察

自1951年Herulf应用X线检查年轻吸烟者牙槽骨状况后,不断有学者报道吸烟对牙周健康有影响,至1990年烟草作为导致牙周炎最重要因素之一被广泛认识[1].近年来大量流行病学调查研究发现,吸烟在牙周炎的发生、发展及预后中有广泛的影响.为了探讨吸烟对牙周治疗效果的影响.作者对吸烟和不吸烟的牙周炎患者22例实施牙周非手术治疗并进行临床观察.现将结果报告如下:     

吸烟与不吸烟患者对牙周炎非手术治疗效果的按期临床观察

自1951年Herulf应用X线检查年轻吸烟者牙槽骨状况后,不断有学者报道吸烟对牙周健康有影响,至1990年烟草作为导致牙周炎最重要因素之一被广泛认识[1].近年来大量流行病学调查研究发现,吸烟在牙周炎的发生、发展及预后中有广泛的影响.为了探讨吸烟对牙周治疗效果的影响.作者对吸烟和不吸烟的牙周炎患者22例实施牙周非手术治疗并进行临床观察.现将结果报告如下:     

MMP-2在吸烟牙周炎患者牙龈组织中的表达

目的:从MMP-2的酶活性和mRNA水平探讨吸烟与牙周病的关系。方法:利用明胶酶活性分析(zymog-raphy)和RT-PCR方法,分别检测6例吸烟牙周病、6例不吸烟牙周病、6例吸烟正常人、6例不吸烟正常人的牙龈组织中MMP-2的酶活性和mRNA表达。结果:吸烟和牙周病牙龈组织中MMP-2酶活性都较正常组有增加,但吸烟牙周病组的MMP-2的酶活性与吸烟无牙周病组和不吸烟牙周病组有明显差异(P<0.01),吸烟牙周病患者牙周组织中MMP-2的mRNA水平较正常组明显增加(P<0.01)。结论:MMP-2在吸烟牙周炎牙周组织的破坏中起重要作用。     

吸烟与牙周病的关系

近年来，吸烟与牙周病的关系逐渐受到人们的重视，大量的研究表明吸烟是牙周病，尤其是重度牙周炎的高危因素，但目前其损害牙周组织的机制尚不十分清楚。本文就近年来有关吸烟与牙周病关系的流行病学调查以及吸烟损害牙周组织的可能机制进行综述。     

辽宁省中老年人口腔卫生及牙周健康状况调查分析

目的：通过流行病学调查和统计学方法分析辽宁省中老年人口腔卫生和牙周健康状况,为辽宁省中老年人牙周病预防工作的开展提供依据。方法：随机选取辽宁省各地区46岁以上中老年人共113人,填写调查问卷,进行牙周专科检查。结果：女性口腔卫生好于男性（P〈0．05）;吸烟者口腔卫生较差,牙周破坏较非吸烟者严重（P〈0．01）;46～59岁和60岁以上两组口腔卫生无显著差异,但前者附着丧失小于后者（P〈0．05）。结论：中老年人的口腔卫生普遍较差,并且存在不同程度的牙周炎,应从多种途径宣传口腔卫生维护和牙周健康知识,争取让中老年牙周炎患者尽早接受牙周治疗。     

The Cardiff Dental Survey: oral hygiene, gingival and periodontal health in relation to smoking in young adults

Abstract: Objective: To examine the relationship between tobacco smoking, oral hygiene, gingival and periodontal health in young adults. Study design: Cross‐sectional (conducted in the course of a cohort study). Setting: Cardiff, UK, 1989 and 2000. Methods: Plaque was recorded, as was presence or absence of bleeding on probing and loss of attachment (LA). Information concerning tobacco smoking was obtained from questionnaire data. Results: At age 19–20 years, smokers had statistically significantly (P < 0.01) higher whole mouth mean plaque scores than non‐smokers. Whole mouth mean bleeding scores, however, were similar in smokers and non‐smokers. The relationship of plaque to smoking was very similar at age 30–31, yet bleeding scores were approximately 25% lower in smokers than in non‐smokers (P < 0.01). Whole mouth LA scores showed small, statistically non‐significant differences between smokers and non‐smokers. At the age of 30–31 years, gender and social class had a negligible confounding effect on oral hygiene, gingival and periodontal health in smokers and non‐smokers. Conclusions: Smokers consistently demonstrated poorer oral hygiene than non‐smokers. The effect of smoking in reducing gingival bleeding was already apparent at age 19–20 years despite the fact that, at this time, subjects might be assumed to have been exposed to a relatively small dose of tobacco over a short period of time. In the follow‐up study conducted at the age of 30–31 years, the impact of smoking on the periodontal tissues was, as expected, more pronounced.     

成年人牙周炎流行因素的研究

目的:调查沈阳市地区人口的牙周健康状况,分析影响牙周炎发病的流行因素。方法:在沈阳市和周边农村进行现场调查,应用SPSS11.0软件对调查结果进行单因素和多因素分析。结果:牙周炎患病率为79.3%,影响牙周炎患病率和严重程度的因素按作用大小排序,依次为年龄、口腔卫生、吸烟、每日刷牙次数、性别。结论:年龄、吸烟、口腔卫生、口腔保健知识、医疗卫生条件是影响牙周炎流行的重要因素。     

The effect of different cigarette smoking levels on gingival crevicular fluid volume and periodontal clinical parameters in Saudi Arabia

IntroductionPeriodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition of the periodontium. It is the main cause of tooth loss and is considered one of the biggest threats to the oral cavity. Tobacco smoking has long been associated with increased risk for periodontal, peri-implant, and other medical diseases.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of smoking and its level on periodontal clinical parameters (probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and the volume of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)) in healthy and chronic periodontitis individuals.Material and MethodA total of 160 participants were recruited in the present study, who were equally divided into the following five groups: healthy controls (C), healthy smokers (HS), nonsmokers with periodontitis (PNS), light smokers with periodontitis (PLS), and heavy smokers with periodontitis (PHS). GCF volume and periodontal clinical parameters (PD, PI, GI, CAL, and BOP) were assessed for each participant and compared between the study groups.ResultThere was a statistically significant difference in PD, PI, GI, CAL, and BOP between healthy and periodontitis patients (p < 0.001). The mean PI, PD, and CAL were considerably higher in heavy smokers than light smokers and non-smokers (P < 0.001). In contrast, the mean GI and BOP were significantly lower in heavy smokers than in light smokers and non-smokers. There was a statistically significant difference in GCF between healthy and periodontitis patients (p < 0.001). The mean GCF readings were higher in heavy smokers than light smokers or non-smokers (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe present study confirms the influence of smoking on periodontal clinical parameters. Smoking was associated with increased PD, PI, CAL, and GCF readings; however, GI and BOP were decreased in smokers. The number of cigarettes played a key role in the volume of GCF and periodontal clinical parameters.     

Smoking and periodontal disease. A review of the literature

The literature related to smoking and periodontal disease is reviewed. The effects of smoking on oral hygiene, gingivitis, necrotizing gingivitis, periodontitis, bacteria and the host's response are presented. From this review it is apparent that while the relationship between smoking and periodontal disease needs further study, smoking is detrimental to periodontal health as it worsens the oral hygiene status and depresses the host's defense posture.     

Effect of triclosan on healing following non-surgical periodontal therapy in smokers

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking is an established risk factor for periodontitis, and is associated with periodontal attachment and tooth loss. Clinical studies have indicated that smoking may adversely affect and impede healing following periodontal therapy. Adjunctive antimicrobials, on the other hand, have been shown to enhance the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice on healing following non-surgical periodontal therapy in smokers. METHODS: Sixty smokers (aged 35-59 years; 23 females) with chronic periodontal disease volunteered to participate in a double-blind, randomized, controlled, clinical trial. The subjects were randomly assigned to use a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride (30 subjects) or a standard fluoride (30 subjects) dentifrice and received detailed information on proper techniques for self-performed plaque control. The participants then received non-surgical periodontal therapy followed by periodontal maintenance care every 6 months over 24 months. Clinical recordings included evaluation of oral hygiene standards, gingival health, and periodontal status. RESULTS: Subjects using the triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice exhibited significantly improved oral hygiene conditions, gingival health, and periodontal status compared with those using the standard fluoride dentifrice over the 24-month maintenance interval. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that an oral hygiene regimen including a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice may sustain the short-term effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy in smokers.     

怀化地区侗族和汉族冠心病伴牙周炎的危险因素研究

目的：调查怀化地区侗族、汉族冠心病患者的牙周状况,并对其危险因素进行单因素和多因素分析。方法：采用随机整群抽样的方法选择2012年1月～2012年12月怀化地区通道县、麻阳县和溆浦县人民医院明确诊断为冠心病患者246人作为研究对象,采用SOSERVER2000软件建立数据库,分别对性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒、口腔卫生习惯和民族等与冠心病伴牙厨炎的相关性进行单因素和多因素分析。结果：冠心病伴牙周炎总患病率为54．2％,单因素分析结果显示年龄、吸烟、口腔卫生习惯和民族是冠心病伴牙周炎的危险因素（OR值分别为2．30、1．65、3．67、2．06,P〈O．05）。以民族分层进行多因素分析结果显示,吸烟和口腔卫生习惯（OR值分别为2．03、1．60,P〈O．05）为侗族冠心病伴牙周炎的危险因素,同时,吸烟也是汉族冠心病伴牙周炎的危险因素（OR=1．69,P〈O．05）。结论：冠心病伴牙周炎的危险因素较多,不同民族之间存在一定的差异,吸烟和口腔卫生不良可增加怀化地区侗族冠心病并发牙周炎的风险。     

吸烟与口腔卫生及牙周状况的关系

目的：了解吸烟对口腔卫生及牙周状况的影响。方法：采用群体调查的方法对北京市490名男性公民的口腔卫生指数和牙周指数进行了评价，其中吸烟者321名，非吸烟者138名，既往吸烟者31名。结果：吸烟者下颌切牙和上颌磨牙的牙石指数高于非吸烟者和既往吸烟者，差异有显著性，吸烟者上颌切牙和上颌双尖牙的牙龈指数高于非吸烟者和既往吸烟者。差异有显著性。结论：吸烟可增加牙石的沉积，加重牙龈炎症。     

Tobacco use and oral hygiene as risk indicators for periodontitis

OBJECTIVE: To detect the periodontal status of male smokers and betel chewers in a rural community in Sri Lanka and compare it with that of male non-tobacco users of the same community. METHODS: A cross-sectional community based study was carried out in a sample of 2277 rural adult males aged 20-60 years, adopting multistage cluster sampling technique. The present analysis was confined to 2178 subjects who were mutually exclusive smokers, betel chewers or non-tobacco users. The periodontal status was assessed by clinical measurement of levels of bacterial plaque (PLI), gingival inflammation (GI) and loss of epithelial attachment (LA). All measurements were carried out on four sites of all teeth present except third molars and the mean values for periodontal parameters were calculated. RESULTS: Bivariate analysis revealed that the overall periodontitis levels were significantly higher in betel chewers and smokers than in non-tobacco users. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that there were no significant effects of smoking and betel chewing per se on LA, independent of age, socioeconomic status (SES) and whether or not controlled for PLI. The effect of the quantified tobacco use on LA was statistically significant regardless of age, PLI or SES. However, the effect of the quantified tobacco use was considered limited when compared to that of oral hygiene. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlighted the importance of oral hygiene in the aetiology of periodontitis while confirming the statistical significance of the quantified tobacco use on LA. Oral hygiene and the quantified tobacco use may be considered as risk indicators for periodontitis.     

Risk assessment of recurrence of disease during supportive periodontal care

Abstract Although it is accepted that the primary cause of periodontitis is bacterial infection of long duration, there are a number of risk factors which may increase the probability of recurrence of periodontal disease during supportive periodontal care. The risk may in such cases be caused by other factors than poor oral hygiene measures per se. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies show conflicting results concerning age as a risk factor for periodontal disease. The effect of smoking on the periodontal tissues has been discussed for decades and only lately has it been possible to demonstrate that smokers definitely have more periodontal problems than non-smokers. Another important risk factor for periodontitis relates to the insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent forms of diabetes mellitus. Poorly-controlled long-duration diabetics have more periodontitis and tooth loss than well-controlled or non-diabetics. Finally, the issue of compliance deserves attention. The medical literature has suggested that patients with chronic illnesses tend to comply poorly, especially if the disease is not perceived to be particularly threatening, if the therapy is time-consuming, or if the symptoms are non-disturbing. Suggestions for improved compliance are called for.