Association of HLA class I alleles with aloplecia areata in Chinese Hans

BACKGROUND: Some studies suggested that human HLA status may potentiate development of the AA phenotype and exists ethic differences. No report has been published about HLA class I alleles associated with AA in Chinese Hans. OBJECTIVE: To study the distribution of HLA class I alleles and haplotypes in Chinese Hans AA patients and the relation of HLA class I profile with age of onset, severity, duration of current attack, past history and family history. METHODS: The polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) method was used to analyze the distribution of HLA class I alleles in 192 patients with AA and 252 healthy controls in Chinese Hans. RESULTS: The frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*03, -B*18, -B*27, -B*52 and -Cw*0704 were significantly higher in patients than in controls. The A*2-B*18, A*2-B*27, A*2-B*52, A*2-Cw*0704, B*18-Cw*0704, B*27-Cw*0704, B*52-Cw*0704 were found as high-risk haplotypes in developing AA in this study. The HLA-A*02 and -A*03 were observed increased frequencies in patients less than 50% hair loss, and HLA-B*27 equally in patients of 50-99% hair loss, alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis. The frequencies of HLA-A*02 and -B*27 were significantly raised in recurrent patients, and ones of HLA-A*02, -A*03 and -B*27 similarly in patients without a positive family history. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the positive association of HLA class I alleles and haplotypes with AA. There may be differences in genetic background in patients with different age of onset, grade of scalp hair loss, duration of current attack, a past history and a family history.     

Association of HLA class I and class II alleles with bullous pemphigoid in Chinese Hans

Background

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is one of the most common autoimmune skin diseases. Associations of genes, especially human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ alleles, with BP indicate that genetic predisposition contributes to the disease.

北方汉族寻常型银屑病与HLA等位基因的关联研究

目的:研究中国北方汉族寻常型银屑病(PsV)与HLA等位基因的关联性。方法:采用序列特异性引物-聚合酶链反应(PCR-SSP)方法检测91例PsV患者和102例健康人HLA-A、B、Cw、DRB1及DQB1等位基因。结果:(1)PsV患者HLA-A*0101-03、A*3001-04、B*5701、Cw*0602、Cw*0603/04/05、DRB1*0701/02及DQB1*0201基因频率较正常对照显著增高;Cw*0401基因频率显著下降(Pc<0.05)。(2)I型PsV患者HLA-A*0101-03、A*3001-04、B*5701、Cw*0602、DRB1*0701/02及DQB1*0201基因频率显著增高,而B*51、Cw*0401、DQB1*0301基因频率显著下降;Cw*0603/04/05基因频率在I型及II型PsV患者均显著增高(Pc<0.05)。有家族史PsV患者HLA-A*3001-04、DRB1*0701/02及DQB1*0201基因频率显著增高;无家族史患者Cw*0602基因频率显著增高,而DQB1*0501-04基因频率显著下降(Pc<0.05)。(3)HLA-A*3001-04、DRB1*0701/02及DQB1*0201基因频率仅在男性PsV患者显著增高;B*5701、Cw*0602基因频率仅在女性患者显著增高(Pc<0.05)。结论:(1)HLA-A*0101-03、A*3001-04、B*5701、Cw*0602、Cw*0603/04/05、DRB1*0701/02及DQB1*0201基因可能是北方汉族PsV的易感基因或与易感基因相连锁。(2)HLA-Cw*0401基因可能是阻止北方汉族PsV发病的“保护因子”。(3)I型或II型、有或无家族史PsV在遗传背景上存在差异。     

Haplotype associations of the MHC with psoriasis vulgaris in Chinese Hans

Summary Haplotype associations of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) with psoriasis vulgaris (PV) have been demonstrated in different racial or ethnic populations. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the different haplotype associations of the MHC in Chinese patients with psoriasis according to the type of onset and their sex. One hundred and thirty-eight patients with PV and 149 normal control subjects without psoriasis were typed for HLA-A, -B, -C, -DQA1, -DQB1 and -DRB1 by using the PCR with sequence-specific primers. The results showed: (i) HLA-A*26 (26.1% vs. 12.1%, Pc < 1 x 10(-5)), -B*27 (17.03% vs. 1.01%, Pc < 1 x 10(-7)), -Cw*0602 (15.58% vs. 5.03%, Pc < 1 x 10(-2)), -DQA1*0104 (19.93% vs. 9.40%, Pc < 1 x 10(-3)), -DQA1*0201 (22.40% vs. 10.74%, Pc < 1 x 10(-3)), -DQB1*0303 (18.12% vs. 9.73%, Pc < 1 x 10(-7)), and -DRB1*0701/02 (26.09% vs. 9.73%, Pc < 1 x 10(-7)) were significantly increased in PV patients, while HLA-B*57, -DQB1*0201 were slightly increased in PV patients. HLA-Cw*0304 (5.07% vs. 14.43%, Pc < 1 x 10(-3)), -DQA1*0501 (5.79% vs. 14.09%, Pc < 0.05) were found to be negatively associated with PV, but HLA-A*2 (2.54% vs. 6.38%, Pc < 0.5) was decreased in PV patients without statistical significance. (ii) HLA-A*26-B*27 [P < 0.0001, odds ratio (OR) = 48.38], -A*26-Cw*0602 (P < 0.0001, OR = 11.84), -B*27-Cw*0602 (P < 0.0001, OR = undefined), -DRB1*0701/02-B*27 (P < 0.0001, OR = 22.62), -DRB1*0701/02-DQA1*0104 (P < 0.0002, OR = 3.59), -DRB1*0701/02-DQB1*0303 (P < 0.0001, OR = 5.63), -DQA1*0201-DQB1*0303 (P < 0.0002, OR = 7.77), -A*26-B*27-Cw*0602 (P < 0.0004, OR = undefined), -A*26-DRB1*0701/02-DQA1*0201-DQB1*0303 (P < 0.01, OR = undefined) were identified as risk haplotypes for patients with PV in China. (iii) HLA-A*26 -B*27 (P < 0.0001, OR = 58.47), -DQA1*0201-DQB1*0303 (P < 0.0001, OR = 8.62), -DRB1*0701/02 -DQA1*0104 (P < 0.0002, OR = 4.13), -DRB1*0701/02-DQB1*0303 (P < 0.0001, OR = 6.68) and -A*26-DRB1*0701-DQA1*0201 -DQB1*0303 (P < 0.006, OR = undefined) were only significantly associated with type I psoriasis compared with controls, while others showed no differences in either type I or type II psoriasis. (iv) These associated haplotypes with PV were not different by sex, except that the frequency of DRB1*0701/02-DQB1*0303 (P < 0.0001, OR = 10.14) was higher in male patients with psoriasis. To summarize, this study demonstrated a differential association of HLA and identified some special risk haplotypes in Chinese patients with PV compared with other ethnic or racial populations.     

Association of psoriasis vulgaris with HLA class I and class II antigens in the Turkish population,according to the age at onset

BACKGROUND: Association of psoriasis vulgaris with HLA antigens reference to age at onset has been reported in different racial or ethnic populations. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the distribution of HLA markers in the Turkish population according to the age at onset of the psoriasis vulgaris. METHODS: HLA class I and class II antigens were performed by serologic methods in a group of 100 Turkish patients with psoriasis and 201 control subjects. Patients with psoriasis were subdivided into two groups based on age at onset (below or above 40 years of age) and family history. RESULTS: The frequency of HLA A30, Cw3, Cw6, DR7, DR14, DQ8, and DQ9 antigens were significantly increased in the Turkish psoriatic patients whereas HLA A66, Cw2, Cw4 and DR11 were found to be negatively associated with psoriasis. However, there were striking differences in HLA antigens according to the age at onset of the disease. Type I, early onset was associated with a high frequency of A30, B50, Cw6 and DR7 antigens whereas patients with type II, late onset had an increased frequency of Cw7. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that psoriasis is probably a genetically determined disease and suggest that HLA-Cw6 antigen seems to associate commonly with early onset of psoriasis in Turkish patients.     

Association of HLA haplotype with alopecia areata in Chinese Hans

BACKGROUND: Some studies have shown discrepancies in human leucocyte antigen (HLA) associated with alopecia areata (AA) between different ethnic populations. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether HLA-I, -DQA1 and -DQB1 alleles and the HLA haplotype are associated with AA, and the correlation between the HLA haplotype profile, age of onset and severity of AA in Chinese Hans. METHODS: The polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) method was used to analyse the frequencies of HLA class I, -DQA1 and -DQB1 alleles in 192 patients with AA and 252 controls in Chinese Hans. The linkage disequilibrium was calculated using the 2 x 2 table. RESULTS: The 24 two-locus haplotypes [including A*02-B*18, A*02-B*27, A*02-B*52, A*02-Cw*0704, A*02-DQA1*0104, A*02-DQB1*0604, A*02-DQB1*0606, B*18-Cw*0704, B*18-DQA1*0104, B*18-DQA1*0302, B*18-DQB1*0606, B*27-Cw*0704, B*27-DQA1*0104, B*27-DQA1*0302, B*52-Cw*0704, B*52-DQA1*0104, B*52-DQA1*0302, B52-DQB1*0606, Cw*0704-DQA1*0104, Cw*0704-DQA1*0302, Cw*0704-DQB1*0606, DQA1*0104-DQB1*0604, DQA1*0104-DQB1*0606, DQA1*0302-DQB1*0606 (P<0.05)] were associated with AA, while eight extended haplotypes (A*02-B*18-DQA1*0104, A*02-B*27-DQA1*0104, A*02-B*52-DQA1*0104, A*02-B*52-DQA1*0302, A*02-B*52-DQB1*0606, B*52-Cw*0704-DQA1*0104, B*52-Cw*0704-DQA1*0302, A*02-B*52-DQA1*0302-DQB1*0606) were found to be related to AA in Chinese Hans. Through stratified analysis, we found that the extended haplotype B*52-Cw*0704-DQA1*0302 was related to early onset of AA, and no haplotype was only associated with severe AA. CONCLUSION: This is the first detailed report to elucidate HLA haplotypes associated with AA and that demonstrates the significant HLA haplotypes in Chinese Hans AA. The haplotype B*52-Cw*0704-DQA1*0302 was identified to be related to early onset of AA. Our results provide some information for future research on predisposing genes in HLA regions in Chinese Hans.     

蒙古族寻常性银屑病与HLA-Cw及DRB1位点相关性研究

【摘要】 目的 探讨蒙古族人群寻常性银屑病与HLA-Cw 及DRB1等位基因的相关性,为银屑病病因学研究提供依据。方法 序列特异性引物聚合酶链反应（PCR-SSP）对蒙古族寻常性银屑病患者81例及正常蒙古族100例进行HLA-Cw及DRB1位点的等位基因进行分型。结果 银屑病组HLA- Cw*06,DRB1*07等位基因频率显著高于健康对照组,HLA- Cw*04、DRB1*04等位基因频率显著低于健康对照组（Pc ＜ 0.05或0.01）。在发病年龄 ＜ 40岁银屑病及家族史阴性患者中HLA- Cw*06、DRB1*07等位基因频率显著高于健康对照组,而HLA- Cw*04、DRB1*04显著低于健康对照组（Pc ＜ 0.05）。在发病年龄≥ 40岁的银屑病及家族史阳性患者中只有HLA- Cw*06等位基因频率显著高于健康对照组（Pc ＜ 0.05）。结论 HLA- Cw*06、DRB1*07等位基因可能是内蒙古地区蒙古族人群寻常性银屑病的易感基因。HLA- Cw*04、DRB1*04等位基因可能是内蒙古地区蒙古族人群寻常性银屑病发病的保护因子。HLA- DRB1*07可能是发病年龄 ＜ 40岁的银屑病的易感基因,而HLA- Cw*04、DRB1*04则可能是发病年龄 ＜ 40岁银屑病的保护因子。     

寻常性银屑病患者白介素20基因多态性研究

目的:选取位于1q32区域的白介素(IL)-20基因,通过检测基因序列研究基因多态性与银屑病的相关性.方法:提取银屑病患者(203例)和正常人(91名)基因组DNA并进行扩增,通过自动测序的方法测定IL-20基因及启动子区域的序列,检测其单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点,并以SPSS软件进行统计学处理.结果:①IL-20启动子SNP位点-1723 C>G多态性的G等位基因频率,在以上呼吸道感染为发病诱因或加重因素的寻常性银屑病患者组和正常对照组间的频率分别为45.8%和32.4%,两组间差异有统计学意义(X2=5.539,P=0.019).结论:位于IL-20基因启动子区的SNP位点-1723C>G可能与以上呼吸道感染为发病诱因或加重因素的寻常性银屑病相关.     

Association of HLA-DQA1 and DQB1 alleles with alolpecia areata in Chinese Hans

Accumulative evidences have shown that certain HLA loci are associated with alopecia areata (AA), but with existing differences in ethnic distribution. No report has ever been published about this in Chinese Hans. To investigate whether HLA-DQA1 and DQB1 alleles are associated with AA, and the correlation of the HLA profile with age of onset, severity, duration of current attack, recurrence and family history of AA in Chinese Hans. The polymerase chain reaction–sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) method was used to analyze the distribution of HLA-DQA1 and DQB1 alleles in 192 patients with AA and 273 healthy controls in Chinese Hans. The significant increased frequencies of HLA-DQA1*0104 (OR=3.38, P _c<0.001), HLA-DQB1*0604 (OR=5.17, P _c=0.006) and HLA-DQA1*0606 (OR=3.73, P _c<0.001) were observed in patients compared with controls. The DQA1*0104-DQB1*0604, DQA1*0104-DQB1*0606, and DQA1*0302-DQB1*0606 were found as high-risk haplotypes in developing AA in this study. HLA-DQA1*0104 (OR=5.31, P _c < 0.001) and -DQB1*0604 (OR=5.56, P _c=0.015) were more prevalent only in AA patients with long duration than controls. The frequencies of HLA-DQB1*0604 (OR=5.42, P _c=0.009) and -DQB1*0606 (OR=4.11, P _c<0.001) were obviously increased in patients less than 50% scalp hair loss. No locus was merely associated with early onset, severe involvement, recurrence and a positive family history of AA. This study demonstrated the positive association of HLA-DQA1 and DQB1 alleles and haplotypes with AA. There may be differences in genetic background in patients with different duration.     

HLA和寻常型银屑病相关的研究

我们调查了50个寻常型银屑病患者的HLA型和疾病相关性.结果表明HLA-B13(RR=3.74)和HLA-B17(RR=2.44)频率升高和国外报导的一致.而Aw19(RR=2.13)和Cw4(RR=6.35)频一率升高.Bw16(RR=0.17)和Cw3(RR=0.49)下降是本文首终担导,尚未见其他报告,期望同行们证实此发现.银屑病患者具有A1,B17的单倍型.A1与B17连锁,联系到A1,B17,B13抗原频率上升.可能这些抗原与银屑病易感基因相连锁.     

Association between human demodicosis and HLA class I

Demodex folliculorum and D. brevis are obligatory parasites in hair follicles and in pilosebaceous glands of human skin. Although most people are infested with these mites, only a small number develop the clinical symptoms of skin demodicosis. The objective of this study was to determine the association between HLA specificity and demodicosis. Twenty-five patients with human demodicosis and 150 controls were typed for HLA-A, B, Bw, and Cw using the microlymphocytotoxicity method. The immune response was evaluated by identifying membrane markers of different immune cells using monoclonal antibodies. An association between the frequency of HLA Cw2 and Cw4 haplotypes and human demodicosis was established. The risk of developing clinical symptoms of this disease is 5.0 times higher for people with the Cw2 phenotype and 3.1 times higher for those with the Cw4 haplotype. Individuals who have the HLA A2 phenotype are 2.9 times more resistant to demodicosis. A positive correlation between demodicosis and the haplotypes A3-Cw4, A3-Cw2, A3-B17, A3-B35 and B35-Cw4 was found. In addition, an association between Cw2 and Cw4 alleles in the phenotype of patients with demodicosis and a decrease in the number of natural killer cells was found.     

HLA class II alleles in patients with alopecia areata

Our purpose was to determine which HLA class II alleles are associated with Turkish alopecia areata patients. Also we investigated whether there was a relationship between the age of onset and severity of disease and HLA alleles or not. Sixty-five patients with alopecia areata were included in this study, and 50 healthy transplant donors were used as a control group. The total group of alopecia areata patients as well as various subgroups according to scalp hair loss were compared to the control group. HLA DNA typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction/sequence specific primer method. The frequency of DQB1*03 allele was 86.1% in all patients compared to 62.0% in controls (P = 0.005). While the frequency of DQB1*03 was significantly increased, the frequency of DRB1*03 was decreased in the all patients group (4.6% versus 22.0%, P = 0.01). In the group of scalp hair loss less than 25%; the frequency of DRB1*03 was decreased (3.2%, P = 0.02). The group of patients with 25-75% scalp hair loss was compared to control group; the frequencies of DRB1*04 (66.7% versus 28.0%, P = 0.02) was increased. When the alopecia totalis, alopecia universalis or alopecia totalis/alopecia universalis group was compared to control group; DQB1*03 was associated with an increased frequency in this group versus control group (90.9%, P = 0.03). There were no significant differences for the other DQ alleles and the DR alleles tested in the patients and in the controls. When patients with early onset were compared to patients with late onset; no significant allele differences were found. Our findings suggested that DQB1*03 allele is a marker for general susceptibility to alopecia areata and may also serve as special genetic marker for susceptibility for the severe form of alopecia areata in our population. However, this association is not related to age at onset of the disease.     

HLA alleles in renal transplant recipients with nonmelanoma skin cancer in southeastern Brazil

Background: Renal transplant recipients are submitted to immunosuppression to avoid graft rejection, which makes them susceptible to various conditions. Furthermore, these individuals present malignant tumors more frequently than the general population, including nonmelanoma skin cancer. The individual genetic basis that acts in the pathogenesis of cutaneous cancer may present a protection or susceptibility factor for disease development. One of these factors is the HLA complex.Objective: To investigate HLA alleles association to the occurrence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in renal transplant recipients from Sao Paulo State.Methods: A total of 213 patients (93 renal transplant recipients with nonmelanoma skin cancer and 120 renal transplant recipients without nonmelanoma skin cancer) were evaluated by retrospective and cross-sectional study. Epidemiological, clinical and HLA typing data were found in databases. HLA class I (A, B) and class II (DR) alleles were compared to establish their association with nonmelanoma skin cancer.Results: Comparing renal transplant recipients with and without nonmelanoma skin cancer, the HLA-B*13 allele was associated with higher risk of developing nonmelanoma skin cancer while B*45 and B*50 alleles were associated with protection.Study limitations: The HLA A, B and DR alleles identification for the kidney transplantation routine is done by low and medium resolution techniques that do not allow discrimination of specific alleles.Conclusion: The involvement of HLA alleles in nonmelanoma skin cancer in renal transplant recipients was confirmed in this study. Renal transplant recipients with HLA-B*13 showed higher risk for developing a skin cancer (OR= 7.29) and should be monitored for a long period of time after transplantation.     

HLA-DQA1 and DQB1 alleles are associated with genetic susceptibility to psoriasis vulgaris in Chinese Han

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic skin disorder characterized by infiltration of inflammatory elements, keratinocyte hyperproliferation and altered differentiation. Although the pathogenesis of psoriasis is not fully understood, there is solid evidence of a susceptibility locus in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether HLA-DQA1 and DQB1 alleles are associated with genetic susceptibility to psoriasis vulgaris in Chinese Han. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) method was used to analyse the distribution of HLA-DQA1 and DQB1 alleles in 189 patients with psoriasis and 273 healthy controls. RESULTS: The HLA-DQA1*0104 (OR = 2.33, P = 0.0001154, Pc = 2.0 x 10-3), DQA1*0201 (OR = 3.36, P < 1.0 x 10-7, Pc < 1.0 x 10-6), DQB1*0201 (OR = 1.64, P = 0.0192, Pc > 0.05) and DQB1*0303 (OR = 1.55, P = 0.0377, Pc > 0.05) alleles were more prevalent in patients with psoriasis vulgaris than in controls, and HLA-DQA1*0501 (OR = 0.30, P = 0.0000039, Pc < 4.0 x 10-5) alleles were less prevalent. The HLA-DQA1*0104 (OR = 2.42, P = 0.0001159, Pc < 2.0 x 10-3), DQA1*0201 (OR = 3.74, P < 1.0 x 10-7, Pc < 1.0 x 10-6) and DQA1*0501 (OR = 0.30, P = 0.0000374, Pc < 4.0 x 10-4) alleles were only associated with type I psoriasis. HLA-DQA1*0104 and DQA1*0201 were more prevalent in patients with or without a family history of psoriasis. However, the DQA1*0501 allele was only more prevalent in patients without a family history of psoriasis. CONCLUSION: HLA-DQA1*0104 and DQA1*0201 alleles may be psoriasis susceptibility genes or may be in close linkage with the susceptibility genes. The HLA-DQA1*0501 allele seems to have a protective effect against the development of psoriasis vulgaris in Chinese Han. There may be a difference in genetic background between psoriasis patients with and without a family history of psoriasis.     

The A5.1 allele of the major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A is associated with psoriasis vulgaris in Chinese

Background Recent studies have demonstrated an association of a polymorphic (GCT)_n triplet repeat in the transmembrane (TM) region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain‐related gene A (MICA), one of the MHC class I chain‐related (MIC) family members, with some autoimmune diseases, including Behçet’s disease, acute anterior uveitis, Takayasu’s arteritis and others. Objectives The aim of this study was to examine whether the MICA gene is associated with psoriasis vulgaris (PS) in Chinese. Patients and methods The (GCT)_n polymorphism of the MICA gene was investigated in 200 healthy Chinese of Han origin and 300 patients with PS by polymerase chain reaction amplification and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results Five alleles, namely A4, A5, A6, A9 and A5.1 were found in both groups. Comparison of the data from both groups revealed that the A5.1 allele was present at a significantly higher frequency in the patient group (41·5%) than in the control group (23·0%) (Pc < 0·0001, Pc means the probability of a comparison with the control group). The frequency of A5.1‐positive cases was also significantly increased in the patient group (68·0%) as compared with the controls (38·0%) (Pc < 0·0001). Furthermore, the carrier frequency of A5.1‐positive was significantly increased in psoriatic patients with a positive family history and with early onset as compared with sporadic cases (Pc = 0·0005) and with late onset PS (Pc = 0·002). Conclusions These results suggest that the MICA gene may be associated with the development of PS in Chinese.     

Association of human leukocyte antigen class I antigens in Iranian patients with pemphigus vulgaris

There are a limited number of reports indicating the role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles in pemphigus vulgaris. This study was designed to highlight the association of HLA class I alleles with pemphigus vulgaris in Iran. Fifty patients with pemphigus vulgaris, diagnosed based on clinical, histological and direct immunofluorescence findings were enrolled into this study. The control group consisted of 50 healthy, age‐ and sex‐matched individuals. HLA typing of class I (A, B and C alleles) was carried out using polymerase chain reaction based on the sequence‐specific primer method. This study showed the higher frequency of HLA‐B*44:02 (P = 0.007), ‐C*04:01 (P < 0.001), ‐C*15:02 (P < 0.001) and ‐C*16:01 (P = 0.027) in the patient group, compared to the controls, while the frequency of HLA‐C*06:02 (P < 0.001) and ‐C*18:01 (P = 0.008) in the patients with pemphigus vulgaris was significantly lower than the controls. Regarding the linkage disequilibrium between HLA class I alleles, the HLA‐A*03:01, ‐B*51:01, ‐C*16:02 haplotype (4% vs 0%, P = 0.04) is suggested to be a predisposing factor, whereas HLA‐A*26:01, ‐B*38, ‐C*12:03 haplotype (0% vs 6%, P = 0.01) is suggested to be a protective factor. In conclusion, it is suggested that HLA‐B*44:02, ‐C*04:01, ‐C*15:02 alleles and HLA‐A*03:01, ‐B*51:01, ‐C*16:02 haplotype are susceptibility factors for development of pemphigus vulgaris in the Iranian population, while HLA‐C*06:02, ‐C*18:01 alleles and HLA‐A*26:01, ‐B*38, ‐C*12:03 haplotype may be considered as protective alleles.