罗布麻叶抗抑郁活性部位的筛选

目的:筛选罗布麻叶的抗抑郁活性部位,并探讨抗抑郁活性与总黄酮含量的关系。方法:用小鼠强迫游泳实验评价抗抑郁作用;用荧光分光光度法测定单胺类神经递质;用紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮的含量。结果:罗布麻叶乙醇提物对小鼠的不动时间没有显著的影响,而其他4个部位均可不同程度的降低小鼠的不动时间,其中正丁醇部位和水相部位的作用最强。罗布麻叶乙醇提取物显著降低了5-HT在纹状体中的浓度,而石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水相部位对NA、DA、5-HT在海马,纹状体中的浓度有不同程度的影响。结论:罗布麻叶醇提物没有抗抑郁活性,但其他四个部位具有抗抑郁活性,其活性成分主要分布在正丁醇和水溶性部位,且抗抑郁活性与总黄酮含量没有线性关系。     

瑞香狼毒成分抗惊厥作用的初步研究

目的：应用不同溶剂对天然植物瑞香狼毒进行提取，并对不同提取物进行抗惊厥活性的初步实验，探索其治疗癫痫的有效化学成分。方法：采用溶剂萃取法和抗癫痫活性实验，确定何种溶剂提取物抗癫痫活性比较强，并对活性较强提取物的化学成分加以分离，进行结构鉴定。结果：抗惊厥活性物质分别存在于乙醇、乙醚、丙酮和水层提取物中，其中丙酮提取物可使其抗惊厥的潜伏期由对照组的（8．6±1．9）min延长至（21．4±6．7）min；对丙酮提取物进行进一步研究，证明抗惊厥活性的有效成分为伞形花内酯，其作用可使抗惊厥的潜伏期由对照组的（8．6±1．9）min延长至（18．1±4．3）min。结论：初步实验证明瑞香狼毒具有抗惊厥作用，伞形花内酯是有效成分之一。     

响铃草抗炎镇痛活性部位的确定及其质量控制方法的建立

目的:确定响铃草抗炎镇痛活性部位,建立该部位质量控制的方法。方法:小鼠耳廓肿胀法筛选抗炎活性部位,醋酸扭体法及热板法筛选镇痛活性部位。并以大豆皂苷元B为指标性成分,5%香草醛-高氯酸为显色系统,采用分光光度法在568nm波长处测定活性部位中总皂苷的含量。结果:响铃草正丁醇萃取部位具有明显的抗炎镇痛活性。大豆皂苷元质量在60.6～109.08μg范围内与吸光度线性关系良好,回归方程为Y=0.0103X-0.2908,r=0.9991。结论:响铃草正丁醇萃取部位为响铃草的抗炎镇痛部位;分光光度法测定该部位总皂苷的含量,操作简单,所得实验结果稳定、可靠,可作为响铃草抗炎镇痛活性部位质量控制的方法。     

飞燕草不同部位总黄酮的提取与含量测定

目的：提取飞燕草不同部位总黄酮,并对其进行含量测定,最终确定飞燕草最佳药用部位。方法：采用乙醇回流提取法提取飞燕草不同部位总黄酮,以芦丁为标准品,应用紫外分光光度法测定飞燕草全草、根、茎、叶及花中的总黄酮含量。结果：飞燕草全草、根、茎、叶及花等部位总黄酮含量分别为56.2%、47.6%、49.8%、51.3%、65.8%。结论：飞燕草不同部位中均含有总黄酮,其中花中总黄酮含量最高,根中最少,但考虑到不同部位的产量,建议以全草入药。     

瑞香狼毒提取物抗实验性癫痫筛选研究

目的　对瑞香狼毒六种提取物 (依次为瑞香狼毒水、生离物、丙酮、石油醚、乙醚、乙醇提取物 )进行药效学及毒性比较研究 ,筛选出一种高效低毒的抗癫痫化合物 ,便于临床前机制探讨。方法　采用动物三种惊厥模型 ,测定瑞香狼毒六种提取物抗实验性癫痫半数有效量 (ED50 )。计算其半数致死量 (L D50 )。结果　瑞香狼毒提取物 ～ ,即丙酮、石油醚、乙醚、乙醇四种提取物对小鼠最大电休克发作实验 (MES)、戊四唑惊厥实验(MET)和电刺激大鼠皮层惊厥阈值 (TL S)模型均具有较强的对抗作用。而其中丙酮提取物毒性较低 ,治疗指数高达 14 .9。结论　瑞香狼毒丙酮提取物是一种抗惊厥作用较强而毒性小的有希望的抗癫痫化合物。     

蒲黄活性部位的药效学筛选

目的确定生蒲黄、炒蒲黄、蒲黄炭止血作用主要活性部位。方法对生蒲黄、炒蒲黄、蒲黄炭按不同溶剂极性及不同化学成分类型定向提取,以小鼠的止血时间为筛选指标对各部位进行筛选,活性较显著者确定为生蒲黄、炒蒲黄、蒲黄炭止血主要有效部位。结果乙酸乙酯部位、水部位、总黄酮部位可明显缩短小鼠凝血时间。结论初步认为总黄酮部位为生蒲黄、炒蒲黄、蒲黄炭饮片止血作用的主要活性部位。     

药桑中黄酮和多糖的超声提取与含量测定

目的从维药药桑中提取总黄酮和多糖,并测定其含量。方法采用超声波乙醇浸提法提取药桑总黄酮和多糖成分,紫外分光光度法测定样品中黄酮和多糖含量。结果以芦丁和葡萄糖为对照品,测定波长分别选择510和490nm,样品中黄酮和多糖平均含量为0.578g·L-1和63.26%。结论超声波提取法是提取药桑黄酮成分的有效途径,紫外分光光度法测定药桑黄酮和多糖含量准确、稳定,简单易行且重复性好,可作为药桑黄酮和多糖的检测方法。     

瑞香狼毒与大戟狼毒总黄酮成份比较研究

本文对瑞香狼毒及大戟狼毒的总黄酮成份进行了定性分析和含盘测定。其结果表明：瑞香狼毒和大戟 狼毒的总黄酮成份和含量有明显不同，其中瑞香狼毒的总黄酮含量为11.7mg／g，大戟狼毒总黄酮含量为8.3mg／g.     

续断抗骨质疏松活性部位的筛选

目的 探讨续断抗骨质疏松的活性部位.方法 采用成骨细胞促增殖实验,对续断不同萃取部位进行抗骨质琉松药效学筛选,同时采用紫外分光光度法测定了各萃取部位总皂苷的含量,综合药效学和化学成分分析结果,对活性部位进行了探索.结果 续断正丁醇萃取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物能非常显著地促进成骨细胞的增殖,效果明显优于石油醚萃取物与水层;乙酸乙酯萃取物对成骨细胞的促增殖率高于相同浓度的正丁醇萃取物;续断正丁醇萃取物和水层萃取物总皂苷含量分别为75.01％±1.6％.22.84％±0.2％,石油醚和乙酸乙酯萃取物中未检测到皂苷.结论 续断抗骨质疏松活性有效成分主要集中于乙酸乙酯萃取物和正丁醇萃取物,除续断皂苷外,续断中可能还存在其它成分具有抗骨质疏松活性.     

小驳骨总黄酮含量测定及其提取工艺研究

目的研究小驳骨中总黄酮的含量测定方法及其提取工艺。方法采用芦丁显色法,紫外可见分光光度建立小驳骨中总黄酮的含量;采用正交试验法优选总黄酮提取工艺。结果芦丁显色法可以准确测定小驳骨中总黄酮含量,其平均含量为4．67mg／g;正交试验法筛选的最优提取工艺为：15倍量60％乙醇,超声提取40min。结论紫外可见分光光度法测定小驳骨中总黄酮的含量精确科学,能很好地检测和控制小驳骨总黄酮的质量;正交验证试验结果显示次提取工艺稳定、可行。     

双波长分光光度法测定络石藤提取物总木脂素含量的专属性

目的考察已建立的双波长分光光度法测定络石藤提取物总木脂素含量方法的专属性。方法以HPLC指纹图谱为检测方法．采用大孔树脂和聚酰胺两种柱层析方法对络石藤总木脂素提取物分别进行处理,使得到的两种产物的木脂素类成分和含量基本一致．但黄酮类成分和含量差异悬殊。而后采用双波长分光光度法对这两种产物进行总木脂素含量测定．若含量基本一致,表明分光光度法可以有效消除黄酮类成分对总木脂素含量测定的干扰,反之,需调整波长以提高专属性。结果优化分离所得的大孔树脂层析产物和聚酰胺层析产物中木脂素类成分和含量基本一致．大孔树脂层析产物基本保留了络石藤总木脂素提取物中黄酮类成分,而聚酰胺层析产物中的黄酮类成分含量极低,并且两种产物的分光光度法测定所得的总木脂素含量基本一致,表明已建立的双波长分光光度法可以有效消除黄酮类成分的干扰。结论已建立的紫外分光光度法测定络石藤提取物中总木脂素含量的方法具有良好的专属性。     

Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content,total flavonoid content,and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica

Limnophila aromatica is commonly used as a spice and a medicinal herb in Southeast Asia. In this study, water and various concentrations (50%, 75%, and 100%) of methanol, ethanol, and acetone in water were used as solvent in the extraction of L. aromatica. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content of the freeze-dried L. aromatica extracts were investigated using various in vitro assays. The extract obtained by 100% ethanol showed the highest total antioxidant activity, reducing power and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity. The same extract also exhibited the highest phenolic content (40.5 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of defatted L. aromatica) and the highest flavonoid content (31.11 mg quercetin equivalent/g of defatted L. aromatica). The highest extraction yield was obtained by using 50% aqueous acetone. These results indicate that L. aromatica can be used in dietary applications with a potential to reduce oxidative stress.     

基于黄酮类成分含量构成特征和体外抗病毒活性的不同产地黄芩的质-效评价研究

目的:评价黄芩道地药材与非道地药材中主要黄酮类成分含量构成特征及其抗病毒活性,以探讨黄芩药材的质-效关系及药效物质基础。方法:制备8批不同产地黄芩(S1~S8)的水提物冻干粉,采用超高效液相色谱法测定水提物中黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素等4种黄酮类成分的含量并计算其含量构成比。按不同产地黄芩的黄酮类成分含量构成比,制备上述4种成分混合物作为对应的黄酮类成分模拟样品(E1~E8)。以利巴韦林为阳性对照,采用MTT法和细胞病变程度法,考察8批黄芩水提物样品及其对应的模拟样品对人喉癌细胞Hep-2的半数有毒浓度(TD50)和对呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)的半数抑制浓度(IC50),并计算治疗指数(TI)。采用SPSS 17.0软件对黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素含量与其抗RSV活性(IC50值)进行Pearson相关性分析。结果:样品S4(产地为河北承德)的黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷含量最高,样品S6(产地为内蒙古-2)的黄芩素、汉黄芩素含量最高;上述4种成分含量最低的分别为样品S6、S6、S7(产地为北京)、S4。样品S4中黄酮苷类成分含量较高,相应的苷元类成分含量较低,其黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素的含量构成比为1∶0.224∶0.111∶0.013;样品S6中黄酮苷类成分含量较低,相应的苷元类成分含量较高,上述4种成分的含量构成比为1∶0.241∶0.713∶0.106。不同产地黄芩水提物对Hep-2细胞的TC50均高于50μg/mL,对RSV的IC50为11.11~51.74μg/m L,TI为1.86~5.20;其对应的黄酮类成分模拟样品的TC50为23.11~52.23μg/mL,对RSV的IC50为4.87~14.61μg/mL,TI为1.85~4.75。道地产区(河北承德)黄芩(S4)的水提物及其对应模拟样品(E4)的抗RSV作用最强。相关性分析显示,4种黄酮类成分的含量与其抗病毒活性的相关系数均小于0.5,两者无显著相关性。结论:当黄芩中4种主要黄酮类成分的含量构成比为1∶0.224∶0.111∶0.013时,其对RSV的抑制作用较强。道地产区黄芩样品具有较优的黄酮类成分构成特征,该特征可能是道地药材发挥最佳抗病毒疗效的重要物质基础。     

鸡眼草3种不同溶剂提取物对ABTS自由基和羟自由基清除活性的研究

目的:研究鸡眼草3种不同溶剂提取物对ABTS自由基(ABTS·+)和羟自由基(·OH)的清除活性。方法:用冷浸法得到鸡眼草乙醇、丙酮和乙酸乙酯提取物,以UV法测定3种提取物的总黄酮含量,并测定3种提取物对ABTS·+和·OH的清除活性。结果:鸡眼草丙酮提取物的总黄酮含量最高(131.41mg·g-1),对自由基的清除效果也最好,其对ABTS·+和·OH的清除率最高可达到88.79%和95.81%。结论:鸡眼草乙醇、丙酮和乙酸乙酯提取物都具有较强的自由基清除能力,有作为天然抗氧化剂开发利用的潜力。     

Antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity of several monofloral Cuban honeys and their correlation with color,polyphenol content and other chemical compounds

Several monofloral Cuban honeys were analyzed to determine their total phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, amino acid, protein and carotenoid contents as well as their radical-scavenging activity and antimicrobial capacities. The total phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid contents varied considerably, and the highest values were obtained for Linen vine (Govania polygama (Jack) Urb) honey, which is classified as an amber honey. The highest amino acid content was found in Morning glory (Ipomoea triloba L.) while Liven vine had the highest protein content. Similarly Linen vine honey had the highest antioxidant activity while the lowest was found in Christmas vine (Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf). Ascorbic acid was absent. Hydroxyl radical formation was studied by EPR and spin trapping, and it was found in all honeys tested. The antimicrobial activity was screened using two Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. S. aureus was the most sensitive microorganism while Pseudomonas aeruginosa presented higher minimum active dilution values. Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli were both moderately sensitive to honey antimicrobial activity. A correlation between radical-scavenging activity and total phenolic content was found. Correlation existed also between color vs phenolics content, vs flavonoid content or between phenolic vs flavonoid.     

蒙药山沉香醋酸乙酯提取物中开环异落叶松树脂酚和总木脂素含量测定

目的：分别建立高效液相色谱法和紫外-可见分光光度法测定蒙药山沉香（Syringa pinnatifolia.）醋酸乙酯提取物中开环异落叶松树脂酚[（-）-secoisolariciresinol,SECO]含量和总木脂素含量。方法：采用95%乙醇对山沉香加热回流提取,采用醋酸乙酯萃取。利用高效液相色谱法,测定山沉香醋酸乙酯提取物中SECO含量。色谱柱：Agilent C₁₈色谱柱,流动相：甲醇-0.1%甲酸溶液,流速：0.5 mL·min^-1,柱温：30℃,检测波长：280 nm。利用紫外-可见分光光度法,以SECO为标准品,于280 nm波长处测定山沉香醋酸乙酯提取物中总木脂素含量。结果：高效液相色谱法中,SECO质量浓度在0.028~0.280 mg·mL^-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,线性方程为：Y=2 838.6X+59.354（r²=0.999 7）;平均加样回收率（n=9）为99.27%,RSD为1.55%（n=9）。紫外-可见分光光度法中,SECO质量浓度在0.002 6~0.084 0 mg·mL^-1范围内与吸光度线性关系良好,线性方程为：Y=21.393X+0.03（r²=0.999 4）;平均加样回收率为100.06%,RSD为1.12%（n=9）。结论：该方法操作简便可靠,适用于山沉香醋酸乙酯提取物中总木脂素及有效成分的含量测定及质量控制。     

Antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz (wild service tree) fruits

In this study, the antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz fruits were evaluated. Total phenolic and flavonoid compounds, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothioazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and superoxide anion radicals scavenging activities and ferric-reducing antioxidant power of water, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts were determined for the measurement of the antioxidant activity. Quercetin and α-tocopherol were used as standard antioxidants. The inhibitory effect of the water extract on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was evaluated using the Ellman method and galantamine was used as a standard. Water extract had the highest total phenolic concentration and the strongest antioxidant activity followed by ethyl acetate and acetone extracts whereas methanol extract has the lowest phenolics and weakest antioxidant activity. Moreover, water extract showed moderate ability to inhibit AChE. It was concluded that fruits of S. torminalis have antioxidant and anti-AChE activities and that the plant might be a natural source of antioxidants and AChE inhibitors.     

The potential medicinal value of plants from Asteraceae family with antioxidant defense enzymes as biological targets

Abstract

Context: Plants and most of the plant-derived compounds have long been known for their potential pharmaceutical effects. They are well known to play an important role in the treatment of several diseases from diabetes to various types of cancers. Today most of the clinically effective pharmaceuticals are developed from plant-derived ancestors in the history of medicine.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of methanol, ethanol, and acetone extracts from flowers and leaves of Onopordum acanthium L., Carduus acanthoides L., Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., and Centaurea solstitialis L., all from the Asteraceae family, for investigating their potential medicinal values of biological targets that are participating in the antioxidant defense system such as catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).

Materials and methods: In this study, free radical scavenging activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the plant samples were assayed by DPPH, Folin–Ciocalteu, and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods. Also, the effects of extracts on CAT, GST, and GPx enzyme activities were investigated.

Results and discussion: The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents were detected in the acetone extract of C. acanthoides flowers, with 90.305?mg GAE/L and 185.43?mg Q/L values, respectively. The highest DPPH radical scavenging was observed with the methanol leaf extracts of C. arvense with an IC₅₀ value of 366?ng/mL. The maximum GPx and GST enzyme inhibition activities were observed with acetone extracts from the flower of C. solstitialis with IC₅₀ values of 79 and 232?ng/mL, respectively.     

Flavonoid compositions and antioxidant activity of calamondin extracts prepared using different solvents

Calamondin has been demonstrated to exhibit antioxidant function and tyrosinase inhibitory activity, which might be attributed to its flavonoid compounds. To improve their application, the flavonoid compositions and antioxidant activity of calamondin extracts, prepared by different solvents, were investigated. The results showed that total phenolic and flavonoid contents of extracts from peel of calamondin were higher than that from pulp, except the flavonoid content in hot water extract. The flavonoids found in extracts of calamondin were 3′,5′-di-C-β-glucopyranosylphloretin (DGPP), naringin, hesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin, and diosmin. DGPP exhibited the highest quantity, while naringin and hesperidin were the other two major flavonoids. The content of DGPP in hot water extract of peel was higher than in extracts of organic solvents, however, the contents of nobiletin and tangeretin were found only in extracts of organic solvents. The highest levels of total flavonoids and DGPP were obtained in hot water extract from peel at 90°C. The extracts of hot water and ethyl acetate showed higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging potency than that of ethanol and methanol. A positive relationship existed between total phenolic contents and DPPH scavenging potency (p < 0.01), while total flavonoid compositions also showed correlation (p < 0.05). Thus, DGPP, naringin, and hesperidin might contribute to antioxidant activity. Collectively, the hot water extract of calamondin peel might have potential for health food and cosmetic applications due to its good antioxidant activity and high level of DGPP.