曹县疟疾流行与综合防治措施的研究

目的分析曹县疟疾流行特征和防控策略,总结消除疟疾工作经验。方法收集、分析1953-2014年曹县疟疾 疫情及各项防控措施落实情况,进行描述性分析和效果评价。结果曹县疟疾发病率由1970年的13.25%降至1983年 的0.33%;1986年首次未发现疟疾报告病例,全县实现了基本消除疟疾的目标。2006-2010年均有散在病例发生。2011- 2014年共报告3例国外输入性疟疾。结论曹县采取的综合性疟疾防治措施效果显著,具备了消除疟疾的条件。输入 性疟疾病例及其二代病例是今后疟疾防治工作的重点。     

全球消除疟疾行动中主要非国家行为体及行动进展

在各国政府和以WHO为代表的非国家行为体共同努力下，全球疟疾防控工作取得了巨大成就，但疟疾对人类健康仍构成严重威胁。WHO作为全球消除疟疾行动领导者，制定了《2016-2030年全球疟疾技术战略》，并通过其全球疟疾规划司执行5个重点项目，推进《2016-2030年全球疟疾技术战略》目标的实现。此外，全球基金、美国总统防治疟疾行动计划和比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会也是全球消除疟疾行动的主要参与者，并发挥了重要作用。本文介绍了当前参与全球消除疟疾的主要非国家行为体；建议各行为体间加强沟通协调，并与各国政府紧密合作，共同努力实现全球消除疟疾的宏伟目标。     

沧源县中缅边境疟疾联防效果的探讨

目的 降低边境地区的疟疾发病,防止疟疾输入。方法 按照中缅部份边境地区疟疾联防联控试点研究方案开展工作。结果 通过与缅甸佤邦卫生部门的协作,建立了两国边境地区的疟疾联防联控机制;通过举办培训班提高双边疟防人员的抗疟水平;通过在边境口岸设立警示牌等宣教活动,向出入境人员宣传出境感染疟疾的风险和患了疟疾到当地卫生部门求治,提高出境人员的疟疾防护意识;通过对出境意识、发放预防药和提供蚊帐等措施,边民抵御疟疾输入的能力有所提高。结论 边境疟疾联防能有效的提高两国边境地区的疟疾防控能力,减少疟疾向境内输入。     

疟疾及其蚊媒的预测方法研究进展

影响疟疾流行的因素复杂，对疟疾进行有效监测和预测具有重要意义。GIS/RS技术的出现为疟疾的监测和预测提供了新的手段。该文综述了疟疾的监测和预测方法以及GIS/RS技术在当前疟疾监测和预测中的应用现状。     

建德市2004～2007年疟疾疫情和流行趋势分析

本文介绍了建德市2004-2007年疟疾疫情及2004年一疟疾暴发点的流行情况，分析了疟疾疫情回升原因，并对流行趋势作了预测，并建议在类似地区应进一步加强疫点处理和疟疾监测工作，防止疟疾暴发流行。     

2012年襄阳市襄州区全球基金疟疾项目终期效果分析

目的 评价湖北省襄阳市襄州区2010-07-01/2012-06-30全球基金疟疾项目实施的效果及对消除疟疾的作用.方法 在项目覆盖地区,贯彻实施全球基金疟疾项目执行计划和中国消除疟疾行动计划,2012-07按照《湖北省全球基金疟疾项目终期评估方案》,收集、整理、汇总襄州区2010-07/2012-06各项目活动工作资料,进行描述性分析.结果 襄阳市襄州区2009年报告疟疾患者77例,疫情报告率为0.76/万,2011-07/2012-06报告疟疾患者4例,疫情报告率为0.04/万,与2009年相比,2011-07/2012-06疟疾疫情报告数下降了94.81％；疟疾病例实验室确诊率提高了71.43％;疟疾病例实验室检测率提高了67.26％;采取室内滞留喷洒的疫点比例和疟疾病例流行病学个案调查率提高了70.13％;居民与中小学生疟防知识知晓率分别提高了20.12％和26.34％.结论 2012年襄州区全球基金疟疾项目实施2年后疟疾发病率大幅度下降,各项防治指标均有提高,加快了消除疟疾的进程.     

科技引领 技术创新|为加速消除疟疾进程提供驱动力

江苏省启动消除疟疾行动以来，在疟疾流行病学、病原生物学和媒介生物学等方面开展了系列科学研究，并建立了一些新技术和新方法，这不仅为江苏省消除疟疾提供了有力保障、有效阻断了本地疟疾传播，还为全国乃至全球消除疟疾提供借鉴和技术支持。     

武汉市流动人口输入性疟疾管理效果评价

目的综合评价流动人口输入性疟疾防控管理措施的疟防成效,以做好输入性疟疾的防控工作。方法收集并分析2005～2010年疟疾现症病人相关资料,评价防控管理效果。结果 2007年后输入性疟疾成为武汉市疟疾发病主体,输入性恶性疟逐年增多,但疟疾年发病人数总体呈下降趋势,发病率降到0.2/10万以下。结论武汉市实施流动人口输入性疟疾防控管理措施后有效遏制了输入性疟疾疫情的发生,取得了显著效果。     

云南省民间治疗疟疾验方剂型调查

云南省的26个民族的居民大多生活在边境地区及内地疟疾高度流行区。在与疟疾抗争的过程中，各民族逐步掌握了当地一些植物和动物的抗疟药性，积累了不少缓解疟疾症状和治疗疟疾的验方。为了解当前云南省边境地区和内地疟疾流行区民间治疗疟疾情况，于2002～2003年开展了云南省民间治疗疟疾验方剂型调查。     

疟疾误诊2例报告

本文对2例误诊疟疾病例进行了报道,对疟疾误诊原因进行了分析,并对疟疾的诊疗措施提出了建议。     

Lubiprostone： Clinical applications beyond constipation

In comparison to polyethylene glycol, lubiprostone offers other advantages and is increasingly being used as an adjunctive agent in diagnostic as well as management strategies not only in gastroenterology, but in other fields. For instance, lubiprostone exerts beneficial effects in cystic fibrosis tissues. It augmernts the chloride secretion in these cells by activating non-cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator （CFTR） secretion of chloride by afflicted respiratory epithelia. Lubiprostone also seems to improve visualization of the gastrointestinal tract during procedures such as colonoscopy. This is especially true if the lubiprostone is administered prior to bowel cleansing with agents such as polyethylene glycol electrolyte （PEG-E）. Lubiprostone also enhances and stimulates contraction in colonic as well as gastric muscles and may thus further contribute as a prokinetic agent. Besides these effects, lubiprostone also causes hyperpolarization in other tissues such as uterine muscle cells. This may prove to be of significant clinical benefit in the management of uterine pathologies in the near future.     

Obesity and diabetes—Not only a simple link between two epidemics

Diabetes (DM) as well as obesity, due to their increasing incidence, were recognized as epidemic by the World Health Organization. Obesity is involved not only in the aetiopathogenesis of the most common worldwide type of DM—type 2 diabetes—but also in the development of its complications. There is also increasing scientific evidence regarding the role of obesity and overweight in type 1 diabetes. Weight gain may be considered as a complication of insulin treatment but also reveals significant pathophysiological impact on various stages of the disease. Another very important aspect related to DM as well as obesity is the microbiome, which is highly variable. The function of the gut microflora, its interaction with the whole organism, and its role in the development of obesity and type 1 diabetes as well as type 2 diabetes are still not fully understood and subject of ongoing investigations. This review presents a summary of recently published results concerning the relation of obesity/overweight and DM as well as their associations with the microbiome.     

Pneumonia in the tropics

Pneumonia in the tropics poses a heavy disease burden. The complex interplay of climate change, human migration influences and socio‐economic factors lead to changing patterns of respiratory infections in tropical climate but also increasingly in temperate countries. Tropical and poorer countries, especially South East Asia, also bear the brunt of the global tuberculosis (TB) pandemic, accounting for almost one‐third of the burden. But, as human migration patterns evolve, we expect to see more TB cases in higher income as well as temperate countries, and rise in infections like scrub typhus from ecotourism activities. Fuelled by the ease of air travel, novel zoonotic infections originating from the tropics have led to global respiratory pandemics. As such, clinicians worldwide should be aware of these new conditions as well as classical tropical bacterial pneumonias such as melioidosis. Rarer entities such as co‐infections of leptospirosis and chikungunya or dengue will need careful consideration as well. In this review, we highlight aetiologies of pneumonia seen more commonly in the tropics compared with temperate regions, their disease burden, variable clinical presentations as well as impact on healthcare delivery.     

The Relationship Between Psychogenic Cough and the Diagnosis and Misdiagnosis of Asthma: A Review

The differential diagnoses of persistent nonproductive cough include numerous pulmonary and nonpulmonary organic disorders as well as functional illnesses. Many diseases can cause cough, and several studies have shown asthma among the most common etiologies associated with chronic cough in adult nonsmokers, as well as children. Psychogenic cough and its relationship to asthma and other asthma-like illnesses is complex since distinct maladies with similar features may coexist individually or in combination in any given patient. While chronic cough may occur as a sole presenting manifestation of bronchial asthma in all age groups, recent findings suggest that most children with persistent cough without other respiratory symptoms do not have asthma. Since several organic, as well as functional diseases, may present with persistent cough as their sole manifestation in either adults or children, cough should not be used as a single or major determinant to diagnose and treat asthma, especially when empirically focused therapy trials fail. Given the range of illnesses causing cough, no single management guideline can be expected to be universally effective.     

Thalidomide in the treatment of multiple myeloma

Thalidomide--either alone or in combination with dexamethasone or chemotherapy--has shown significant activity in relapsed/refractory disease. When used in the induction regimens in untreated patients, it significantly increases the response rates as well progression-free survival. Moreover, thalidomide as a maintenance therapy has become a very attractive option. However, the toxicity profile of the drug, mainly neurotoxicity and thrombotic events, mandate careful monitoring of patients treated with thalidomide, whether as the first line, in the relapsed setting, or as maintenance. In this chapter we will review the pharmacology, mechanisms of action, and toxicity of the drug, and will focus on available data from clinical experience and randomized trials of thalidomide in the different settings of multiple myeloma: refractory/relapsed disease, upfront treatment in patients who are eligible for high-dose therapy as well as those who are not, and finally the use of thalidomide as a maintenance treatment.     

Apoptosis in heart failure and the senescent heart

The progressive loss of cardiac myocytes by apoptotic cell death has been discussed as an important pathogenic component in the failing myocardium as well in the aging heart. The degree to which apoptosis contributes to myocyte loss in these conditions, however, is a controversial issue. This review focuses on the regulation of apoptosis, evidence implicating apoptosis as a mechanism for the progression and development of heart failure, the role of apoptotic death in senescent cardiac dysfunction, as well as on the problems of detection of apoptosis.     

A Fast and Implantation-Free Sample Production Method for Large Scale Electron-Transparent Metallic Samples Destined for MEMS-Based In Situ S/TEM Experiments

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are currently supporting ground-breaking basic research in materials science and metallurgy as they allow in situ experiments on materials at the nanoscale within electron microscopes in a wide variety of different conditions such as extreme materials dynamics under ultrafast heating and quenching rates as well as in complex electro-chemical environments. Electron-transparent sample preparation for MEMS e-chips remains a challenge for this technology as the existing methodologies can introduce contaminants, thus disrupting the experiments and the analysis of results. Herein we introduce a methodology for simple and fast electron-transparent sample preparation for MEMS e-chips without significant contamination. The quality of the samples as well as their performance during a MEMS e-chip experiment in situ within an electron microscope are evaluated during a heat treatment of a crossover AlMgZn(Cu) alloy.     

The Relationship Between Psychogenic Cough and the Diagnosis and Misdiagnosis of Asthma: A Review

The differential diagnoses of persistent nonproductive cough include numerous pulmonary and nonpulmonary organic disorders as well as functional illnesses. Many diseases can cause cough, and several studies have shown asthma among the most common etiologies associated with chronic cough in adult nonsmokers, as well as children. Psychogenic cough and its relationship to asthma and other asthma-like illnesses is complex since distinct maladies with similar features may coexist individually or in combination in any given patient. While chronic cough may occur as a sole presenting manifestation of bronchial asthma in all age groups, recent findings suggest that most children with persistent cough without other respiratory symptoms do not have asthma. Since several organic, as well as functional diseases, may present with persistent cough as their sole manifestation in either adults or children, cough should not be used as a single or major determinant to diagnose and treat asthma, especially when empirically focused therapy trials fail. Given the range of illnesses causing cough, no single management guideline can be expected to be universally effective.     

Simultaneous detection of two mechanisms of immune destruction of penicillin-treated human red blood cells

Two separate processes of putative red-cell destruction in penicillin-induced immune hemolysis were measured simultaneously by a rapid (3 hour) assay utilizing ⁵¹Cr-labelled red blood cells (RBC). Antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was estimated by release of ⁵¹Cr; and antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADPh) by quantitation of ⁵¹Cr uptake into mononuclear phagocytes as well as by counts of engulfed RBC. Attacking cells were obtained by Ficoll-Hypaque separation of peripheral blood from normal donors. Phagocytosis as well as lysis were proportional to anti-penicillin antiserum concentration, to incubation time, and to the concentration of the attacking cells. Enrichment of mononuclear phagocytes in the attacking cell population by albumin gradient separation led to an increase in phagocytosis as well as in cytotoxicity. Depletion of mononuclear phagocytes resulted in a decline in both processes. Dilution of antiserum abolished ADCC but affected ADPh only slightly. Iodoacetate as well as colchicine inhibited both activities. These results indicate that both processes may be operative in the immune destruction of RBC in vivo.