Preparation and evaluation of the 1st international standard for the quantitation of HIV-2 RNA in plasma

An international standard for the quantitation of HIV-2 RNA in plasma samples was developed. A collaborative study involving 29 laboratories from 15 countries was carried out in order to evaluate HIV-2 RNA candidate materials for use with nucleic acid-based tests (NATs). Candidate reference standards consisted of duplicate copies of two HIV-2 genotype A viruses, HIV-2 CAM2 and HIV-2 ROD and were coded S1-S4. Each laboratory assayed all four candidates on at least three separate occasions and data were collated and analysed at NIBSC. Of the data sets returned the majority were from qualitative assays. All assays detected both candidate standards with the exception of one commercial assay, the Nuclisens Easy Q, which was designed primarily for HIV-1 detection which did not detect HIV-2 CAM2 but showed good detection of HIV-2 ROD. This highlighted possible cross reactivity with HIV-2 ROD with some NAT primer/probe combinations; as a result the HIV-2 CAM2 material was established as the 1st international standard for HIV-2 RNA with an assigned unitage of 1000 International Units (IU) per ampoule and is available upon request from the National Institute for Biological Standardisation and Control (NIBSC) (www.nibsc.ac.uk).     

毛囊角化病遗传学研究进展

毛囊角化病的致病基因位于染色体12q23-q24.1区域内编码肌浆/内质网钙离子-ATP酶2(sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase isoforra2,SERCA2)的ATP2A2基因.近年来,国内外学者对SERCA泵、SERCA2亚型、致病基因突变、TRPC1增量调节、SP1、Bcl-2基因等方面进行研究,取得了新进展.     

The impact of the prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 and its downstream effects on the pathophysiology of asthma

Current research suggests that the prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂) receptor 2 (DP₂) is a principal regulator in the pathophysiology of asthma, because it stimulates and amplifies the inflammatory response in this condition. The DP₂ receptor can be activated by both allergic and nonallergic stimuli, leading to several pro-inflammatory events, including eosinophil activation and migration, release of the type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 from T helper 2 (Th2) cells and innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILCs), and increased airway smooth muscle mass via recruitment of mesenchymal progenitors to the airway smooth muscle bundle. Activation of the DP₂ receptor pathway has potential downstream effects on asthma pathophysiology, including on airway epithelial cells, mucus hypersecretion, and airway remodelling, and consequently might impact asthma symptoms and exacerbations. Given the broad distribution of DP₂ receptors on immune and structural cells involved in asthma, this receptor is being explored as a novel therapeutic target.     

SARS-CoV-2, the pandemic coronavirus: Molecular and structural insights

The outbreak of a novel coronavirus associated with acute respiratory disease, called COVID-19, marked the introduction of the third spillover of an animal coronavirus (CoV) to humans in the last two decades. The genome analysis with various bioinformatics tools revealed that the causative pathogen (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the subgenus Sarbecovirus of the genus Betacoronavirus, with highly similar genome as bat coronavirus and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike glycoprotein as Malayan pangolin coronavirus. Based on its genetic proximity, SARS-CoV-2 is likely to have originated from bat-derived CoV and transmitted to humans via an unknown intermediate mammalian host, probably Malayan pangolin. Further, spike protein S1/S2 cleavage site of SARS-CoV-2 has acquired polybasic furin cleavage site which is absent in bat and pangolin suggesting natural selection either in an animal host before zoonotic transfer or in humans following zoonotic transfer. In the current review, we recapitulate a preliminary opinion about the disease, origin and life cycle of SARS-CoV-2, roles of virus proteins in pathogenesis, commonalities, and differences between different corona viruses. Moreover, the crystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 proteins with unique characteristics differentiating it from other CoVs are discussed. Our review also provides comprehensive information on the molecular aspects of SARS-CoV-2 including secondary structures in the genome and protein–protein interactions which can be useful to understand the aggressive spread of the SARS-CoV-2. The mutations and the haplotypes reported in the SARS-CoV-2 genome are summarized to understand the virus evolution.     

达格列净治疗2型糖尿病的研究进展

目前糖尿病发病率越来越高,传统的糖尿病治疗药物仍有一定的弊端。达格列净为新型降糖药物,为糖尿病的治疗提供了新的思路和选择。本文通过查阅近年来国内外文献,对达格列净治疗2型糖尿病的作用机制、药理作用、安全性及临床应用等方面的研究进展进行综述,为达格列净的临床应用提供参考。     

IL－2和sIL－2R在哮喘发病中的意义探讨

为了探讨ＩＬ－２和ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ在哮喘发病中的意义，对３６例哮喘患者外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）诱生ＩＬ－２水平和血浆ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平进行了检测，同时以支气管炎患者与正常人作对照。结果表明，ＰＢＭｃ诱生的ＩＬ－２活性哮喘组高于正常对照组（ｐ＜０．０５）；血浆ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平哮喘组高于支气管炎和正常组（ｐ＜０．０１），后两者差异无显著性。以上结果表明，哮喘发病中存在着Ｔ细胞的活化，ＩＬ－２／ＩＬ－２Ｒ在哮喘发病中起作用。     

Transcutaneous measurement of PO2 and PCO2 in the dermis at the site of the tuberculin reaction in healthy human subjects

The respiration of the skin at the site of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction in tuberculin skin tests was studied by transcutaneous measurement of dermal oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in normal individuals who had been immunized with BCG: six reactions were strong positives, four were weak positives, and four without induration were regarded as negative. The tcPO2 fell over the first 2 days of the reaction and remained low for the next 2 days: the severity of the changes was greater in the 'strong' reactions than in the 'weak' reactions. The tcPCO2 showed a reciprocal rise over the first 2 days and, although still high, tended to recover over the fourth day. These results indicate that local hypoxia and hypercapnia are prominent features of the positive tuberculin test, probably as a consequence of the respiration of the infiltrating lymphocytes and monocytes. It is likely that similar respiratory changes occur in those chronic inflammatory diseases where delayed hypersensitivity reactions make a contribution to the pathogenesis of the lesion.     

Smad3基因敲除小鼠肾Smad2和p-Smad2表达的变化

目的:观察Smad3基因敲除小鼠肾Smad2和p-Smad2表达的变化,探讨Smad3基因敲除小鼠肾是否有Smad2和p-Smad2代偿性增加.方法:4只Smad3基因敲除小鼠,10只野生型小鼠,应用免疫组织化学显色技术,检测Smad2和p-Smad2蛋白的定位和表达情况,并用Motic病理图像分析系统对图像进行半定量分析.结果:野生型小鼠肾Smad2蛋白在肾远端小管和肾集合管细胞胞质中有广泛弱表达,p-Smad2蛋白在肾远端小管和肾集合管细胞胞质、胞核中也有弱表达,而Smad3基因敲除小鼠的Smad2和p-Smad2的表达比野生型小鼠有显著升高.结论:Smad3基因敲除能引起小鼠肾Smad2和p-Smad2表达的代偿性增加.     

M2e通用流感疫苗的研究进展

M2基质蛋白是A型流感病毒膜蛋白,在A型流感病毒的生命周期中,M2具有重要的生物学功能,已成为抗病毒药物研究的靶蛋白.其胞外区M2e(M2 eetodomain,M2e)为24个氨基酸残基,该片段在多病毒株中具有极高的保守性.针对M2e产生IgG型抗体能够防止流感病毒引发的死亡,减少动物模型中流感的发病率.了解有关M2e疫苗的研究进展,以及关于M2e作为A型流感疫苗靶抗原的关键问题很重要.     

M2e通用流感疫苗的研究进展

M2基质蛋白是A型流感病毒膜蛋白,在A型流感病毒的生命周期中,M2具有重要的生物学功能,已成为抗病毒药物研究的靶蛋白.其胞外区M2e(M2 eetodomain,M2e)为24个氨基酸残基,该片段在多病毒株中具有极高的保守性.针对M2e产生IgG型抗体能够防止流感病毒引发的死亡,减少动物模型中流感的发病率.了解有关M2e疫苗的研究进展,以及关于M2e作为A型流感疫苗靶抗原的关键问题很重要.     

M2e通用流感疫苗的研究进展

M2基质蛋白是A型流感病毒膜蛋白,在A型流感病毒的生命周期中,M2具有重要的生物学功能,已成为抗病毒药物研究的靶蛋白.其胞外区M2e(M2 eetodomain,M2e)为24个氨基酸残基,该片段在多病毒株中具有极高的保守性.针对M2e产生IgG型抗体能够防止流感病毒引发的死亡,减少动物模型中流感的发病率.了解有关M2e疫苗的研究进展,以及关于M2e作为A型流感疫苗靶抗原的关键问题很重要.     

M2e通用流感疫苗的研究进展

M2基质蛋白是A型流感病毒膜蛋白,在A型流感病毒的生命周期中,M2具有重要的生物学功能,已成为抗病毒药物研究的靶蛋白.其胞外区M2e(M2 eetodomain,M2e)为24个氨基酸残基,该片段在多病毒株中具有极高的保守性.针对M2e产生IgG型抗体能够防止流感病毒引发的死亡,减少动物模型中流感的发病率.了解有关M2e疫苗的研究进展,以及关于M2e作为A型流感疫苗靶抗原的关键问题很重要.     

M2e通用流感疫苗的研究进展

M2基质蛋白是A型流感病毒膜蛋白,在A型流感病毒的生命周期中,M2具有重要的生物学功能,已成为抗病毒药物研究的靶蛋白.其胞外区M2e(M2 eetodomain,M2e)为24个氨基酸残基,该片段在多病毒株中具有极高的保守性.针对M2e产生IgG型抗体能够防止流感病毒引发的死亡,减少动物模型中流感的发病率.了解有关M2e疫苗的研究进展,以及关于M2e作为A型流感疫苗靶抗原的关键问题很重要.     

PAK2真核表达载体的构建及在胃癌细胞内的表达与定位

目的 构建PAK2真核表达载体及证实在胃癌细胞内的表达与定位.方法 提取HeLa细胞的mRNA,反转录为cDNA.PCR扩增PAK2全长编码基因,克隆至pcDNA3.1A表达载体中.将构建的重组质粒测序并转染到胃癌细胞SGC-7901中,Western blot检测蛋白表达,免疫荧光检测PAK2在胃癌细胞内的定位.结果...     

M2e通用流感疫苗的研究进展

M2基质蛋白是A型流感病毒膜蛋白,在A型流感病毒的生命周期中,M2具有重要的生物学功能,已成为抗病毒药物研究的靶蛋白.其胞外区M2e(M2 eetodomain,M2e)为24个氨基酸残基,该片段在多病毒株中具有极高的保守性.针对M2e产生IgG型抗体能够防止流感病毒引发的死亡,减少动物模型中流感的发病率.了解有关M2e疫苗的研究进展,以及关于M2e作为A型流感疫苗靶抗原的关键问题很重要.     

M2e通用流感疫苗的研究进展

M2基质蛋白是A型流感病毒膜蛋白,在A型流感病毒的生命周期中,M2具有重要的生物学功能,已成为抗病毒药物研究的靶蛋白.其胞外区M2e(M2 eetodomain,M2e)为24个氨基酸残基,该片段在多病毒株中具有极高的保守性.针对M2e产生IgG型抗体能够防止流感病毒引发的死亡,减少动物模型中流感的发病率.了解有关M2e疫苗的研究进展,以及关于M2e作为A型流感疫苗靶抗原的关键问题很重要.     

M2e通用流感疫苗的研究进展

M2基质蛋白是A型流感病毒膜蛋白,在A型流感病毒的生命周期中,M2具有重要的生物学功能,已成为抗病毒药物研究的靶蛋白.其胞外区M2e(M2 eetodomain,M2e)为24个氨基酸残基,该片段在多病毒株中具有极高的保守性.针对M2e产生IgG型抗体能够防止流感病毒引发的死亡,减少动物模型中流感的发病率.了解有关M2e疫苗的研究进展,以及关于M2e作为A型流感疫苗靶抗原的关键问题很重要.     

PDLLA／HA接骨系统固定兔下颌骨骨折愈合过程中外源性rhBMP-2的作用

探讨rhBMP-2在PDLLA/HA接骨系统固定兔下颌骨骨折愈合过程中的作用.对36只新西兰白兔实施骨折模型,采用PDLLA/HA接骨系统、PDLLA/HA接骨系统+胶原膜、PDLLA/HA接骨系统+含rhBMP-2的胶原膜3种不同方法,进行兔下颌骨骨折处的固定.在术后2周、4周、8周、12周,进行大体观察、X线观察和组织病理学的分析,对3组结果进行比较,并考察rhBMP-2膜在PDLLA/HA接骨系统固定兔下颌骨骨折愈合过程中的作用.各组动物伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,骨折无移位,咬合正常;X线显示,术后2～12周,骨折线逐渐由清晰变为模糊最后消失.但加入rhBMP-2组比另两组在同一时间段骨折线密度更高,在第2周、4周、8周显示,rhBMP-2组愈合加快,HE染色显示,在早期(2～4周)rhBMP-2组即有大量成骨细胞和成软骨细胞及新生骨样组织,12周rhBMP-2组骨折线不可见,骨小梁走向趋于规则.不含rhBMP-2的两组骨小梁呈网状,不如rhBMP-2组规则,骨折线模糊.PDLLA/HA接骨系统具有良好的固定骨折和使骨折愈合的效果,而rhBMP-2膜与PDLLA/HA接骨系统联合使用来固定兔下颌骨骨折可提高愈合速度,具有很好的促骨愈合效果,为临床上解决固定期过长的问题提供了一种新的途径.