B超在小儿急性阑尾炎诊治中的应用

Ｂ超在小儿急性阑尾炎诊治中的应用于鼎１９８８年５月～１９９３年５月对１２３例临床诊断为小儿急性阑尾炎的患儿在术前辅以Ｂ超诊断。其中临床误诊２５例，Ｂ超追踪观察排除阑尾炎２１例。术后确诊的１０２例阑尾炎患儿术前经Ｂ超检查，其中９８例显影结果与手术所见及...     

小儿阑尾炎误诊分析

目的 分析小儿阑尾炎的误诊原因，降低小儿阑尾炎的误诊率，减少术后并发症的发生。方法 回顾我院外科1997～2002年误诊的225例急性阑尾炎的临床资料，通过对其病史、手术所见，实验室及辅助检查结果进行回顾性研究，分析误诊原因。结果术前诊断为其他疾病，手术确诊为阑尾炎的163例；术前诊断为阑尾炎，手术证实为其他疾病的62例。全部病例均经手术治疗，术后痊愈出院，并发症的发生率为16.44％。结论 对小儿急性阑尾炎的临床症状特点缺乏足够的认识，腹部体征的掌握不准确及过多的依赖辅助检查是误诊的主要原因。对酷似阑尾炎的病例，应当允许阑尾误切的存在，但应注意诊断和鉴别诊断，尽量减少误切。     

小儿急性阑尾炎12例误诊情况回顾性分析

目的分析小儿急性阑尾炎的病例特点,提高诊断率,减少误诊发生。方法对12例小儿急性阑尾炎病例进行回顾性分析。结果本组患儿12例均于入院后24~48 h内转入本院外科,11例经手术治疗证实为急性阑尾炎,其中阑尾穿孔并发局限性或弥漫性腹膜炎4例,另外1例确诊为阑尾周围脓肿,经保守治疗后手术切除。结论对于无明确病因的急性发热、腹痛、呕吐、腹泻、腹胀患儿应高度警惕阑尾炎发生的可能,详细进行腹部体检和动态观察腹部体征变化,结合必要的辅助检查,降低误诊率。     

小儿急性胰腺炎的影像学诊断

目的探讨影像学检查诊断小儿急性胰腺炎的临床意义。方法回顾我院8例急性胰腺炎患儿的腹部X线、B超及CT检查等影像学资料,并结合病情进行分析。结果8例均行立卧位腹平片、B超、CT检查。其中3例诊断为外伤性胰腺炎病例,5例诊断为非外伤性胰腺炎,包括2例胆源性胰腺炎,1例十二指肠炎性水肿导致胰液排出受阻,1例巨细胞病毒性肝炎、胰腺炎,1例胆总管囊肿并急性胰腺炎。1例行胰尾部假性囊肿切除及胰尾-空肠Roux-Y吻合术治愈,其余均经保守治疗好转或治愈出院。8例随访3~6个月,无复发。结论腹部X线、B超、CT检查对小儿急性胰腺炎有重要的诊断意义。     

小儿腹部闭合性损伤的漏诊、误诊原因与对策

目的探讨小儿腹部闭合性损伤的漏诊、误诊原因与对策。方法回顾分析我院1995年9月～2004年2月漏诊、误诊的57例小儿腹部闭合性损伤临床资料。结果漏诊38例，误诊19例，病史采集中漏诊8例，误诊4例：体格检查中漏诊13例，误诊6例：辅助检查中漏诊10例，误诊6例；剖腹检查中漏诊7例，误诊3例，其中因漏诊、误诊死亡7例，导致后遗症者4例。结论小儿腹部闭合性损伤的漏诊、误诊可出现在诊疗过程各阶段，正确判断病情，可减少小儿腹部闭合性损伤的漏诊、误诊发生.     

小儿泌尿系统先天畸形的误诊探讨

目的 探讨小儿泌尿系统先天畸形的临床表现及误诊原因。方法 以回顾统计排列的研究方法,对232例泌尿系统先天畸形患儿的临床表现、影像学检查及误诊情况进行回顾性分析。结果 小儿泌尿系统先天畸形最常见的症状是血尿、排尿困难、腹痛、腹部包块、尿失禁,反复尿路感染。门诊／出院诊断符合率仅为24．32％。B超、静脉尿路造影（IVU）、逆行膀胱造影在不同类型病例诊断中各有特点。B超检查的错漏诊率为5．56％,最易错诊的仅为肾旋转不良和肾发育不良,IVU检查的错漏诊率为5．50％,最易错诊的为肾发育不良和肾囊性变。结论 小儿泌尿系统先天畸形的临床表现有不典型性和多样性,对可疑病例需要进行综合检查以提高诊断率。     

小儿先天性输尿管中段梗阻的诊疗对策

目的：分析小儿先天性输尿管中段梗阻的病因，诊断及治疗措施。方法：1990年1月－2001年10月收治先天性输尿管中段梗阻10例，年龄7－15岁。所有患儿术前均行相应的检查，包括B超、CT、IVP、MRI及逆行性输尿管造影检查。6例术前确诊，手术的治疗方式：管壁原因所致梗阻为切除病变段输尿管，行端端吻合术；管外原因所致梗阻为去除外在压迫原因，如无法去除则行输尿管离断后复位吻合术，其中2例例行Anderson-Hyne手术。结果：所有患儿均痊愈出院，未出现并发症。术中证实梗阻原因为下腔静脉压迫，迷生血管和束带压迫；输尿管内瓣膜及输尿管狭窄。结论：先天性输尿管中段梗阻少见，病因复杂，术前确诊有利于术者的术中应变性。     

腹内压测定诊断小儿急性阑尾炎的意义

急性阑尾炎是小儿最常见的急腹症 ,因小儿病史不确切 ,检查不合作 ,明确诊断有一定困难 ,为避免不必要的手术及延误手术致并发症发生 ,提高诊断正确率 ,笔者采用了经直肠间接测腹内压 (intraabdominalpressure,IAP)作为小儿急性阑尾炎的辅助诊断方法 ,现就其临床意义作一探讨。资料和方法一、临床资料2 0 0 1年 6月～ 2 0 0 2年 5月我院经手术和病理检查确诊为阑尾炎的 4 0例患儿 ,术前及术后 1d测IAP。根据手术结果分二组 :急性阑尾炎未穿孔组 ,男10例 ,女 9例 ,3～ 14岁 ,平均年龄 (8.4 2± 3.34)岁 ;急性阑尾炎穿孔组 ,男 12例 ,女 9…     

小儿先天性脐尿管疾病误诊分析

目的 总结脐尿管疾病的临床类型,探讨误诊原因.方法 回顾性分析2001年7月-2008年5月本院外科进行手术治疗的脐尿管疾病住院患儿22例临床资料.结果 按脐尿管闭锁不全情况进行分型,脐尿管瘘13例、脐尿管囊肿4例、脐尿管憩室3例、脐尿管窦2例.术前确诊17例,误诊5例,其中误诊为腹壁肿瘤2例,经手术探查证实为脐尿管囊肿;误诊为阑尾炎并急性腹膜炎3例,经手术探查确诊为脐尿管憩室并局部脓肿.22例均行手术治疗,19例术后恢复良好,3例术后切口感染且与腹膜外腹璧脓肿腔隙相通,经多次换药痊愈.结论 先天性脐尿管疾病腹壁肿块型及急性腹膜炎型易导致误诊.术前对诊断可疑患儿行B超、CT、膀胱镜及静脉尿路造影检查,可提高该病的诊断水平.实用儿科临床杂志,2009,24 (10):795-796     

逐步加压超声诊断小儿急性阑尾炎的价值

目的 评价逐步加压超声诊断小儿急性阑尾炎的价值及影响因素.方法 对拟急性阑尾炎行剖腹手术,且术前72 h经同一医师超声检查的104患儿进行超声声像与手术病理结果 对比.结果 逐步加压超声对小儿急性阑尾炎的检出率为91.26%,1～4岁、～9岁、～15岁患儿的检出率分别为100.00%、92.16%和87.50%.结论 逐步加压超声可有效地解决小儿特别是幼儿急性阑尾炎临床诊断的困难.     

Role of imaging in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children

The aim of the study was to investigate the place of imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis. The files of 2,427 children with suspected acute appendicitis were reviewed for clinical management and operative findings. The sample was divided into 3 groups at time of admission: (1) before diagnostic imaging was available in our department (1991-1994); (2) after the introduction of imaging studies on a random basis in equivocal cases (1995-1998); and (3) after a policy was formulated for ultrasound use in all equivocal cases followed by computed tomography if necessary (1999-2000). Results showed that the rate of misdiagnosis decreased from 13.2% in group 1 to 6.5% in group 2 and 6.1% in group 3. False-positive findings (normal appendix with positive scan) were noted in 16.7% of group 2 and 25% of group 3; false-negative findings (appendicitis at surgery with negative scan) in 23.8% and 9.5%, respectively. Computed tomography was performed in 8 children and prevented unnecessary surgery in 4 of them. We conclude that in equivocal cases of acute appendicitis, imaging studies performed by skilled operators can improve the accuracy of diagnosis, saving patients unnecessary surgery, and identifying other conditions that mimic appendicitis.     

Pediatric appendicitis in "real-time": the value of sonography in diagnosis and treatment.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the accuracy of sonography in the diagnosis of clinically equivocal appendicitis, and to identify the factors leading to an inaccurate ultrasound diagnosis. The impact of sonographic findings on clinical management and outcome of children with appendicitis is examined. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 317 children who attended the emergency department (ED) of a children's hospital for acute abdominal pain for which acute appendicitis was the main differential diagnosis. They had ultrasound because the diagnosis was uncertain clinically. RESULTS: The positive predictive value of ultrasound for appendicitis was 0.92, and the negative predictive value was 0.88. The sensitivity and specificity could not be determined because there were 43 patients with equivocal ultrasound results. The pitfalls hindering the accuracy of ultrasound diagnosis included a high incidence of perforated appendicitis at presentation, the retrocecal appendix, and other technical factors such as abdominal guarding, excessive bowel gas, obesity, inadequate bladder filling, and the uncooperative patient. When ultrasound findings were combined with clinical judgment in clinical management, there were only five cases of non-therapeutic laparotomy and eight cases of delayed surgery due to missed diagnosis in our cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound is a useful for the evaluation of acute abdominal pain in children. However, in the setting of a pediatric hospital ED, the accuracy of ultrasound and its ability to improve early hospital triage may be reduced. Repeated clinical review is still essential and in selected cases, appendiceal CT scan may be required to guide therapeutic decision making.     

Ultrasound study of acute appendicitis in children with emphasis upon the diagnosis of retrocecal appendicitis

Acute appendicitis in children frequently presents equivocal clinical manifestations. Delay of the proper diagnosis and unnecessary laparotomies are common. Abdominal ultrasound has proved to be useful in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in adults. We have performed a preoperative ultrasound study in 368 children with acute appendicitis. Among them, 92 had a retrocecal appendicitis. Ultrasound established the correct diagnosis in 92.6% of patients, and in 94.5% of those with a retrocecal appendicitis. At our institution an abdominal sonography is performed on any child with a doubtful clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis, helping the surgeon to take the decision to perform a laparotomy.Presented at the ESPR meeting in Dubin 1989. Selected for publication by an International Group of the ESPR     

The diagnosis of appendicitis in childhood]

89 preschool children, 2-4 years old, treated under the diagnosis of appendicitis were analyzed. 46 of them were operated. In 39% of those children the diagnosis of an acute nonperforated appendicitis could have been ensured, in 39% the diagnosis of a perforated appendicitis was found, in 22% the was found, in 22% the laparotomy was negative. In cases of an acute perforated appendicitis typical symptoms were vomiting (100%), general stomach-ache (89%) and fever (61%). In most cases of an perforated appendicitis the state of patients was reduced drastically (80%), in 50% an ileus could be observed. Half a children with an acute nonperforated appendicitis as well as an perforated appendicitis had got a respiratory disease additionally. This fact was the main reason for the to late diagnosis particularly in the age up to 3. In all cases being not sure a consequent control at a ward is necessary; an important fact for this recommendation is the shortness of the acute perforated appendicitis in early childhood.     

婴儿阑尾盲肠多重套叠并急性阑尾炎一例并文献复习

目的 探讨婴儿期阑尾盲肠多重套叠并急性阑尾炎的临床病理和诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析1例阑尾盲肠多重套叠并急性阑尾炎8月龄婴儿的临床资料,并通过PubMed、ProQuest、中国知网(CNKI)、万方和维普数据库中检索2016年5月前的报道并复习相关文献资料,对各类儿童阑尾套叠进行系统性综述.结果 本例阑尾盲肠多重套叠并急性阑尾炎经手术诊断,整复套叠后切除阑尾并经病理证实,术后顺利康复.共检索到215例阑尾套叠中儿童52例,阑尾盲肠套叠136例,仅3例阑尾自身套叠中有2例为儿童;检索到肠套叠并阑尾炎66例,儿童59例,其中小于1岁的患儿27例,回结型肠套叠43例,此外,检索到回肠盲肠型套叠7例和盲肠盲肠型套叠并阑尾炎1例均为成人患者,所有病例均行手术治疗而痊愈.儿童阑尾盲肠多重套叠并急性阑尾炎者未见报道.结论 婴儿阑尾盲肠多重套叠并急性阑尾炎罕见,如套叠未导致回盲瓣排空完全梗阻则无典型症状体征,诊断困难,易误、漏诊.因此,对经保守治疗不能解除肠梗阻且不能解释其原因时,只要B型超声提示“同心圆征”或“套筒征”就应果断行手术探查以明确诊断并及时治疗.     

Advancements in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children and adolescents.

The aim of our study was to further improve the preoperative diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children and adolescents. All diagnostic parameters from the patients' medical history (duration and quality of abdominal pain, stool behaviour), the laboratory (leukocytes, C-reactive protein), the clinic (defense, tenderness on percussion, nausea, vomiting, dry tongue) and repeated ultrasound investigations (visualisation of the appendix, indirect signs of an inflammatory process in the appendix region) were documented prospectively and were re-assessed with regard to their diagnostic value. As an additional parameter, procalcitonin was determined. 1156 patients (593 male/563 female) with a mean age of 9.51 years (+/- 1.2 yrs) (max. 15 yrs/min. 2.3 yrs), referred to the department with acute abdominal pain, were examined. 233 (141 male/92 female; 20.1 %) of these patients with a mean age of 10.47 years (+/- 1.1 yr) had appendicitis. Based on the patients' medical history, laboratory findings, the initial clinical investigation and the initial ultrasound investigation, 173 patients (74.3 % of the later operated 233 children with appendicitis) were diagnosed with certainty. The diagnosis of 60 patients (25.7 %) of this group remained uncertain. These patients received a saline enema (Clysmol, Pharmacia & Upjohn Company) and were subjected to a second clinical and sonographic investigation after approximately four hours of parenteral fluid substitution (Ringer's lactate, Mayrhofer Pharmazeutika Company, 4 ml/kg/h). The other 923 patients (79.83 %) were discharged and were followed up as outpatients in the following days. Based on this stepwise procedure, the percentage of correctly diagnosed appendicitis could be increased to 97.4 %. The measurement of procalcitonin proved to be of no value in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. It may be concluded that in children with abdominal pain, high diagnostic accuracy can only be achieved by a carefully combined evaluation of all individual diagnostic parameters and repeated investigations.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断小儿急性阑尾炎的临床应用研究

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断小儿急性阑尾炎的临床应用。方法对临床拟诊的78例急性阑尾炎的患儿全部行彩色多普勒超声检查以明确诊断及鉴别诊断。结果78例临床拟诊的急性阑尾炎病人，经彩色多普勒超声检查诊断为急性阑尾炎的51例，全部行手术治疗，经手术及术后病理检查50例证实为急性阑尾炎。本组出现假阳性1例，假阴性1例，准确率为97．7％。结论采用无创伤性、简单安全的彩色多普勒超声诊断小儿急性阑尾炎可靠、准确，值得推广应用。     

Appendicitis in childhood

Appendectomy was performed on 1,059 children at the University Clinic of Paediatric Surgery in Mainz from 1. 1. 1975 to 31. 6. 1983. For the retrospective examination of the indication for appendectomy histopathological and intraoperative findings were analysed and evaluated. Histologically five types of appendicitis were differentiated: 1. acute appendicitis (two forms: acute ulcero-phlegmonous appendicitis with or without perforation and acute superficial appendicitis), 2. chronic appendicitis, 3. lymphatic hyperplasia, 4. submucosal fibrosis, 5. rare diseases. In 618 cases (= 58.3%) acute appendicitis was diagnosed histologically. In another 203 cases (= 19.2%) intraoperative findings (e.g. Lymphadenitis mesenterialis, Meckel's diverticulum) were retrospectively collected; they caused symptoms similar to those of appendicitis. However, there remain retrospectively 22% of all appendectomised children with no indication for laparotomy. The statistical analysis of postoperative complications showed a significant dependance from the histopathological findings. The highest rate of complications was seen in cases with perforated (34%) or non-perforated (10%) ulcero-phlegmonous appendicitis. Children with acute superficial appendicitis had a complication-rate of 5%; those with lymphatic hyperplasia and submucosal fibrosis of 6% each. Relaparotomies were almost exclusively necessary in cases with acute appendicitis; septic and pulmonary complications were mostly seen either in infants with malformations or other perinatal risks, or in children with additional severe diseases. Therefore non-acute appendicitis justifies a wide indication for appendectomy because of a low complication-rate; this, however, is not valid for high-risk children (e.g. malformations). In these cases sonography might be useful for preoperative diagnosis.     

Appendicular colic and the non-inflamed appendix: fact or fiction?

AIMS: Appendicoliths cause acute appendicitis and appendicular perforation. Do appendicoliths cause acute abdominal pain in the absence of acute appendicitis? METHODS: A retrospective observational study was undertaken of histology reports of all appendicectomy specimens from children < 16 years of age between January 1995 and December 2001. Specimens were categorised as perforated or uncomplicated acute appendicitis, non-inflamed, and "incidental" (removed during abdominal surgery for other indications). The presence of an appendicolith was noted. Clinical details were supplemented by selected case note review. Specimens in which the diagnosis of appendicitis or the presence of an appendicolith were not clearly defined (n = 20) were reviewed by an experienced, independent pathologist. RESULTS: 601 consecutive appendicectomy reports were analysed. The mean age of the study population was 9 years (range 1 day - 15.9 years) and there were 357 boys. An appendicolith was identified in 31/118 (26%) cases of perforated appendicitis, 60/352 (17%) cases of uncomplicated appendicitis, 12/59 (20%) cases of non-inflamed appendices, and only 1/72 (1%) cases of incidental appendicectomies. All patients with an appendicolith in the non-inflamed appendix group had presented with acute abdominal pain mimicking acute appendicitis. The frequency of an appendicolith in perforated appendicitis was significantly greater than in uncomplicated acute appendicitis (chi (2) = 4.8, 1 df, p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the frequency of an appendicolith between non-inflamed appendices and acute appendicitis (either perforated or intact). Appendicoliths were rarely found in incidental appendicectomies, but these patients were younger. The frequency of appendicoliths in non-inflamed appendices was much greater than that expected from published autopsy data. CONCLUSION: Appendicoliths may cause acute abdominal pain that mimics acute appendicitis.     

Do normal leucocyte count and C‐reactive protein value exclude acute appendicitis in children?

The present study aimed to determine the role of leucocyte count and C-reactive protein (CRP) measurements in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children. In particular, children with acute appendicitis but normal leucocyte count and CRP level were sought. The present study protocol was identical to those used in earlier studies on adult patients with suspected acute appendicitis. The mean preoperative leucocyte count and CRP value in 100 consecutive children with an uninflamed appendix at appendicectomy (group A) and in 100 consecutive patients with acute appendicitis (group B) were calculated. The numbers of patients with (i) both values normal, (ii) only leucocyte count raised, (iii) only CRP level raised, and (iv) both values raised were calculated in both groups A and B. Leucocyte count effectively (p