Prevalence and predisposing factors of smartphone addiction,sleep quality and daytime sleepiness of nursing students: A cross-sectional design

AimThe current study aimed to determine the prevalence of smartphone addiction, sleep quality and daytime sleepiness of nursing students and to identify the predisposing factors of these parameters.BackgroundThe use of smartphones, which has become an indispensable part of daily life, has various effects on addictive behavior and sleep.DesignThe present study was performed with a cross-sectional design.MethodsThe population of the study comprised of nursing students attending all grades at two universities (N = 940). A total of 771 students were included in the study. Data were collected through a personal information form, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Smartphone Addiction Scale. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the data.ResultsThe prevalence of smartphone addiction was 42.4%. Of the students, 57.3% had poor sleep quality and 82.5% had normal daytime sleepiness. Daily smartphone use duration, owning of a smartphone duration, daytime sleepiness and academic success were significant influencing factors for smartphone addiction (p < 0.05). Daily sleep duration, daytime sleepiness and school region were found significant risk factors for sleep quality (p < 0.05). Sleep quality and smartphone addiction significantly influenced daytime sleepiness (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe study revealed that almost half of nursing students presented smartphone addiction and more than half of them had poor sleep quality. The prevalence of normal daytime sleepiness among nursing students was high.     

Internet addiction and psychosocial problems among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study

PurposeThis research was conducted to investigate the prevalence of internet addiction and psychosocial problems and associated factors among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.Design and methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Turkey. The population was composed of 9th and 10th grade students. The sample consisted of 1572 participants. Data were collected from parents of the students through a questionnaire, the Pediatric Symptom Checklist, and the Parent-Child Internet Addiction Test.ResultsThe prevalence of psychosocial problems was 20.7%. A few (4.8%) of adolescents had limited internet addiction symptoms. The psychosocial problems risk was significantly higher in adolescents whose fathers did not work, whose family income was less than expense, and whose daily internet use time was more than 3 h and more (p < 0.05). The risk of problematic internet use was significantly higher in males, whose mother's education level was high school and lower, whose family income was less than expense, and whose duration of internet use was 5 years and more (p < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between internet addiction and psychosocial problem mean scores (p < 0.05).ConclusionMost of the adolescents were internet users and one in five adolescents was at risk of psychosocial problems. Internet addiction and psychosocial problems were associated with several sociodemographic factors.Practice implicationsThis study emphasizes the need for the prevention of excessive internet use and psychosocial problems during COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents. Nurses should organize online trainings for internet addiction and psychosocial problems for adolescents and their parents during the quarantine process.     

Smartphone addiction and its association with upper body musculoskeletal symptoms among university students classified by age and gender

[Purpose] The purposes of this study were to: 1) survey smartphone addiction among university students, 2) survey the prevalence of upper body musculoskeletal symptoms in relation to the respondents’ sitting posture, and 3) determine the association between smartphone addiction and upper body musculoskeletal symptoms, classified by age and gender. [Participants and Methods] Two self-report questionnaires were employed to collect data from 2,645 university students in Chiang Mai, Thailand. [Results] Of 2,027 respondents (860 males and 1,167 females), the participants’ ages ranged from 18 to 26 years with a mean age of 20.5 ± 1.38 years. The prevalence of smartphone addiction and upper body musculoskeletal symptoms among participants were 15.9% and 30%, respectively. Overall, the mean value of pain severity was 3.66 ± 1.67 out of 10 on the visual analog scale. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that smartphone addiction (OR=6.05, 95% CI: 4.68–7.84), was significantly associated with upper-body musculoskeletal symptoms when adjusted by age and gender. [Conclusion] The prevalence of upper body musculoskeletal symptoms was relatively high, especially for female smartphone users and students aged over 20 years. These results suggest that smartphone addiction may be a potential risk factor for upper body musculoskeletal symptoms in university students.Key words: Smartphone addiction, Musculoskeletal symptoms, University students     

中学生网络成瘾现状及相关影响因素分析

目的探讨中学生网络成瘾现状及网络成瘾相关因素,为实施干预措施提供科学依据。方法整体抽取某市3所城区中学1080名学生,采用网络成瘾量表、抑郁自评量表、症状自评量表及自编一般情况调查表进行测试分析。结果中学生网络成瘾者占0.97%,网络成瘾倾向者占5.41%,成瘾倾向及成瘾者不同性别间差异无显著性(χ2=2.79,P>0.05);初中学生发生率为2.33%,高中为4.09%(χ2=5.17,P<0.05);单亲及其他家庭学生的发生率显著高于双亲家庭(χ2=35.77,P<0.01);成瘾倾向及成瘾学生网络成瘾量表总分与症状自评量表及抑郁自评量表总分均成正相关(r=0.150,0.129,0.443,0.30,P<0.05)。结论中学生网络成瘾与多因素有关,而与其单双亲家庭及心理特征具有明显的相关性。     

Translation of the short version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale into Brazilian Portuguese: cross-cultural adaptation and testing of measurement properties

BackgroundSmartphone use has been constantly increasing. Smartphone addiction can lead to changes in the emotional state and musculoskeletal system of users. To identify smartphone addicts, the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version was developed; however, this scale has not been translated into Brazilian Portuguese and tested for its measurement properties.ObjectiveTo translate and cross-culturally adapt the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version into Brazilian Portuguese; to assess the internal consistency, reliability and construct validity of the scale among university students.MethodsThe cross-cultural adaptation was performed following the guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures, and data were collected via online surveys administered to 59 university students over 18 years of age for test–retest. To test the measurement properties of the final version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, a convenience sample including 130 university students was used.ResultsThe Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version showed good reliability for test–retest scores (ICC_3,1 = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.70–0.89) and good internal consistency considering all 10 items (Cronbach's alpha = 0.95). The construct validity was calculated comparing the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version score to data from a questionnaire prepared by the authors of this study, including frequency per day (r = 0.35; p < 0.001), leisure time on the smartphone (r = 0.33; p < 0.001), and time working on the smartphone (r = 0.18; p = 0.04) that were significantly positively associated with higher Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version scores. The results show a high prevalence of smartphone addiction among university students (33.1%).ConclusionIt can be concluded that the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version is a reliable and valid tool for screening smartphone addiction in university students.     

The effect of smartphone addiction on physical activity level in sports science undergraduates

BackgroundSmartphones are thought to have many negative effects on interpersonal relationships, physical-mental health, and general functionality as well as bring many conveniences to our daily lives. This study aimed to determine the effect of smartphone addiction on physical activity level in sports science undergraduates. Secondly, comparing the physical activity level in students by gender was aimed.MethodA total of 300 (134 female, 166 male) healthy university students were included in this study. The mean age of the subjects was 21.36 ± 2.33 years. The universe of the study consisted of volunteer students (Coaching Education, Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Sports Management, Recreation Departments) at the Faculty of Sport Sciences. Participants' demographic information was obtained and their physical activity levels were questioned with International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ) and smartphone addictions with the Smartphone Addiction Scale- Short Version (SAS-SV). The significance level was accepted as p < .05 in statistical evaluations.ResultsAccording to IPAQ scores, physical activity levels of the participants were as follows; 65.3% were adequate, 32.7% low and 2% inactive. One-hundred and twenty-six participants (42%) were smartphone addicts according to the SAS-SV results. When the departments were examined within themselves, it was found that IPAQ and SAS-SV scores were negatively correlated for Physical Education and Sports Teaching (r = - 0.262; p = .021) and Sports management (r = - 0.295; p = .01).     

A social skills development training programme to improve adolescents' psychological resilience and emotional intelligence level

Study objectivesThis experimental study was designed using pretest, posttest, follow-up, and control group models to explore the effect of a structured education program on adolescents' psychological resilience and emotional intelligence level.MethodThis study was conducted on 70 students at a high school in Turkey. A total of 36 students were assigned to the intervention group and 34 students to the control group. Data were collected using the Adolescent Information Form, Resilience Scale (RS), and Emotional Intelligence Evaluation Scale (EIES). The scales were administered in the intervention group before initializing the education program, who later received a 7-week education program. One month after the administration of the education program, the scales were again administered during follow-up.FindingsIt was found that the education program improved and increased adolescents' psychological resilience and total emotional intelligence level despite not being significant (p > 0.05). During the follow-up, adolescents in the intervention group demonstrated an important difference in follow-up scores in the optimism and communication subdimensions of the RS compared to that in the posttest scores, and the intervention group had a higher average total score in the EIES compared to that in students in the control group (p < 0.05).ConclusionOur results suggest that the training program has positive effects on improving adolescents' psychological resilience and emotional intelligence levels, especially in the long run, which needs to be developed and applied in different samples.     

网络成瘾与非成瘾大学生成就动机和自尊水平对照研究

目的探讨网络成瘾与非成瘾大学生的成就动机和自尊水平状况,为大学生心理教育提供依据。方法采用Young网络成瘾诊断量表对河南省某3所大学827名在校大学生进行调查,共筛选出网络成瘾大学生48名设为成瘾组,抽取一般资料与成瘾组相匹配的非网络成瘾大学生60名设为非成瘾组。对上述两组大学生采用成就动机量表评定其成就动机状况,自尊量表评定其自尊水平,对评定结果进行对比分析。结果大学生网络成瘾检出率为5．8％,男生发生率为12．41％,女生为2．1％,男生网络成瘾发生率显著高于女生（Χ^2=37．23,P〈0．01）。网络成瘾大学生成就动机量表的追求成功动机分量表分及结果成就动机分均显著低于非网络成瘾大学生,而避免失败动机分量表分显著高于非网络成瘾大学生．差异均有极显著性（P均〈0．01）;自尊量表总分显著低于非网络成瘾大学生（P〈0．05）。结论网络成瘾与否与大学生的成就动机和自尊水平密切相关,应针对大学生的心理特征以及网络成瘾的原因和问题开展相应的心理健康教育和心理干预。     

Is there a relationship between nursing students’ smartphone use,their fear of missing out and their care-related behaviour?

AimThis study aims to determine the relationship between smartphone use among intern nursing students, fear of missing out and their care-related behaviour.BackgroundToday, smartphone use is common and fear of missing out is a prominent issue in our society; this behaviour and issue are linked and may lead to adverse consequences. Design: The study is conducted as a cross-sectional design.MethodsThe target population in this research consists of senior nursing students (n = 101). There was no sampling selection and the study was completed with 97 students who agreed to participate in the research. Data were collected with introductory questionnaire forms, the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), the Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMOs) and the Caring Assessment Questionnaire (Care-Q). The valid and reliable SAS, FoMOs and Care-Q were transformed into online forms and the link was distributed to the participants via online Google forms.ResultsBased on the results of the study, the mean scores were 83.30 ± 2.21 of SAS, 21.56 ± 6.42 for FOMOs and 5.54 ± 0.87 for Care-Q scale. There were statistically significant differences between gender and Care-Q score and between the duration of smartphone use, daily smartphone usage time and SAS score (p < 0.05). There was a weak positive relationship between SAS and FoMOs scale scores, along with a weak negative relationship between the accessibility and comfort sub-dimensions of the SAS and Care-Q scale. Also, the SAS score explains 0.4% of the comfort subscale of the Care-Q scale (p < 0.05).ConclusionsFurther research focusing on nursing students is recommended to identify potential adverse effects created by the use of smartphones and the fear of missing out. In addition, educators are recommended to develop guidelines and prepare new policies for smartphone use to minimise the potential negative effects of smartphone use and fear of missing out on student care behaviour.     

南通市中小学网络成瘾现状及性格因素相关性研究

目的：了解南通市中小学生网络成瘾的现状和性格因素对网络成瘾的影响。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法抽取南通市3039名中小学生应用网络成瘾调查问卷、艾森克个性问卷和自尊量表进行测评分析。结果本组中小学生上网率为92．14％,网络成瘾率为3．29％;网络成瘾学生内外向、神经质维度评分显著高于非网络成瘾者（P＜0．01）;回归分析显示,年龄和内外向、神经质人格是发生网络成瘾的危险因素,自尊是保护因素,男生更容易发生网络成瘾。结论南通市中小学网络成瘾状况不容乐观,网络成瘾学生存在一定程度的人格缺陷,教育部门和家长应采取有效措施进行预防和干预。     

Impact of problematic internet use on the self-esteem of adolescents in the selected school,Kerala, India

BackgroundInternet use is one of the essential tools of our present-day society whose impact is seen on adolescents such as increased use of the internet because they have free easy and daily access to the internet. Problematic internet use has become a global phenomenon that causes serious problem to the affected individual leading to impairment in psychological well-being.AimThe present study aims to assess the level of problematic internet use and self-esteem among adolescents in selected schools, Kochi, Kerala, India.SettingThe study conducted in Private Aided School, in Kothamangalam Thaluk of Ernakulam Dist., Kerala.MethodThe study with the cross-sectional design was conducted for a period of one month among 60 students and participants were selected using non-probability, convenient sampling. The samples were provided with a self-administered questionnaire after obtaining written consent from their parents and the students.ResultKarl-Pearson coefficient indicated a significant negative correlation between self-esteem and Internet addiction (r = −0.649 and p < 0.001).ConclusionThe use of internet has been found to have a powerful impact on adolescents, especially in areas of self-esteem, and at times, it may affect their social life and relationship with the family.     

Reliability and concurrent validity of knee angle measurement: Smart phone app versus universal goniometer used by experienced and novice clinicians

The use of goniometers to measure joint angles is a key part of musculoskeletal practice. Recently smartphone goniometry applications have become available to clinicians.This study examined the intra- and inter-measurer reliability of novice and experienced clinicians and the concurrent validity of assessing knee range of motion using a smartphone application (the Knee Goniometer App (Ockendon^©)) (KGA) and a standard universal goniometer (UG).Three clinicians, each with over seven years' experience as musculoskeletal physiotherapists and three final year physiotherapy students, measured 18 different knee joint angles three times, using both the universal goniometer and the smartphone goniometric application.The universal goniometer and the smartphone goniometric application were reliable in repeated measures of knee flexion angles (average Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC) > 0.98) with both experienced clinicians and final year physiotherapy students (average CCCs > 0.96). There were no significant differences in reliability between the experienced and the novice practitioners for either device. Agreement between the universal goniometer and smartphone goniometric application measurements was also high for all examiners with average CCCs all above 0.96. The Standard Error of Measurement ranged between 1.56° (0.52–2.66) for the UG and 0.62° (0.29–1.27) for the KGA.The universal goniometer and the smartphone goniometric application were reliable in repeated measures of knee flexion angles. Smaller error of measurement values for the smartphone goniometric application might indicate superiority for assessment where clinical situations demand greater precision of knee range of motion.     

Dynamic balance measurements: Reliability of smartphone attachment sites

IntroductionDynamic balance devices are costly and uncommon, requiring dedicated space for use. Thus, studies often utilize smartphones to measure dynamic balance by attaching them to body parts, as they are inexpensive, small, and readily available. However, little consideration has been given to determine which body part would yield the most reliable measurements.Methodː A total of 25 healthy college students consented to stand on a balance pad on their dominant leg for 30 s. The test and retests were performed at a one-week interval.Resultsː Agreement between the test and retest values was moderate for those obtained from the sternum and waist (0.50 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.74) and was good for those obtained from the shin (0.75 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.89). There were significant moderate positive correlations between the test and retest results for all the attachment sites (0.40 < r < 0.69, p < 0.05).DiscussionBased on a review of related literature and the experiment's results, this study determined the pros and cons of using a smartphone as a measuring tool and the various measurement locations in the body. Despite the smartphone being a low-cost measuring tool, greater care must be taken to ensure the validity of the interpreted data.Conclusionː Although quantifying balance is necessary for evidence-based medicine, clinics seldom use existing modern devices due to their costliness. This study's results suggest that a smartphone, which is a cheaper alternative, produces the most reliable results when attached to the shin.     

Posture and time spent using a smartphone are not correlated with neck pain and disability in young adults: A cross-sectional study

PurposeTo determine the impact of smartphone use on neck impairment and functional limitation in university students.MethodsA cross-sectional correlational study was conducted in a sample of students selected through convenience sampling between September 2016 and March 2017. The inclusion criteria were university students at the School of Medicine and Surgery, routine/daily use of mobile devices with advanced computing and connectivity capability built on an operating system, and aged 18–30 years. Participants completed questionnaires that measured general characteristics of smartphone use and demographic characteristics. Neck pain was assessed using a visual analogue pain score (VAS) and a pain drawing (PD); disability status was measured using the Neck Disability Index (NDI-I); and cervical postures while using the phone were captured using the Deluxe Cervical Range of Motion (CROM) device.ResultsA total of 238 volunteers were recruited (22.4 ± 2.2 years of age, 53.4% males), 35.9% of whom were overweight (>25 BMI). Regarding neck pain, 42.4% reported mild pain, 8.4% had moderate pain, and the remaining 49.2% had no pain. NDI-I and VAS were 3.8 ± 3.8 and 13.6 ± 18.4 mm, respectively. The pain categories did not influence the variables. No significant correlations were observed between the number of hours spent and posture (CROM) while using a smartphone and neck pain and NDI-I.ConclusionWhile half of young medical students reported neck pain, the use of smartphones was not correlated with neck pain and disability. While we wait for future prospective studies, there is no reason to recommend a change in smartphone use habits among young adults in the meantime.     

Associations between overuse of the internet and mental health in adolescents

This study examined the factors influencing internet addiction levels and mental health in a nationally‐representative sample of 74,980 Korean middle‐ and high‐school students who completed the 2010 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web‐Based Survey. The prevalence rates of potential internet addiction and internet addiction were 14.8% and 3%, respectively. The odds ratios for potential internet addiction were higher in both boys and girls who reported suicidal ideation, depressive mood, moderate or higher subjective stress, moderate or more happiness, or ever having engaged in problematic substance use. Adolescents at high risk for internet addiction had poor mental health outcomes. The findings indicate the need for measures to prevent and manage internet addiction in adolescents that consider the severity of factors related to internet addiction.