猪苓多糖通过JAK2-STAT3通路抑制N-甲基-N''-硝基-N-亚硝基诱导的GES-1细胞上皮间充质转化

目的 研究猪苓多糖抑制胃黏膜上皮细胞（GES-1）间充质转化的作用和机制。方法 应用N-甲基-N''-硝基-N-亚硝基（MNNG，40 μmol·L^-1）诱导GES-1细胞间充质转化模型，造模同时给予猪苓多糖（1.25、2.50、5.00、10.00 mg·mL^-1）处理24、48 h后，CCK-8法检测细胞增殖能力；造模同时给予猪苓多糖（5.00 mg·mL^-1）处理48 h后，实时定量PCR（qRT-PCR）法检测猪苓多糖对N-cadherin、Snail、Twist、Fibronection及Vmention mRNA表达的影响；Western blotting法检测E-cadherin、N-cadherin、Snail、Twist、Fibronetin、Vimentin、STAT3、p-STAT3、JAK2、p-JAK2蛋白表达。裸鼠分别sc经MNNG 40 μmol·L^-1处理48 h后的GES-1细胞（5×10⁷·mL^-1 ，0.2 mL）、胃癌细胞SGC7901（5×10⁷·mL^-1 ，0.2 mL ，阳性对照），1个月后观察各组成瘤及体质量情况，注射局部进行HE染色后行组织病理学观察，验证GES-1细胞经MNNG处理后是否达到肿瘤阶段。结果 与模型组比较，随猪苓多糖浓度的增加，GES-1细胞增殖能力逐渐上升，到达5 mg·mL^-1时增殖能力最高，差异显著（P<0.01、0.001）；猪苓多糖组N-cadherin、Snail、Twist、Fironetion及Vimentin的mRNA表达均显著下降（P<0.05、0.01、0.001）；猪苓多糖组E-cadherin蛋白表达显著上升（P<0.05），N-cadherin、Snail、Twist、Fibronetion、Vimentin及通路蛋白STAT3、p-STAT3、JAK2、p-JAK2表达显著下降（P<0.05、0.01、0.001）。对照组和MNNG处理的GES-1组未见瘤体形成，阳性对照SGC7901组注射后1周左右局部出现瘤体，1个月瘤体长至6 cm左右；MNNG处理的GES-1组裸鼠精神较差，体质量明显减轻，SGC7901组裸鼠状态差，体质量大幅减轻；对照组和MNNG组病理染色显示为正常的皮肤组织，阳性对照组显示为肿瘤组织。结论 猪苓多糖可能通过抑制JAK2-STAT3通路干预MNNG诱导的GES-1细胞上皮间充质化。     

13C核磁共振技术测定鱼肝油中ω-3脂肪酸α(1,3)-酰基和β(2)-酰基的位次分布

目的 应用¹³C核磁共振（¹³C-NMR）光谱测定鱼肝油中ω-3脂肪酸[十八碳四烯酸（C18：4 n-3,moroctic acid,MA）、二十碳五烯酸（C20：5 n-3,eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA）、二十二碳六烯酸（C22：6 n-3,docosahexaenoic acid,DHA）]形成的甘油三脂中α（1,3）-酰基、β（2）-酰基的位次分布。方法 用CDCl₃溶解样品,利用高分辨核磁共振光谱直接测定。结果 鱼肝油中MA、EPA和DHA α（1,3）-酰基、β（2）-酰基在δ 171.5~173.5 ppm的化学位移与文献报道基本一致。2批次鱼肝油未发现上述ω-3脂肪酸特征峰,4批次鱼肝油有特征峰检出,但是β（2）-酰基的位次分布不同。按照β（2）-酰基的比例,4批鱼肝油来源于家养鱼类提取的可能性较大。结论 应用该¹³C核磁共振技术可以鉴别鱼肝油的优劣,方法简单、快捷。     

基于IL-6/STAT3信号通路探讨山楂酸对小鼠结肠癌CT26细胞增殖、凋亡的影响

目的 从IL-6/STAT3信号通路探讨山楂酸（MA）对小鼠结肠癌CT26细胞增殖、凋亡的影响。方法 体外培养CT26细胞,设置空白组、10、20、30、35、40 µmol•L^-1 MA组。干预24 h后,采用CCK-8法检测山楂酸对细胞活力的影响,采用RT-PCR检测IL-6 mRNA表达水平,采用流式细胞仪检测各组细胞凋亡率,采用Western blot检测各组细胞中STAT3通路相关蛋白的表达水平。设置空白组、IL-6（20 ng•mL^-1）刺激组、不同浓度MA与IL-6共刺激组,采用Western blot检测各组细胞p-STAT3、STAT3蛋白的表达水平。设置空白组、MA组、磷酸酶抑制剂 (Sodium Orthovanadate) 组和 MA + Sodium Orthovanadate 组,采用Western Blot检测各组细胞p-STAT3、STAT3蛋白的表达水平。结果 与空白组相比,CCK-8结果显示20、30、35、40、45、50 µmol•L^-1 浓度的山楂酸均能显著性降低CT26细胞活力（P<0.05）,IC₅₀=37.32 µmol•L^-1 ;RT-PCR结果显示30、35、40 µmol•L^-1 给药组细胞中IL-6 mRNA 水平显著下降（P<0.05）;流式细胞术结果显示30、35、40 µmol•L^-1 给药组细胞凋亡率显著增加（P<0.05）;Western blot结果显示35、40 µmol•L^-1 给药组细胞中STAT3通路相关蛋白p-STAT3、Bcl-2蛋白表达水平显著下降（P<0.05）,MA+Sodium Orthovanadate 组能显著恢复MA单独给药组中被降低的p-STAT3蛋白水平（P<0.05）。结论 MA可能通过降低IL-6的表达水平,抑制STAT3的磷酸化,从而降低抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡,抑制其增殖。     

大鼠重复ig给予N-［（3-烯丙基-2-羟基）苯亚甲基-2-（4-苄基-高哌嗪-1-基）乙酰肼富马酸盐的药动学研究

目的 采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（HPLC-MS/MS）测定SD大鼠血浆中N-［（3-烯丙基-2-羟基）苯亚甲基］-2-（4-苄基-高哌嗪-1-基）乙酰肼富马酸盐（SM-1）,并计算大鼠重复ig给药的药动学参数,评价SM-1的药动学特征。方法 将60只健康SPF级SD大鼠随机分为阴性对照组、溶媒对照组和SM-1低、中、高剂量组,每组16只动物（阴性对照组和溶媒对照组为6只动物）,雌雄各半。每天ig给药1次,各组分别给予水、溶媒或SM-1 50、100、200 mg·kg^-1,给药体积10 mL·kg^-1,连续给药4周,于首次给药和末次给药阶段进行药动学采血测定。采用经验证的HPLC-MS/MS法测定SD大鼠血浆中SM-1浓度。使用Phoenix WinNonlin 7.0软件进行血药浓度-时间数据分析与药动学参数计算。结果 SD大鼠ig给予SM-1后,在50～200 mg·kg^-1剂量,SD大鼠体内的平均峰浓度（C_max）及药时曲线下面积（AUC_0～t）随剂量的增加而增加,各剂量组动物平均C_max及AUC_0～t比值与剂量比相近。连续给药后,低、中、高剂量组均未出现明显的蓄积。雌性大鼠SM-1的暴露高于雄性大鼠。结论 连续给药28 d后,SM-1在大鼠体内未出现明显的蓄积,雌性大鼠SM-1的暴露高于雄性大鼠。     

(S)-2-(Boc-氨基)-3-[(S)-2-氧代-3-吡咯烷基]丙酸甲酯单晶制备及其结构表征

目的 培养(S)-2-(Boc-氨基)-3-[(S)-2-氧代-3-吡咯烷基]丙酸甲酯单晶,并进行晶型表征和立体结构确证。方法 用醋酸乙酯-甲基叔丁基醚（1∶1）体系培养单晶,并采用热重法、差示扫描量热法、粉末X射线衍射和单晶X射线衍射分析。结果 制备得到无色块状晶体;样品熔点约为114 ℃;该晶胞属于正交晶系,空间群为P2₁2₁2₁,分子式为C₁₃H₂₂N₂O₅,相对分子质量为286.33,晶体密度为1.152 mg/mm³,绝对构型为S,S构型。结论 确定了(S)-2-(Boc-氨基)-3-[(S)-2-氧代-3-吡咯烷基]丙酸甲酯的立体构型,培养的晶体为非水合物和溶剂化物。     

4-（2’,3’-二氯苯基）-1,4-二氢-2,6-二甲基-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯的合成

目的 设计并合成4-（2',3'-二氯苯基）-1,4-二氢-2,6-二甲基-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯。方法 以2,3-二氯苯甲醛为起始原料经缩合、环合、水解反应制备得到目标化合物。结果 合成了目标化合物,并利用MS和¹H-NMR确证了结构;HPLC归一化法测得质量分数为98.3%。结论 4-（2',3'-二氯苯基）-1,4-二氢-2,6-二甲基-3-吡啶甲酸甲酯的合成为丁酸氯维地平中杂质的研究提供了方便。     

2',4'-二羟基-3'-甲基-3-甲氧基查耳酮上调p21抑制人肝癌HepG2细胞的生长

目的 探讨2'',4''-二羟基-3''-甲基-3-甲氧基查耳酮(C20)对人肝癌HepG2细胞的体外抗肿瘤作用及其潜在的作用机制。方法 通过CCK-8法、集落形成实验、5-乙炔基-2''-脱氧尿苷(EdU)染色法检测C20对人肝癌HepG2细胞增殖的影响;通过彗星实验检测C20(10 μmol·L^-1)对HepG2细胞DNA损伤的影响;通过流式细胞术检测C20(5、10 μmol·L^-1)对HepG2细胞周期阻滞的影响;通过Hoechst染色和流式细胞术检测C20(5、10 μmol·L^-1)对HepG2细胞凋亡的影响。借助Western blotting法检测C20(5、10 μmol·L^-1)处理对HepG2细胞中与凋亡、DNA损伤、细胞周期阻滞相关蛋白表达水平的调控作用。结果 与对照组比较,C20显著抑制HepG2细胞的活力(P<0.001),给药48 h的半数抑制浓度(IC₅₀)为7.937 μmol·L^-1;5 μmol·L^-1 C20能够显著抑制HepG2细胞的集落形成能力(P<0.01);EdU染色结果显示5、10 μmol·L^-1的C20能够抑制人肝癌HepG2细胞的增殖能力;5、10 μmol·L^-1的C20显著诱导HepG2细胞G₂/M期阻滞(P<0.001);5、10 μmol·L^-1的C20显著促进HepG2细胞凋亡(P<0.001),并显著上调Caspas-3、Caspase-9以及PARP的剪切水平(P<0.01);10 μmol·L^-1的C20能够诱导HepG2细胞发生DNA损伤,并且5、10 μmol·L^-1的C20显著上调γH2AX、p21的蛋白水平(P<0.01)。结论 C20能够造成HepG2细胞发生DNA损伤,上调p21蛋白水平,导致细胞G₂/M期阻滞,并进一步诱发凋亡,发挥体外抗肝癌作用。     

4(3H)-喹唑啉酮衍生物的合成及体外抗肿瘤活性

将6-溴甲基-2-甲基-4(3H)-喹唑啉酮在无水磷酸钾存在下与二硫化碳以及不同的胺反应，合成了一系列具有二硫代氨基甲酸酯侧链的4(3H)-喹唑啉酮衍生物，其结构经ESI-MS，¹H NMR，元素分析或HRMS所证实。采用MTT法测定了目标化合物8a~8q对人慢性髓性白血病K562细胞和人宫颈癌Hela细胞的体外抗肿瘤活性，结果表明化合物8q对K562和Hela细胞的体外生长具有显著的抑制作用，IC₅₀值分别为0.5和12.0 μmol·L^-1，因而可作为抗肿瘤药物研究的先导化合物。     

1-[3-(3-苄基-4-乙氧基苄基)-4-氯苯基]-1,6-二脱氧-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖的合成工艺研究

目的 设计并合成1-[3-（3-苄基-4-乙氧基苄基）-4-氯苯基]-1,6-二脱氧-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖。方法 以5-溴-2-氯-4'-乙氧基二苯甲烷为原料,通过Friedel-Crafts酰基化、还原、亲核加成、还原乙酰化、脱乙酰化反应的得到目标化合物。结果 根据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定了目标化合物的结构,总收率为32%,质量分数为98.48%。结论 1-[3-（3-苄基-4-乙氧基苄基）-4-氯苯基]-1,6-二脱氧-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖的合成为tianagliflozin中杂质的研究提供了方便。     

衍生化法分离（2R，4R）-4-甲基-2-哌啶甲酸乙酯酒石酸盐手性异构体

目的 建立衍生化法分离（2R,4R）-4-甲基-2-哌啶甲酸乙酯酒石酸盐（MPFET）3种手性异构体。方法 以2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖异硫氰酸酯（GITC）为柱前衍生化试剂,对MPFET手性异构体进行分离,并对衍生化条件进行优化。采用Venusil AQ C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱作为固定相进行分离、监测和定量。以0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液（用磷酸调pH至3.6）-乙腈（60∶40）为流动相,体积流量1.5 mL/min进行等度洗脱,采用紫外检测器,检测波长266 nm;柱温30℃;进样量20 μL。结果 MPFET与2S,4S-异构体分离度为1.76。2S,4R-异构体的线性范围为1.500～8.999 μg/mL,2R,4S-异构体的线性范围为0.255 2～1.531 0 μg/mL,2S,4S-异构体的线性范围为0.250 1～75.000 0 μg/mL,MPFET的线性范围为0.250 1～600.100 0 μg/mL,回收率均在90%～108%内,RSD均不大于3.0%。结论 柱前衍生化法分离MPFET中3种手性异构体,专属性强、准确度高、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于MPFET手性异构体的分离和质量控制。     

Enhancements of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) metabolism and carcinogenic risk via NNK/arsenic interaction

Epidemiological studies indicated an enhancement of cigarette smoke-induced carcinogenicity, including hepatocellular carcinoma, by arsenic. We believe that arsenic will enhance the expression of hepatic CYP2A enzyme and NNK metabolism (a cigarette smoke component), thus its metabolites, and carcinogenic DNA adducts. Male ICR mice were exposed to NNK (0.5 mg/mouse) and sodium arsenite (0, 10, or 20 mg/kg) daily via gavaging for 10 days and their urine was collected at day 10 for NNK metabolite analysis. Liver samples were also obtained for CYP2A enzyme and DNA adducts evaluations. Both the cyp2a4/5 mRNA levels and the CYP2A enzyme activity were significantly elevated in arsenic-treated mice liver. Furthermore, urinary NNK metabolites in NNK/arsenic co-treated mice also increased compared to those treated with NNK alone. Concomitantly, DNA adducts (N(7)-methylguanine and O(6)-methylguanine) were significantly elevated in the livers of mice co-treated with NNK and arsenic. Our findings provide clear evidence that arsenic increased NNK metabolism by up-regulation of CYP2A expression and activity leading to an increased NNK metabolism and DNA adducts (N(7)-methylguanine and O(6)-methylguanine). These findings suggest that in the presence of arsenic, NNK could induce greater DNA adducts formation in hepatic tissues resulting in higher carcinogenic potential.     

红酵母静息细胞催化(S)-3,5-双三氟甲基苯乙醇的不对称还原反应

利用红酵母静息细胞转化3,5-双三氟甲基苯乙酮,并对影响红酵母细胞转化率的因素进行考察。采用静息转化法,考察不同有机溶剂、有机溶剂体积比、细胞通透剂、pH值、转化时间等因素对转化率的影响。结果表明,以辛烷作为有机溶剂,体积分数为20%,pH7.0,不使用细胞通透剂,葡萄糖作为辅助底物,转化时间为36h时,转化效率最高,可达81.7%。     

Synthesis and antileukemic activity of new 3-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl) and 3-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones

3-(3-Methylisoxazol-5-yl) and 3-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones 8a-l and 9a,c-e,h-l were synthesized by refluxing in acetic acid the corresponding 2-methylquinazolinones 6 and 8 with the opportune benzoic aldehyde for 12 h. The synthesized styrylquinazolinones 8a-l and 9a,c-e,h-l were tested in vitro for their antileukemic activity against L-1210 (murine leukemia), K-562 (human chronic myelogenous leukemia) and HL-60 (human leukemia) cell lines showing in some cases good activity.     

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New 2-(3-(4-Aryl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) Chroman-4-ones

Seven new 2-(3-(4-aryl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) chroman-4-ones (4a-4g) have been synthesized by cyclization of 2-hydroxychalcone analogues of pyrazole 3a-3g using conc. HCl in acetic acid. The structures of the compounds 4a-4g were established by the combined use of (1)HNMR, IR and mass spectra. All the seven compounds were tested in vitro for their antibacterial activity against two Gram positive bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and two Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The compounds 4b, 4c, 4e, 4f, 4g have displayed good antibacterial activity when compared with commercially available antibiotic, ciprofloxacin. These compounds also were screened for their antifungal activity against two ear pathogenic fungi, namely Aspergillus Niger and A. flavus. The compounds 4a, 4c, 4d, 4g exhibited good antifungal activity when compared with commercially available antifungal, fluconazole.     

6-取代苯基哒嗪的3位γ-氨基丁酸衍生物的合成及抗惊活性

GABA的合成类似物是开发新型抗惊剂和抗癫痫药物的新领域。由芳香醛与吗啉、氰化钾反应形成的α-芳基-α-(4-吗啉)乙腈,可对α,β-不饱和腈或酯进行1,4-加成,生成1,4-酮酸型化合物。此物与肼缩合,再经芳构化即得6-芳基-3(2H)哒嗪酮。后者再经氯化后。与GABA缩合,制备3-(N-GABA)-6-芳基哒嗪类及其分子内脱水产物3-(N-丁内酰胺)-6-芳基哒嗪类化合物。本文应用此法合成了17个上述苯代哒嗪的GABA衍生物,并初步测验了它们的抗惊(MES)活性。活性最强的是3-(N-GABA)-6-(2′,4′-二氯苯基)哒嗪(ED₅₀=21.05mg/kg)。     

呋苄头孢菌素和呋苄青霉素钾的极谱行为研究

本文研究呋苄头孢菌素和呋苄青霉素钾的极谱行为。两样品在-1.1 V附近有一清晰的单扫描极谱波,在一定的浓度范围内蜂电流与样品浓度之间呈良好的线性关系,可用作定量分析。本文还对电极反应机理进行了初步的探讨,并证明此波具有吸附性质。     

(3S)-3-(叔丁氧羰基氨基)-4-氧代丁酸甲酯的合成

L-门冬氨酸在氯化亚砜作用下选择性甲酯化生成L-门冬氨酸-4-甲酯盐酸盐,经二碳酸二叔丁酯保护氨基、与氯甲酸乙酯成混酐后经硼氢化钠还原得到(3S)-3-(叔丁氧羰基氨基)-4-羟基丁酸甲酯,最后经NaClO/TEMPO氧化得到西他列汀重要手性中间体(3S)-3-(叔丁氧羰基氨基)-4-氧代丁酸甲酯,总收率约41%。     

1-(3-(9H-Carbazol-9-yl)-1-propyl)-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-piperidinol,a novel subtype selective inhibitor of the mouse type II GABA-transporter

The selectivity of new derivatives of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-uptake inhibitor, tiagabine was characterized at the four cloned mouse GABA transporters (mGAT1 through mGAT4) by measuring [³H]-GABA uptake into stably transfected baby hamster kidney cells. While tiagabine is a highly selective inhibitor of mGAT1 (K_i=0.11±0.02 μM), these derivatives exhibited low potencies at mGAT1 but differential activities at mGAT2, mGAT3 and mGAT4. In particular, 1-(3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-1-propyl)-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-piperidinol (NNC 05-2090) was a potent inhibitor of mGAT2 (K_i=1.4±0.3 μM) showing at least 10 fold selectivity over mGAT1, mGAT3 and mGAT4. NNC 05-2090 is the first subtype selective inhibitor of mGAT2 and may represent a novel useful tool for investigating the physiological roles of GAT2 in the brain and periphery.     

Stereoselective monooxygenation of carcinostatic 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(cyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea by purified cytochrome P-450 isozymes

Three highly purified forms of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 (P-450a, P-450b and P-450c) from Aroclor 1254-treated rats catalyzed 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(cyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU) monooxygenation in the presence of purified NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, NADPH, and lipid. Differences in the regioselectivity of CCNU and MeCCNU monohydroxylation reactions by the cytochrome P-450 isozymes were observed. Cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenation of CCNU gave only alicyclic hydroxylation products, but monooxygenation of MeCCNU gave alicyclic hydroxylation products, an αhydroxylation product on the 2-chloroethyl moiety, and a trans-4-hydroxymethyl product. A high degree of stereoselectivity for hydroxylation of CCNU and MeCCNU at the cis-4 position of the cyclohexyl ring was demonstrated. All three cytochrome P-450 isozymes were stereoselective in primarily forming the metabolite cis-4-hydroxy-trans-4-Methyl-CCNU from MeCCNU. The principal metabolite of CCNU which resulted from cytochromes P-450a and P-450b catalysis was cis-4-hydroxy CCNU, whereas the principal metabolites from cytochrome P-450c catalysis were the trans-3-hydroxy and the cis-4-hydroxy isomers. Total amounts of CCNU and MeCCNU hydroxylation with cytochrome P-450b were twice that with hepatic microsomes from Aroclor 1254-treated rats. Catalysis with cytochromes P-450a and P-450c was substantially less effective than that observed with either cytochrome P-450b or hepatic microsomes from Aroclor 1254-treated rats.     

抗高血压药物2-亚氨基-3-(β-羟基苯乙基)-噻唑烷衍生物的合成

2-Imino-3-(β-hydroxyphenethyl)thiazolidine showed hypotensive activity. In order to find more active derivatives, a series of compounds has been synthesized.In preliminary screening tests, Compounds (Ⅱ-2) and (Ⅳ-1) showed considerable hypotensive effect.