脑卒中偏瘫患者早期康复对下肢运动功能的影响

目的：探讨早期康复对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响。方法：将78例急性脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为康复组（40例）、对照组（38例）进行临床对照性研究，两组均进行常规神经内科治疗，康复组同时加入以运动疗法为主的综合康复治疗，平均疗程38d。治疗前后分别以Brunnstrom法评价运动功能，以三级平衡评价评定平衡功能，以Barthel指数法评定ADL能力。结果：康复组在下肢运动功能、平衡功能方面治疗后显著改善，与对照组相比有显著差异（P＜0．05）。Barthel指数治疗后康复组为68．5&;#177;17．2，对照组为45．8&;#177;18．3，两组相比，P＜0．05，有显著差异。结论：早期介入康复治疗可明显改善患者的下肢运动功能和ADL能力。     

早期活动在急性脑卒中患者康复中的安全性及疗效分析

目的探讨脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体运动功能和日常生活活动能力的恢复与其早期活动的关系。方法从我院住院的脑卒中患者中选取有功能障碍和日常生活能力障碍的患者80例,随机分为康复组和对照组各40例,两组均进行相同的常规药物治疗和针灸治疗,康复组40例在采用常规药物治疗同时进行早期康复干预,对照组40例仅采用常规药物治疗结合一般的功能锻炼。于治疗前后ADL功能评定方法:Barthel指数评定两组患者偏瘫肢体运动功能和日常生活活动能力。结果治疗前两组Barthel指数评分差异不显著(P>0.05);治疗后(2个月),康复组Barthel指数评分均明显高于对照组,两组比较差异显著(P<0.01)。结论早期活动对急性脑卒中患者的肢体运动功能恢复及生活质量均有显著提高。     

脑卒中偏瘫早期综合康复的护理研究

目的探讨早期综合康复护理对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体运动功能恢复和日常生活活动(ADL)能力改善的影响。方法选择发病3d内住院的脑卒中偏瘫患者80例,分为康复组42例,对照组38例,两组一般治疗相同,康复组以促进运动疗法为主,加上心理护理和集体康复训练,于治疗前后对两组患者分别进行Brunstrom分级和ADL能力评定。结果两组患者治疗前、治疗后Brunstrom评定与Barthel指数比较均有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论早期实施以促进运动疗法为主的综合康复护理措施能明显改善患者的运动功能和ADL能力。     

早期康复治疗对急性脑卒中患者肢体运动功能及生活能力的影响

目的探讨早期康复治疗对急性脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体运动功能及生活能力的影响。方法 96例急性脑卒中患者按随机数字表法分为康复组50例与对照组46例,两组均进行神经内科常规药物治疗,治疗组加以早期康复训练治疗,分别在病情稳定后48小时以及康复治疗后28天采用Fugl-Meyer评定方法对运动功能评分,采用ADL Barthel指数对日常生活能力评分。结果治疗组的Fugl-Meyer、ADL Barthel评分均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论常规药物治疗加早期康复治疗能显著改善脑卒中患者的肢体运动功能和日常生活能力。     

脑卒中偏瘫患者的早期三段式康复训练

目的探讨三段式康复训练法对脑卒中偏瘫早期康复训练疗效,尤其对其运动功能、日常生活活动能力(ADL)的影响。方法对120例急性发病首次住院的脑卒中患者随机分为康复组60例和对照组60例,均予脑血管病常规药物治疗,康复组同时进行三段式早期康复训练,平均于病后4d开始,按照早期康复流程进行康复训练,时间三四周,1次/d,其余时间由家属帮助训练,以简式Fugl-Meyer(FMA)评分法及Barthel指数进行治疗前后的功能评定。结果康复组在肢体运动功能、ADL能力方面治疗后犤(66.23±26.97)分和(58.68±26.59)分犦较治疗前犤(14.28±14.19)分和(8.47±12.36)分犦显著改善,与对照组相比差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。康复组总有效率88%,对照组总有效率60%。结论三段式康复医疗程序对脑卒中偏瘫的治疗有效可行,对防止脑血管病的继发性障碍,促进肢体运动功能的提高极为重要。     

早期康复护理干预对脑卒中偏瘫患者日常生活活动能力的影响

目的:探讨早期康复护理干预对脑卒中偏瘫患者日常生活活动能力(ADL)的影响。方法:将118例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为康复组和对照组各59例,对照组按神经内科护理常规进行护理,康复组由责任护士按护理程序实施系统化早期康复护理干预,包括基础护理、心理护理、早期患肢康复锻炼、语言功能锻炼、吞咽功能锻炼、日常生活能力训练。采用Barthel指数对两组患者干预前后ADL进行评定比较。结果:两组干预后Barthel指数均较干预前明显升高(P<0.01),康复组干预后Barthel指数明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:早期康复护理干预能提高脑卒中偏瘫患者ADL,降低致残率,改善生活质量。     

早期康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能和日常生活活动能力的影响

目的:探讨早期康复治疗对脑卒中患者3个月和6个月后平衡功能和日常生活活动能力(ADL)的影响。方法:将80例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分成康复组(40例)和对照组(40例)进行临床对照研究,两组均常规进行神经内科药物治疗,康复组加以运动疗法,对每例患者在入组时、病程3个月和6个月分别用Fugl-Meyer测试平衡功能和改良Barthel指数(MBI)测试ADL能力。结果:康复组3次平衡功能积分分别为2.71±2.42、8.74±2.02、10.28±2.35,MBI分别为20.66±13.45、67.72±18.90、80.55±16.33,对照组平衡功能为3.44±2.89、7.27±2.20、8.44±2.79,MBI为27.24±16.18、57.36±19.67、70.69±23.30;两组前后比较和组间比较差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);两组的变化均数比较康复组6个月后平衡功能和ADL恢复优于对照组(P<0.001)。平衡功能和ADL呈正相关(r=0.791)。结论:早期康复治疗对脑卒中患者的平衡功能和日常生活活动能力有良好的促进作用。     

急性脑血管病患者偏瘫肢体早期功能训练疗效分析

目的观察急性脑血管病患者早期康复介入对偏瘫肢体运动功能的影响。方法深圳市龙岗中心医院收治的50例急性脑血管病患者根据患者意愿分为康复组和对照组,两组药物治疗相同,康复组采用促通技术治疗1个月,治疗前、后用Fugl-Meyer法和Barthel指数评定两组患者的偏瘫肢体运动功能和日常生活活动能力。结果治疗后康复组Fugl-Meyer值(61.28±22.47)明显高于对照组(45.79±20.71),差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01),Barthel指数治疗后康复组与对照组比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论早期康复介入可以显著地提高患者瘫肢的运动功能和日常生活活动能力。     

综合康复干预治疗脑卒中偏瘫患者的疗效

目的研究综合康复干预对脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能及日常生活活动能力（ADL）的影响。 方法共选取90例脑卒中患者，将其随机分为康复组及对照组。对照组患者主要给予神经内科常规药物治疗；康复组患者在此基础上给予综合康复干预，主要包括神经促通技术、ADL训练及心理康复等。于治疗前、后采用Brunnstrom运动功能分级及Barthel指数评分对2组患者进行疗效评定。 结果治疗后2组患者Brunnstrom运动功能分级与Barthel指数评分均较治疗前明显提高，且康复组患者的改善幅度明显优于对照组，组间差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。 结论早期综合康复干预可明显提高脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能及ADL能力。     

早期康复对经静脉溶栓治疗的脑卒中后偏瘫患者运动功能的影响

目的观察早期康复对经静脉溶栓治疗的脑卒中后偏瘫患者运动功能的影响。 方法选择经静脉阿替普酶（rtPA）溶栓治疗的脑卒中偏瘫患者36例,按随机数字表法分为早期康复组(病程<3d)和对照组(病程3~7d),每组18例。2组患者均经静脉rtPA溶栓治疗后行2周的康复治疗。于治疗前、治疗2周后（治疗后）和治疗后第3个月（随访时）分别对2组患者行上、下肢运动功能评分（FMA)和日常生活活动（ADL）评分［改良Barthel指数(MBI)］。 结果治疗后和随访时,2组患者上、下肢FMA和MBI评分较组内治疗前均显著提高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);且治疗后,早期康复组的下肢FMA和MBI评分分别为（23.33±4.37）分和（56.11±22.27）分,与对照组治疗后的（17.06±4.70）分和（40.00±15.81）分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论早期康复可促进经静脉溶栓治疗的脑卒中后偏瘫患者近期下肢运动功能和ADL能力的恢复。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."