高血压病心律失常发生机制的临床分析

目的分析高血压病心律失常的发生机制。方法对100例高血压病患者和20例健康者的超声心动图、24小时动态心电图和临床资料进行比较。结果(1)高血压病患者的左心房(左房)增大,并随年龄增大,高血压病史延长,左房扩大越明显,发生严重房性心律失常几率也越高。高龄组发生持续性房颤为30.77%,显著高于其他年龄组。(2)室性心律失常发生率为36%(36例),房性心律失常发生率为85%(85例)。(3)多元回归分析显示:高血压病患者房性心律失常的发生与左房的大小、二尖瓣返流、左室大小以及左室质量指数相关,尤其与左房大小的相关性更明显,室性心律失常与左房、二尖瓣返流、主动脉瓣返流、左室质量指数相关性不显著,而与左室腔大小相关。结论(1)年龄、高血压病史、左房大小是影响高血压房性心律失常的重要因素,二尖瓣返流、左室增大、左室质量指数增高也与发生房性心律失常相关。(2)高血压患者室性心律失常发生率低于房性心律失常,高血压离心性心脏扩大比向心性肥厚更容易发生室性心律失常。     

伴左室肥厚高血压病患者发生室性心律失常临床意义的探讨

对１２９例高血压病患者进行２４小时动态心电图监测，分析室性心律失常的发生。结果表明：伴左室肥厚高血压组（ｎ＝４８）复杂室性心律失常（按Ｌｏｗｎ分级≥ＩＩＩ级）的发生率显著高于无左室肥厚的高血压组（ｎ＝８１），７０．８％ＶＳ１３．６％，Ｐ＜０．００５；复杂室性心律失常昼夜变化以晨６时至正午１２时发生率较高。提示高血压病左室肥厚存在复杂室性心律失常易发性及致心律失常源的基础。积极逆转左室肥厚、改善心肌缺血及抗室性心律失常的治疗是有意义的。     

高血压病左室肥厚的室性心律失常的意义探讨

对１２９例高血压病患者进行连续２４小时动态心电图监测，分析室性心律失常的发生，结果表明，伴左室肥厚高血压病组（ｎ＝４８）复杂室性心律失常（按Ｌｏｗｎ分级≥Ⅲ级）的发生率为７０．８％（３４／４８）显著高于无左室肥厚的高血压病组（ｎ＝８１）的１３．６％（１１／８１）；复杂室性心律失常昼夜变化以晨６时至正午１２时发生较多。提示伴左室肥厚的高血压病有复杂室性心律失常易发性及心律失常源的基础，积极逆转左室肥厚、改善心肌缺血及室性心律失常的治疗，对心性猝死的预防可能有重大意义。     

原发性高血压心律失常的预测因素

目的：探讨原发性高血压（EH）心律失常的预测因素,方法：采用超声心动图和动态心电图观察EH患152例,按左室肥厚,左房增大,心肌缺血,年龄,病程分类,并比较各类与心律失常关系。结果：（1）EH左室肥厚组室性心律失常发生率高于左室正常组,尤其是Lown3级以上更为显（P＜0．01）,（2）左房增大组阵发性房速或房颤发生率高于左房正常组（P＜0．05）,（3）心肌缺血组易导致严重室性心律失常;（4）年龄大及病程长易发生室性心律失常,尤其是严重室性心律失常,结论：左室肥厚,左房增大,心肌缺血,左室舒张功能减退是EH心律失常的预测因素。     

高血压病与心律失常关系的研究

我们分析了１８１例高血压病患者心脏结构改变与心律失常的关系。发现高血压病患者房性心律失常多于室性（分别为８６．７％与６７．９％）且早期即出现，其发生率与左房大小有关。室性心律失常与心室肥厚及心肌缺血密切相关。     

高血压病患者左室肥厚与复杂性室性心律失常关系的研究

目的 探讨高血压病患者左室肥厚与复杂性室性心律失常的关系,为临床诊断治疗提供依据.方法 选择高血压病(均符合2005年中国高血压防治指南修订版)患者共432例,依据左室肥厚及年龄,分别分为左室肥厚、非左室肥厚及年龄≥60岁、＜60岁各两组.应用彩色超声心动图[按照美国超声心动图学会(ASE)推荐的方法 测量]和24 h动态心电图进行检查.结果 合并左室肥厚组复杂性室性心律失常的发生率高达33.76%,显著高于非左室肥厚组的9.82%;在≥60岁患者中左室肥厚及复杂性心律失常的发生率高于<60岁患者(P<0.01);有左室肥厚及复杂性心律失常者常合并缺血性ST段改变.结论 高血压病患者早期积极控制血压是减少发生左室肥厚,进而预防复杂性室性心律失常的关键,从而减少心脏事件的发生.     

原发性高血压左室肥厚、心律失常与血浆儿茶酚胺关系的研究

本文观察了超声心动图高血压病左室肥厚患者心律失常的发生及其与血浆儿茶酚胺的关系。结果表明,高血压性左室肥厚患者室性心律失常的发生率较单纯高血压组显著增加;血浆去甲肾上腺素与左室后壁厚度及左室重量指数显著正相关;肾上腺素与左室重量指数显著正相关;24 h室性早搏总数与血浆去甲肾上腺素及肾上腺素均显著正相关。这提示,交感—肾上腺素系统活性增强是导致高血压病心肌肥厚及室性心律失常的重要因素之一。     

伴左室肥厚高血压病患者发生室性心律失常临床意义的探讨

对１２９例高血压病患者进行了２４小时动态心电图监测，分析室性心律失常的发生，结果表明：伴左室肥厚高血压组复杂室性心律失常的发生率显著高于无左室肥厚的高血压组（ｎ＝８１），７０．８％ＶＳ１３．６％，Ｐ＜０．００５；复杂室性心律失常昼夜变化以晨６时至下午１２时发生率较高。     

高血压病孤立性室间隔肥厚患者心律失常分析

应用２４ｈ动态心电图以每小时房性早搏数（ＰＡＣ／ｈ）和室性早搏数（ＶＰＣ／ｈ）及复杂性室性心律失常发生率作为指标，对２２例高血压病孤立性室间隔肥厚患者、２０例高血压病向心型肥厚患者、２４例高血压病无左室肥厚患者及２０例正常对照者进行检测，结果发现，高血压病孤立性室间隔肥厚组与向心型肥厚组ＶＰＣ／ｈ及复杂性室性心律失常发生率较正常对照组和高血压病无左室肥厚组明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１）；而ＰＡＣ／ｈ的增加仅见于高血压病孤立性室间隔肥厚组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明：高血压病孤立性室间隔肥厚与向心型肥厚患者的室性心律失常和复杂性室性心律失常发生率均增高，前者房性心律失常的发生率也增高。     

老年高血压非左室肥厚患者房颤与左心结构及功能改变的关系

目的 老年高血压非左室肥厚患者房颤与左心结构和功能改变的关系。方法 ７５例老年高血压非左室肥厚患者，其中伴房颤者３９例，不伴记赌 ３６例，比较２组临床及多普勒超的心动图特点。结果 房工房内径较对照组明显增加，射血分数明显降低，心功能较对照组产左。且室性心律失常的发生率明显高于对照组。结论老年高血压非左室肥厚患者 颤发生率与左房同人径成正相关，且发生房颤后心功能明显下降，恶性心律失的发生率 明显增加     

Atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in asymptomatic active elderly subjects: correlation with left atrial size and left ventricular mass

Elderly normal subjects have an increased prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias compared with young and middle-aged subjects. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the incidence and complexity of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias may be related to either left atrial enlargement or to increased left ventricular mass, respectively. From 146 asymptomatic volunteers older than 60 years, 86 subjects were considered to be free of cardiovascular abnormalities and had adequate M-mode echocardiograms and 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms. The mean age was 72 +/- 7 years, with a range of 60 to 96 years. There were 37 men and 49 women. During 1415 +/- 73 minutes of ambulatory electrocardiography, the average heart rate was 72 +/- 8 beats/min in men and 76 +/- 6 beats/min in women (p less than 0.05). Atrial arrhythmias were present in 64 subjects (74%); the frequency and complexity of these arrhythmias correlated with left atrial size (p less than 0.01). Ventricular arrhythmias were present in 55 subjects (64%); the frequency and complexity of ventricular arrhythmias did not correlate with left ventricular mass index. These results suggest that left atrial dilatation, a normal development in healthy elderly subjects, plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of the increased incidence of atrial arrhythmias. Increased left ventricular mass, which also occurs normally in the aging heart, is not, on the other hand, associated with an increased frequency and/or complexity of ventricular arrhythmias.     

Severity of arrhythmias and extent of hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

To evaluate the relationship between the extent of left ventricular hypertrophy and ventricular or atrial arrhythmias, 77 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy underwent two-dimensional echocardiography and 24-hour Holter monitoring. Antiarrhythmic treatment was discontinued before the study. Hypertrophy was septal in 33 patients, "extensive" (i.e., involving the septum and free wall) in 38 patients, and predominantly apical in six patients. Lown grade I and II ventricular arrhythmias were detected in 37% of patients, grade III in 21%, and grade IV in 29%. Atrial extrasystoles were seen in 52% of patients and chronic atrial fibrillation in 13%. More serious ventricular arrhythmias (Lown grades III and IV) occurred significantly more frequently in patients with extensive than in those with only septal hypertrophy (22/38 vs 11/33; p less than 0.001); similarly, chronic atrial fibrillation occurred more commonly in those with extensive hypertrophy (9/38 vs 1/33; p less than 0.01). During a mean follow-up period of 2.6 years, three patients died. All had a pattern of extensive hypertrophy. Two of them had ventricular tachycardia and the third had chronic atrial fibrillation. Results of this study suggest that an echocardiographic finding of extensive hypertrophy represents a useful marker for detecting patients at increased risk for serious ventricular and atrial arrhythmias.     

Electrocardiogram in dilated cardiomyopathy

The authors describe the main electrocardiographic features in 90 cases of dilated cardiomyopathy. The patients were divided into tree groups: in group I were the patients with electrocardiographic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy, in group II the patients with complete left bundle branch block and in group III the cases with right bundle branch block, was held in the group I 64 patients (71%), in the group II 22 (24.6%) and in the group III four case (4.4%). Seventy two cases (80%) showed arrhythmias. Atrial fibrillation was observed in 20 patients (28%), supraventricular tachycardia in two (3%), atrioventricular block, of the 1st and 2nd degree, in eight (11%), ventricular arrhythmias in 63 (87.5%) and supraventricular arrhythmias in 42 (58%). In the 64 patients, with left ventricular hypertrophy, 60 (93.75%) showed very important S waves in, at least two right precordial leads. Fourty four patients (73.3%) had rS pattern in right precordial leads, from V1 to V4, with the R waves in V5 and V6 with normal, low and height amplitude. A first degree left bundle branch block was recorded in 16 cases (25%), a pathologic Q waves in 22 (37.5%), low voltage in limb leads in 24 (37.5%), left atrial enlargement in 36 (56%), right atrial enlargement in two (3%) and atrial fibrillation in 10 (16%). In the 22 patients from the group II six (27%) had left atrial enlargement, two (9%) had right atrial enlargement and six (27%) atrial fibrillation. In the four patients from group III two (50%) had an incomplete right bundle branch block, two (50%) the complete form and all had atrial fibrillation.     

Echocardiographic indices and their relationship to the blood pressure response to ergometric exercise in apparently healthy men

The relationship between atrial and ventricular echocardiographic abnormalities and ergometric exercise systolic blood pressure was studied in 77 apparently healthy men, of whom the majority (77%) were normotensive (resting blood pressure less than 140/90 mmHg), and the remainder (23%) borderline hypertensive (resting systolic blood pressure 140 to 159 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure 90 to 95 mmHg). Four categories of exercise systolic blood pressure were defined (less than 190, 190 to 199, 200 to 209 and greater than or equal to 210 mmHg). Left ventricular mass and left atrial dimension were measured by M-mode echocardiography and divided by body surface area to derive the left ventricular mass index and the left atrial dimension index. The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy, defined as a left ventricular mass index greater than or equal to 125 g/m2, was 11%. Two key findings were the much higher prevalence of left atrial enlargement, defined as left atrial dimension index greater than or equal to 2 cm/m2 at 23%, and the fact that left atrial enlargement occurred in the absence of left ventricular hypertrophy in the majority of subjects, whereas occurrence of left ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of left atrial enlargement was rare. This is consistent with the view that left atrial enlargement is a common precursor of left ventricular hypertrophy. Multivariate analysis showed exercise systolic blood pressure and cardiac index to be independent predictors of left atrial dimension index and left ventricular mass index (R2 for statistical models was 0.38 [P less than 0.0001] and 0.47 [P less than 0.0001], respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Overweight and sudden death. Increased ventricular ectopy in cardiopathy of obesity

Obesity has been documented to be an independent risk factor for sudden death and other cardiovascular mortality. The present study was designed to monitor and quantify cardiac arrhythmias in obese subjects with and without eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy, who were matched with regard to arterial pressure, age, sex, and height with lean subjects. Prevalence of premature ventricular (but not atrial) contractions was 30 times higher in obese patients with eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy compared with lean subjects. Similarly, obese patients with left ventricular hypertrophy scored higher with regard to the classification of Lown and Wolf than those without left ventricular hypertrophy and lean subjects having the same level of arterial pressure. Patients' class in the Lown and Wolf system correlated with ventricular diastolic diameter and left ventricular mass. Thus, heart enlargement of the eccentric type as a consequence of obesity predisposes to excessive ventricular ectopy. Echocardiographic assessment and electrocardiographic monitoring allow us to identify the patients who are at highest risk of more serious arrhythmias or possibly sudden death and to subject them to the most specific preventive and therapeutic measures.     

Holter EKG for the hypertensive heart disease

During chronic mechanical overload induced by hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy predisposes to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Atrial arrhythmias, mainly atrial fibrillation, decrease cardiac output and increase the risk of embolism whereas ventricular arrhythmias remain the major cause of sudden death. In hypertensive patients, Holter EKG recordings frequently detect atrial or ventricular premature beats and more rarely atrial or ventricular tachycardia. In these patients, the presence of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia is considered as an independent predictor of mortality. Moreover, this non invasive method through the assessment of heart rate variability allows the study of the autonomic control of the heart, known to modulate occurrence of arrhythmias.     

Significance of echocardiographic left atrial enlargement in aortic stenosis

This study investigated the significance of echocardiographic left atrial enlargement as measured by the left atrial dimension corrected for body surface area in 24 patients with pure aortic stenosis established by cardiac catheterization. Echocardiographic evidence of left atrial enlargement occurred in 11 of 15 patients (73%) with an aortic valve area below 0.8 cm2 and in none of nine patients (0%) with an aortic valve area above 0.8 cm2, p less than 0.0025. All 11 patients (100%) with an enlarged left atrial dimension had an increased diastolic left ventricular dimension, whereas 1 of 13 patients (8%) with a normal left atrial dimension had an increased diastolic left ventricular dimension, p less than 0.00001. The 11 patients (100%) with an enlarged left atrial dimension had increased posterior left ventricular wall thickness, whereas 2 of 13 patients (13%) with a normal left atrial dimension had increased posterior left ventricular wall thickness (p less than 0.0005). These data lead one to conclude that in patients with pure aortic stenosis, echocardiographic evidence of left atrial enlargement as measured by an increased left atrial dimension corrected for body surface area should lead one to suspect severe aortic stenosis.     

Ⅱ孔型房间隔缺损直视修补术后心律失常的临床观察

210例Ⅱ孔型房间隔缺损术后发生心律失常90例,14种类型,共292例次,其中,室上性占96%。30例需药物治疗,93%的患者出院时恢复正常。本文着重分析心律失常的特点,讨论影响因素及预防措施。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者并发心律失常的类型及相关危险因素分析

目的 分析系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者并发心律失常的类型及相关危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2003年11月至2013年2月期间经本院确诊为SLE的559例住院患者（男60例,女499例）,将其分为心律失常组和非心律失常组,收集各项检查检验指标,采用多因素分析SLE并发心律失常的独立危险因素。结果 559例SLE患者中有142例（25. 4%）并发心律失常。其中以窦性心动过速所占比例最高（56. 34%）,其次为窦性心动过缓（16.9%）,再其次为I度房室传导阻滞和室性早搏（均为6. 34%）,其余为其他心律失常（0. 7% ~3. 5%）。单因素分析显示,SLE患者合并心律失常的危险因素有合并多系统损害、其他结缔组织病、心包积液、左房扩大、高甘油三酯、高血糖、低高密度脂蛋白、低血浆白蛋白、低钙血症、高C反应蛋白、抗Sm阳性及抗RNP阳性（P〈0. 05）。多因素分析显示,独立危险因素有抗RNP阳性、左房扩大及低血浆白蛋白（P〈0. 05）。结论 SLE患者可并发各种类型心律失常,其中以窦性心动过速最为常见;独立危险因素有抗RNP阳性、左房扩大及低血浆白蛋白。     

Long-term cardiac remodeling and arrhythmias in nonelite marathon runners

Long-term endurance sports are associated with atrial remodeling and atrial arrhythmias. More importantly, high-level endurance training may promote right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and complex ventricular arrhythmias. We investigated the long-term consequences of marathon running on cardiac remodeling as a potential substrate for arrhythmias with a focus on the right heart. We invited runners of the 2010 Grand Prix of Bern, a 10-mile race. Of 873 marathon and nonmarathon runners who applied, 122 (61 women) entered the final analysis. Subjects were stratified according to former marathon participations: control group (nonmarathon runners, n = 34), group 1 (1 marathon to 5 marathons, mean 2.7, n = 46), and group 2 (≥6 marathons, mean 12.8, n = 42). Mean age was 42 ± 7 years. Results were adjusted for gender, age, and lifetime training hours. Right and left atrial sizes increased with marathon participations. In group 2, right and left atrial enlargements were present in 60% and 74% of athletes, respectively. RV and left ventricular (LV) dimensions showed no differences among groups, and RV or LV dilatation was present in only 2.4% or 4.3% of marathon runners, respectively. In multiple linear regression analysis, marathon participation was an independent predictor of right and left atrial sizes but had no effect on RV and LV dimensions and function. Atrial and ventricular ectopic complexes during 24-hour Holter monitoring were low and equally distributed among groups. In conclusion, in nonelite athletes, marathon running was not associated with RV enlargement, dysfunction, or ventricular ectopy. Marathon running promoted biatrial remodeling.